Ubari weather in November
In November, Ubari sees average daytime highs of 25°C and overnight lows near 11°C, with 1 mm of rain across 0.1 wet days and about 10.7 hours of daylight. It is the 9th-warmest and 8th-wettest month of the year here.
Highs ease over the month, from about 27°C in the first days to 22°C by the end. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 70% of the time in November, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 11 hours at the start of November to 10 h 30 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, November is Ubari's 10th-clearest and 11th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Ubari's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 25°
- 9th warmest
- Overnight low
- 11°
- 4th coldest
- Rainfall
- 1 mm
- 0.1 wet days
- Daylight
- 10 h 42 min
- 7:34 AM – 6:14 PM
- Cloud cover
- 26%
- 10th clearest
- Wind
- 12 km/h
- 11th windiest
- Solar energy
- 4.68 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 9.0
- out of 10
Ubari is town in Libya.
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in November
Highs ease over the month, from about 27°C in the first days to 22°C by the end.
A typical November day in Ubari reaches about 25°C in the afternoon and slips back to 11°C overnight — a 13°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 20°C and 30°C. Set against its neighbours, November runs about 7°C cooler than October and about 6°C warmer than December.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 28 | 28 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 22 | 22 | 22 |
| Avg low (°C) | 15 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 28 | 15 |
| 2 | 28 | 14 |
| 3 | 27 | 14 |
| 4 | 27 | 14 |
| 5 | 27 | 14 |
| 6 | 27 | 13 |
| 7 | 26 | 13 |
| 8 | 26 | 13 |
| 9 | 26 | 13 |
| 10 | 26 | 12 |
| 11 | 26 | 12 |
| 12 | 25 | 12 |
| 13 | 25 | 12 |
| 14 | 25 | 12 |
| 15 | 25 | 11 |
| 16 | 25 | 11 |
| 17 | 25 | 11 |
| 18 | 24 | 11 |
| 19 | 24 | 11 |
| 20 | 24 | 11 |
| 21 | 24 | 10 |
| 22 | 24 | 10 |
| 23 | 23 | 10 |
| 24 | 23 | 10 |
| 25 | 23 | 10 |
| 26 | 23 | 10 |
| 27 | 23 | 9 |
| 28 | 22 | 9 |
| 29 | 22 | 9 |
| 30 | 22 | 9 |
How November really feels in Ubari
Once humidity and wind are folded in, November averages 0 days that feel above 32°C and 0 that feel at or below 0°C — the comfort signal a plain temperature reading hides.
November sits comfortably in between — no days that feel dangerously hot or drop to a hard freeze once humidity and wind are folded in.
Ubari weather by month
How November compares with the rest of the year at a glance. November is the 9th-warmest and 8th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 18° / 5° | 3 | 0.6 | 10.5 | 7.9 |
| Feb | 21° / 8° | 1 | 0.4 | 11.1 | 8.7 |
| Mar | 26° / 12° | 1 | 0.4 | 11.8 | 8.8 |
| Apr | 32° / 18° | 0 | 0.1 | 12.6 | 5.4 |
| May | 36° / 22° | 1 | 0.3 | 13.3 | 2.7 |
| Jun | 39° / 25° | 1 | 0.4 | 13.6 | 0.9 |
| Jul | 39° / 25° | 0 | 0 | 13.5 | 1.0 |
| Aug | 38° / 25° | 0 | 0 | 12.9 | 1.1 |
| Sep | 37° / 23° | 0 | 0 | 12.2 | 2.2 |
| Oct | 31° / 18° | 2 | 0.3 | 11.4 | 5.8 |
| Nov | 25° / 11° | 1 | 0.1 | 10.7 | 9.0 |
| Dec | 19° / 7° | 1 | 0.4 | 10.4 | 8.2 |
Cloud cover in November
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 70% of the time in November.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 9% of November, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 21%. Skies tend to cloud over as the month goes on.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 85 | 85 | 85 | 85 | 85 | 84 | 83 | 83 | 83 | 81 | 81 | 81 | 80 | 79 | 78 | 78 | 77 | 77 | 77 | 76 | 77 | 77 | 76 | 76 | 76 | 76 | 76 | 76 | 76 | 75 |
| Cloudier (%) | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 22 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 24 | 23 | 23 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 25 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 85 | 15 |
| 2 | 85 | 15 |
| 3 | 85 | 15 |
| 4 | 85 | 15 |
| 5 | 85 | 15 |
| 6 | 84 | 16 |
| 7 | 83 | 17 |
| 8 | 83 | 17 |
| 9 | 83 | 17 |
| 10 | 81 | 19 |
| 11 | 81 | 19 |
| 12 | 81 | 19 |
| 13 | 80 | 20 |
| 14 | 79 | 21 |
| 15 | 78 | 22 |
| 16 | 78 | 22 |
| 17 | 77 | 23 |
| 18 | 77 | 23 |
| 19 | 77 | 23 |
| 20 | 76 | 24 |
| 21 | 77 | 23 |
| 22 | 77 | 23 |
| 23 | 76 | 24 |
| 24 | 76 | 24 |
| 25 | 76 | 24 |
| 26 | 76 | 24 |
| 27 | 76 | 24 |
| 28 | 76 | 24 |
| 29 | 76 | 24 |
| 30 | 75 | 25 |
Chance of precipitation in November
Ubari gets around 1 mm of rain over 0.1 wet days in November. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable rain averages around 0% and peaks near 1% on the wettest days.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Rain chance (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 0 |
| 2 | 0 |
| 3 | 0 |
| 4 | 0 |
| 5 | 0 |
| 6 | 0 |
| 7 | 0 |
| 8 | 0 |
| 9 | 0 |
| 10 | 0 |
| 11 | 0 |
| 12 | 0 |
| 13 | 0 |
| 14 | 0 |
| 15 | 0 |
| 16 | 0 |
| 17 | 0 |
| 18 | 0 |
| 19 | 0 |
| 20 | 0 |
| 21 | 0 |
| 22 | 0 |
| 23 | 1 |
| 24 | 1 |
| 25 | 1 |
| 26 | 1 |
| 27 | 1 |
| 28 | 1 |
| 29 | 1 |
| 30 | 1 |
Humidity in November
Most of November feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, November lands in the dry band about 100% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| Dry (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 100 |
| 2 | 100 |
| 3 | 100 |
| 4 | 100 |
| 5 | 100 |
| 6 | 100 |
| 7 | 100 |
| 8 | 100 |
| 9 | 100 |
| 10 | 100 |
| 11 | 100 |
| 12 | 100 |
| 13 | 100 |
| 14 | 100 |
| 15 | 100 |
| 16 | 100 |
| 17 | 100 |
| 18 | 100 |
| 19 | 100 |
| 20 | 100 |
| 21 | 100 |
| 22 | 100 |
| 23 | 100 |
| 24 | 100 |
| 25 | 100 |
| 26 | 100 |
| 27 | 100 |
| 28 | 100 |
| 29 | 100 |
| 30 | 100 |
Wind in November
Winds average 12 km/h in November.
Across November, daily wind ranges from about 12 km/h on the calmest days to 12 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 12 | calm |
| 2 | 12 | calm |
| 3 | 12 | calm |
| 4 | 12 | calm |
| 5 | 12 | calm |
| 6 | 12 | calm |
| 7 | 12 | calm |
| 8 | 12 | calm |
| 9 | 12 | calm |
| 10 | 12 | calm |
| 11 | 12 | calm |
| 12 | 12 | calm |
| 13 | 12 | calm |
| 14 | 12 | calm |
| 15 | 12 | calm |
| 16 | 12 | calm |
| 17 | 12 | calm |
| 18 | 12 | calm |
| 19 | 12 | calm |
| 20 | 12 | calm |
| 21 | 12 | calm |
| 22 | 12 | calm |
| 23 | 12 | calm |
| 24 | 12 | calm |
| 25 | 12 | calm |
| 26 | 12 | calm |
| 27 | 12 | calm |
| 28 | 12 | calm |
| 29 | 12 | calm |
| 30 | 12 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in November
Daylight runs from about 11 hours at the start of November to 10 h 30 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days shrink by about 30 minutes over November. Sunrise moves from 7:23 AM to 7:44 AM, and sunset from 6:22 PM to 6:12 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 11.0 | 11.0 | 10.9 | 10.9 | 10.9 | 10.9 | 10.8 | 10.8 | 10.8 | 10.8 | 10.8 | 10.7 | 10.7 | 10.7 | 10.7 | 10.7 | 10.7 | 10.6 | 10.6 | 10.6 | 10.6 | 10.6 | 10.6 | 10.5 | 10.5 | 10.5 | 10.5 | 10.5 | 10.5 | 10.5 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 7:23 | 7:24 | 7:25 | 7:25 | 7:26 | 7:27 | 7:27 | 7:28 | 7:29 | 7:30 | 7:30 | 7:31 | 7:32 | 7:33 | 7:33 | 7:34 | 7:35 | 7:36 | 7:36 | 7:37 | 7:38 | 7:39 | 7:39 | 7:40 | 7:41 | 7:42 | 7:42 | 7:43 | 7:44 | 7:44 |
| Sunset (PM) | 6:22 | 6:21 | 6:20 | 6:20 | 6:19 | 6:19 | 6:18 | 6:18 | 6:17 | 6:17 | 6:16 | 6:16 | 6:15 | 6:15 | 6:15 | 6:14 | 6:14 | 6:14 | 6:13 | 6:13 | 6:13 | 6:13 | 6:13 | 6:12 | 6:12 | 6:12 | 6:12 | 6:12 | 6:12 | 6:12 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 11.0 | 7:23 | 6:22 |
| 2 | 11.0 | 7:24 | 6:21 |
| 3 | 10.9 | 7:25 | 6:20 |
| 4 | 10.9 | 7:25 | 6:20 |
| 5 | 10.9 | 7:26 | 6:19 |
| 6 | 10.9 | 7:27 | 6:19 |
| 7 | 10.8 | 7:27 | 6:18 |
| 8 | 10.8 | 7:28 | 6:18 |
| 9 | 10.8 | 7:29 | 6:17 |
| 10 | 10.8 | 7:30 | 6:17 |
| 11 | 10.8 | 7:30 | 6:16 |
| 12 | 10.7 | 7:31 | 6:16 |
| 13 | 10.7 | 7:32 | 6:15 |
| 14 | 10.7 | 7:33 | 6:15 |
| 15 | 10.7 | 7:33 | 6:15 |
| 16 | 10.7 | 7:34 | 6:14 |
| 17 | 10.7 | 7:35 | 6:14 |
| 18 | 10.6 | 7:36 | 6:14 |
| 19 | 10.6 | 7:36 | 6:13 |
| 20 | 10.6 | 7:37 | 6:13 |
| 21 | 10.6 | 7:38 | 6:13 |
| 22 | 10.6 | 7:39 | 6:13 |
| 23 | 10.6 | 7:39 | 6:13 |
| 24 | 10.5 | 7:40 | 6:12 |
| 25 | 10.5 | 7:41 | 6:12 |
| 26 | 10.5 | 7:42 | 6:12 |
| 27 | 10.5 | 7:42 | 6:12 |
| 28 | 10.5 | 7:43 | 6:12 |
| 29 | 10.5 | 7:44 | 6:12 |
| 30 | 10.5 | 7:44 | 6:12 |
Solar energy in November
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in November, about 4.68 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 4.08 kWh/m² to a high of 7.89 kWh/m² in July across the year — November's 4.68 kWh/m² sits near the bottom.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 4.9 | 4.9 | 4.9 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 4.3 |
| Level | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 2 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 3 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 4 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 5 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 6 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 7 | 4.9 | Bright |
| 8 | 4.9 | Bright |
| 9 | 4.9 | Bright |
| 10 | 4.8 | Bright |
| 11 | 4.8 | Bright |
| 12 | 4.8 | Bright |
| 13 | 4.8 | Bright |
| 14 | 4.7 | Bright |
| 15 | 4.7 | Bright |
| 16 | 4.7 | Bright |
| 17 | 4.6 | Bright |
| 18 | 4.6 | Bright |
| 19 | 4.6 | Bright |
| 20 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 21 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 22 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 23 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 24 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 25 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 26 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 27 | 4.3 | Bright |
| 28 | 4.3 | Bright |
| 29 | 4.3 | Bright |
| 30 | 4.3 | Bright |
Hazard calendar for Ubari
None of Ubari's seasonal hazards are active in November. The full-year calendar below shows when the rainy season, cyclone risk and dust haze do peak.
Ubari sees seasonal dust haze (March–October), heaviest in May.
Is November a good time to visit Ubari?
Our two travel scores rate November for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
November is one of the better times to visit Ubari for general sightseeing. The water and warmth also suit a beach or pool day.
What to pack for Ubari in November
From November's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In November, Ubari sees daytime highs around 25°C and nights near 11°C. Worth packing: light clothes and sun protection.
UV index in Ubari in November
Clear-sky midday UV in November peaks around 7 — enough to warrant sun protection. The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Ubari peaks around June 19 at about 12 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near January 10 at about 5 (moderate).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — every month of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 5 | 7 | 7 | 9 | 8 | 13 | 11 | 13 | 10 | 9 | 7 | 5 |
| Level | Moderate | Very high | High | Very high | Very high | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Very high | Very high | High | Moderate |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 5 | Moderate |
| Feb | 7 | Very high |
| Mar | 7 | High |
| Apr | 9 | Very high |
| May | 8 | Very high |
| Jun | 13 | Extreme |
| Jul | 11 | Extreme |
| Aug | 13 | Extreme |
| Sep | 10 | Very high |
| Oct | 9 | Very high |
| Nov | 7 | High |
| Dec | 5 | Moderate |
Air quality in Ubari in November
Average fine-particle pollution (PM2.5) through the year — so you can see where November falls, not just the annual average.
Air quality in Ubari is worst in April — around 88 µg/m³ PM2.5 (unhealthy), about 3.2× the cleanest month (November, 28 µg/m³).
Modeled monthly averages (CAMS reanalysis, 2015–2024).
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | 29 | 46 | 66 | 88 | 82 | 65 | 49 | 46 | 38 | 40 | 28 | 30 |
| Level | Moderate | Poor | Unhealthy | Unhealthy | Unhealthy | Unhealthy | Poor | Poor | Poor | Poor | Moderate | Moderate |
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 29 | Moderate |
| Feb | 46 | Poor |
| Mar | 66 | Unhealthy |
| Apr | 88 | Unhealthy |
| May | 82 | Unhealthy |
| Jun | 65 | Unhealthy |
| Jul | 49 | Poor |
| Aug | 46 | Poor |
| Sep | 38 | Poor |
| Oct | 40 | Poor |
| Nov | 28 | Moderate |
| Dec | 30 | Moderate |
Where is Ubari?
Ubari sits at 26.6°N, 12.8°E, 468 m above sea level, in Libya. The nearest listed city is Al Ghurayfah, 25 km away.
Topography around Ubari
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Ubari.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Ubari has only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 226 m around an average of 468 m above sea level; within 16 km, significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 267 m; within 80 km, significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 498 m.
The land around Ubari is covered by bare terrain (77%) within 3 km, bare terrain (96%) within 16 km, and bare terrain (99%) within 80 km.
Libya travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 4
- Do Not Travel
- Power plugs
- Type C / F / L
- 230 V · 50 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 39% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $6,449
- 2025
- Happiness
- 5.7 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Road deaths
- 21.3
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- Upper middle
- World Bank
- English
- Very low
- EF EPI 395
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Ubari (26.5903°, 12.7751°, elevation 468 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Monthly air-quality (PM2.5) seasonality is from the CAMS EAC4 reanalysis (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service), scaled to the WHO annual mean where available. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).