Moramanga weather in February
In February, Moramanga sees average daytime highs of 26°C and overnight lows near 19°C, with 315 mm of rain across 24.6 wet days and about 12.6 hours of daylight. It is the 3rd-warmest and 2nd-wettest month of the year here.
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 26°C through the month. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 4% of the time in February, and the air most often feels muggy.
Daylight stretches from about 12 h 48 min at the start of February to 12 h 24 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, February is Moramanga's 11th-clearest and 2nd-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Moramanga's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 26°
- 3rd warmest
- Overnight low
- 19°
- 12th coldest
- Rainfall
- 315 mm
- 24.6 wet days
- Daylight
- 12 h 36 min
- 5:42 AM – 6:21 PM
- Cloud cover
- 83%
- 11th clearest
- Wind
- 8 km/h
- 2nd windiest
- Solar energy
- 4.93 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 3.9
- out of 10
Temperature in February
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 26°C through the month.
A typical February day in Moramanga reaches about 26°C in the afternoon and slips back to 19°C overnight — a 8°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 23°C and 29°C. Set against its neighbours, February runs on par with January and on par with March.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 |
| Avg low (°C) | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 27 | 19 |
| 2 | 27 | 19 |
| 3 | 27 | 19 |
| 4 | 27 | 19 |
| 5 | 27 | 19 |
| 6 | 27 | 19 |
| 7 | 27 | 19 |
| 8 | 26 | 19 |
| 9 | 26 | 19 |
| 10 | 26 | 19 |
| 11 | 26 | 19 |
| 12 | 26 | 19 |
| 13 | 26 | 19 |
| 14 | 26 | 19 |
| 15 | 26 | 19 |
| 16 | 26 | 19 |
| 17 | 26 | 19 |
| 18 | 26 | 19 |
| 19 | 26 | 19 |
| 20 | 26 | 19 |
| 21 | 26 | 19 |
| 22 | 26 | 19 |
| 23 | 26 | 19 |
| 24 | 26 | 19 |
| 25 | 26 | 19 |
| 26 | 26 | 19 |
| 27 | 26 | 19 |
| 28 | 26 | 19 |
Moramanga weather by month
How February compares with the rest of the year at a glance. February is the 3rd-warmest and 2nd-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 27° / 19° | 340 | 26.9 | 13 | 3.9 |
| Feb | 26° / 19° | 315 | 24.6 | 12.6 | 3.9 |
| Mar | 26° / 18° | 269 | 25.1 | 12.1 | 4.3 |
| Apr | 25° / 17° | 97 | 19.4 | 11.6 | 5.2 |
| May | 23° / 15° | 68 | 16.1 | 11.1 | 5.7 |
| Jun | 20° / 13° | 51 | 13.6 | 10.9 | 5.6 |
| Jul | 19° / 12° | 56 | 15.6 | 11 | 5.3 |
| Aug | 20° / 12° | 44 | 13 | 11.4 | 5.8 |
| Sep | 22° / 13° | 39 | 11.4 | 11.9 | 6.4 |
| Oct | 24° / 15° | 63 | 11.6 | 12.4 | 6.7 |
| Nov | 26° / 16° | 112 | 14.5 | 12.9 | 5.9 |
| Dec | 27° / 18° | 245 | 21.6 | 13.1 | 4.6 |
Cloud cover in February
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 4% of the time in February.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 10% of February, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 87%.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 |
| Cloudier (%) | 85 | 85 | 85 | 85 | 86 | 86 | 86 | 86 | 87 | 87 | 87 | 88 | 88 | 88 | 88 | 88 | 88 | 87 | 87 | 87 | 87 | 86 | 86 | 86 | 86 | 86 | 86 | 86 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 15 | 85 |
| 2 | 15 | 85 |
| 3 | 15 | 85 |
| 4 | 15 | 85 |
| 5 | 14 | 86 |
| 6 | 14 | 86 |
| 7 | 14 | 86 |
| 8 | 14 | 86 |
| 9 | 13 | 87 |
| 10 | 13 | 87 |
| 11 | 13 | 87 |
| 12 | 12 | 88 |
| 13 | 12 | 88 |
| 14 | 12 | 88 |
| 15 | 12 | 88 |
| 16 | 12 | 88 |
| 17 | 12 | 88 |
| 18 | 13 | 87 |
| 19 | 13 | 87 |
| 20 | 13 | 87 |
| 21 | 13 | 87 |
| 22 | 14 | 86 |
| 23 | 14 | 86 |
| 24 | 14 | 86 |
| 25 | 14 | 86 |
| 26 | 14 | 86 |
| 27 | 14 | 86 |
| 28 | 14 | 86 |
Chance of precipitation in February
Moramanga gets around 315 mm of rain over 24.6 wet days in February. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable rain averages around 87% and peaks near 88% on the wettest days.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 88 | 88 | 88 | 88 | 88 | 88 | 88 | 88 | 88 | 88 | 88 | 88 | 88 | 88 | 88 | 88 | 88 | 88 | 87 | 87 | 87 | 87 | 87 | 86 | 86 | 86 | 86 | 86 |
| Rain chance (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 88 |
| 2 | 88 |
| 3 | 88 |
| 4 | 88 |
| 5 | 88 |
| 6 | 88 |
| 7 | 88 |
| 8 | 88 |
| 9 | 88 |
| 10 | 88 |
| 11 | 88 |
| 12 | 88 |
| 13 | 88 |
| 14 | 88 |
| 15 | 88 |
| 16 | 88 |
| 17 | 88 |
| 18 | 88 |
| 19 | 87 |
| 20 | 87 |
| 21 | 87 |
| 22 | 87 |
| 23 | 87 |
| 24 | 86 |
| 25 | 86 |
| 26 | 86 |
| 27 | 86 |
| 28 | 86 |
Humidity in February
Most of February feels muggy — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, February lands in the muggy band about 79% of days. Sticky, muggy-or-worse air turns up on roughly 80% of them.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Humid (%) | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 |
| Muggy (%) | 81 | 81 | 81 | 80 | 80 | 79 | 79 | 79 | 79 | 79 | 79 | 79 | 79 | 79 | 79 | 79 | 79 | 78 | 78 | 78 | 77 | 78 | 78 | 77 | 77 | 77 | 77 | 77 |
| Oppressive (%) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Humid (%) | Muggy (%) | Oppressive (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 18 | 81 | 1 |
| 2 | 18 | 81 | 1 |
| 3 | 18 | 81 | 1 |
| 4 | 18 | 80 | 2 |
| 5 | 18 | 80 | 2 |
| 6 | 19 | 79 | 2 |
| 7 | 19 | 79 | 2 |
| 8 | 19 | 79 | 2 |
| 9 | 19 | 79 | 2 |
| 10 | 19 | 79 | 2 |
| 11 | 19 | 79 | 2 |
| 12 | 19 | 79 | 2 |
| 13 | 19 | 79 | 2 |
| 14 | 19 | 79 | 2 |
| 15 | 19 | 79 | 2 |
| 16 | 19 | 79 | 2 |
| 17 | 19 | 79 | 2 |
| 18 | 20 | 78 | 2 |
| 19 | 20 | 78 | 2 |
| 20 | 20 | 78 | 2 |
| 21 | 21 | 77 | 2 |
| 22 | 21 | 78 | 1 |
| 23 | 21 | 78 | 1 |
| 24 | 22 | 77 | 1 |
| 25 | 22 | 77 | 1 |
| 26 | 22 | 77 | 1 |
| 27 | 22 | 77 | 1 |
| 28 | 22 | 77 | 1 |
Wind in February
Winds average 8 km/h in February.
Across February, daily wind ranges from about 8 km/h on the calmest days to 8 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 8 | calm |
| 2 | 8 | calm |
| 3 | 8 | calm |
| 4 | 8 | calm |
| 5 | 8 | calm |
| 6 | 8 | calm |
| 7 | 8 | calm |
| 8 | 8 | calm |
| 9 | 8 | calm |
| 10 | 8 | calm |
| 11 | 8 | calm |
| 12 | 8 | calm |
| 13 | 8 | calm |
| 14 | 8 | calm |
| 15 | 8 | calm |
| 16 | 8 | calm |
| 17 | 8 | calm |
| 18 | 8 | calm |
| 19 | 8 | calm |
| 20 | 8 | calm |
| 21 | 8 | calm |
| 22 | 8 | calm |
| 23 | 8 | calm |
| 24 | 8 | calm |
| 25 | 8 | calm |
| 26 | 8 | calm |
| 27 | 8 | calm |
| 28 | 8 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in February
Daylight runs from about 12 h 48 min at the start of February to 12 h 24 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days shrink by about 24 minutes over February. Sunrise moves from 5:35 AM to 5:48 AM, and sunset from 6:26 PM to 6:13 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 12.8 | 12.8 | 12.8 | 12.8 | 12.8 | 12.8 | 12.8 | 12.7 | 12.7 | 12.7 | 12.7 | 12.7 | 12.7 | 12.7 | 12.6 | 12.6 | 12.6 | 12.6 | 12.6 | 12.6 | 12.5 | 12.5 | 12.5 | 12.5 | 12.5 | 12.5 | 12.4 | 12.4 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 5:35 | 5:36 | 5:36 | 5:37 | 5:37 | 5:38 | 5:38 | 5:39 | 5:40 | 5:40 | 5:41 | 5:41 | 5:42 | 5:42 | 5:42 | 5:43 | 5:43 | 5:44 | 5:44 | 5:45 | 5:45 | 5:46 | 5:46 | 5:46 | 5:47 | 5:47 | 5:47 | 5:48 |
| Sunset (PM) | 6:26 | 6:26 | 6:25 | 6:25 | 6:25 | 6:25 | 6:24 | 6:24 | 6:23 | 6:23 | 6:23 | 6:22 | 6:22 | 6:21 | 6:21 | 6:20 | 6:20 | 6:19 | 6:19 | 6:18 | 6:18 | 6:17 | 6:16 | 6:16 | 6:15 | 6:14 | 6:14 | 6:13 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 12.8 | 5:35 | 6:26 |
| 2 | 12.8 | 5:36 | 6:26 |
| 3 | 12.8 | 5:36 | 6:25 |
| 4 | 12.8 | 5:37 | 6:25 |
| 5 | 12.8 | 5:37 | 6:25 |
| 6 | 12.8 | 5:38 | 6:25 |
| 7 | 12.8 | 5:38 | 6:24 |
| 8 | 12.7 | 5:39 | 6:24 |
| 9 | 12.7 | 5:40 | 6:23 |
| 10 | 12.7 | 5:40 | 6:23 |
| 11 | 12.7 | 5:41 | 6:23 |
| 12 | 12.7 | 5:41 | 6:22 |
| 13 | 12.7 | 5:42 | 6:22 |
| 14 | 12.7 | 5:42 | 6:21 |
| 15 | 12.6 | 5:42 | 6:21 |
| 16 | 12.6 | 5:43 | 6:20 |
| 17 | 12.6 | 5:43 | 6:20 |
| 18 | 12.6 | 5:44 | 6:19 |
| 19 | 12.6 | 5:44 | 6:19 |
| 20 | 12.6 | 5:45 | 6:18 |
| 21 | 12.5 | 5:45 | 6:18 |
| 22 | 12.5 | 5:46 | 6:17 |
| 23 | 12.5 | 5:46 | 6:16 |
| 24 | 12.5 | 5:46 | 6:16 |
| 25 | 12.5 | 5:47 | 6:15 |
| 26 | 12.5 | 5:47 | 6:14 |
| 27 | 12.4 | 5:47 | 6:14 |
| 28 | 12.4 | 5:48 | 6:13 |
Solar energy in February
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in February, about 4.93 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 3.02 kWh/m² to a high of 6.15 kWh/m² in November across the year — February's 4.93 kWh/m² falls in the middle.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 4.9 | 4.9 | 4.9 | 4.9 | 4.9 | 4.9 | 4.9 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 4.8 |
| Level | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 2 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 3 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 4 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 5 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 6 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 7 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 8 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 9 | 4.9 | Bright |
| 10 | 4.9 | Bright |
| 11 | 4.9 | Bright |
| 12 | 4.9 | Bright |
| 13 | 4.9 | Bright |
| 14 | 4.9 | Bright |
| 15 | 4.9 | Bright |
| 16 | 4.8 | Bright |
| 17 | 4.8 | Bright |
| 18 | 4.8 | Bright |
| 19 | 4.8 | Bright |
| 20 | 4.8 | Bright |
| 21 | 4.8 | Bright |
| 22 | 4.8 | Bright |
| 23 | 4.8 | Bright |
| 24 | 4.8 | Bright |
| 25 | 4.8 | Bright |
| 26 | 4.8 | Bright |
| 27 | 4.8 | Bright |
| 28 | 4.8 | Bright |
Hazard calendar for Moramanga
In February, Moramanga sits inside its monsoon season. The full year is below, with each hazard's peak months called out.
Moramanga's monsoon runs December–March, when most of the year's rain falls.
Is February a good time to visit Moramanga?
Our two travel scores rate February for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
February is a weaker month for outdoor sightseeing in Moramanga.
What to pack for Moramanga in February
From February's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In February, Moramanga sees daytime highs around 26°C and nights near 19°C. Pack rain gear. Worth having: light clothes and sun protection. About 25 days see rain.
UV index in Moramanga in February
Clear-sky midday UV in February peaks around 16 (very high — sun protection essential). The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Moramanga peaks around February 12 at about 16 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near June 18 at about 7 (high).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — every month of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 15 | 16 | 14 | 11 | 9 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 11 | 13 | 13 | 15 |
| Level | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Very high | High | Very high | Very high | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 15 | Extreme |
| Feb | 16 | Extreme |
| Mar | 14 | Extreme |
| Apr | 11 | Extreme |
| May | 9 | Very high |
| Jun | 7 | High |
| Jul | 8 | Very high |
| Aug | 9 | Very high |
| Sep | 11 | Extreme |
| Oct | 13 | Extreme |
| Nov | 13 | Extreme |
| Dec | 15 | Extreme |
Air quality in Moramanga in February
Average fine-particle pollution (PM2.5) through the year — so you can see where February falls, not just the annual average.
Air quality in Moramanga is worst in October — around 41 µg/m³ PM2.5 (poor), about 6.3× the cleanest month (January, 7 µg/m³).
Modeled monthly averages (CAMS reanalysis, 2015–2024).
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | 7 | 8 | 9 | 11 | 15 | 14 | 13 | 13 | 17 | 41 | 36 | 11 |
| Level | Good | Good | Good | Good | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Poor | Poor | Good |
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 7 | Good |
| Feb | 8 | Good |
| Mar | 9 | Good |
| Apr | 11 | Good |
| May | 15 | Moderate |
| Jun | 14 | Moderate |
| Jul | 13 | Moderate |
| Aug | 13 | Moderate |
| Sep | 17 | Moderate |
| Oct | 41 | Poor |
| Nov | 36 | Poor |
| Dec | 11 | Good |
Where is Moramanga?
Moramanga sits at 18.9°S, 48.2°E, 913 m above sea level, in Madagascar. The nearest listed city is Manjakandriana, 45 km away.
Topography around Moramanga
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Moramanga.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Moramanga has only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 155 m around an average of 930 m above sea level; within 16 km, significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 399 m; within 80 km, very significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 1,790 m.
The land around Moramanga is covered by grassland (37%) and trees (26%) within 3 km, grassland (44%) and trees (30%) within 16 km, and trees (39%) and grassland (36%) within 80 km.
Madagascar travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 2
- Exercise Increased Caution
- Power plugs
- Type C / E
- 220 V · 50 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 31% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $599
- 2025
- Happiness
- 4.2 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 22%
- of population, 2024
- Road deaths
- 29.2
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- Low
- World Bank
- English
- Low
- EF EPI 457
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Moramanga (-18.9495°, 48.2301°, elevation 913 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Monthly air-quality (PM2.5) seasonality is from the CAMS EAC4 reanalysis (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service), scaled to the WHO annual mean where available. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).