Tsaratanana weather in February
In February, Tsaratanana sees average daytime highs of 27°C and overnight lows near 20°C, with 445 mm of rain across 24.4 wet days and about 12.6 hours of daylight. It is the 6th-warmest and 2nd-wettest month of the year here.
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 27°C through the month. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 5% of the time in February, and the air most often feels muggy.
Daylight stretches from about 12 h 42 min at the start of February to 12 h 24 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, February is Tsaratanana's 11th-clearest and 10th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Tsaratanana's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 27°
- 6th warmest
- Overnight low
- 20°
- 12th coldest
- Rainfall
- 445 mm
- 24.4 wet days
- Daylight
- 12 h 36 min
- 5:47 AM – 6:21 PM
- Cloud cover
- 83%
- 11th clearest
- Wind
- 8 km/h
- 10th windiest
- Solar energy
- 5.08 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 3.8
- out of 10
Temperature in February
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 27°C through the month.
A typical February day in Tsaratanana reaches about 27°C in the afternoon and slips back to 20°C overnight — a 8°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 25°C and 30°C. Set against its neighbours, February runs on par with January and on par with March.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 |
| Avg low (°C) | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 27 | 20 |
| 2 | 27 | 20 |
| 3 | 27 | 20 |
| 4 | 27 | 20 |
| 5 | 27 | 20 |
| 6 | 27 | 20 |
| 7 | 27 | 20 |
| 8 | 27 | 20 |
| 9 | 27 | 20 |
| 10 | 27 | 20 |
| 11 | 27 | 20 |
| 12 | 27 | 20 |
| 13 | 27 | 20 |
| 14 | 27 | 20 |
| 15 | 27 | 20 |
| 16 | 27 | 20 |
| 17 | 27 | 20 |
| 18 | 27 | 20 |
| 19 | 27 | 20 |
| 20 | 28 | 20 |
| 21 | 28 | 20 |
| 22 | 28 | 20 |
| 23 | 28 | 20 |
| 24 | 28 | 20 |
| 25 | 28 | 20 |
| 26 | 28 | 20 |
| 27 | 28 | 20 |
| 28 | 28 | 20 |
Tsaratanana weather by month
How February compares with the rest of the year at a glance. February is the 6th-warmest and 2nd-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 27° / 20° | 482 | 26.5 | 12.9 | 3.8 |
| Feb | 27° / 20° | 445 | 24.4 | 12.6 | 3.8 |
| Mar | 28° / 20° | 251 | 19.9 | 12.1 | 4.6 |
| Apr | 28° / 19° | 45 | 8.2 | 11.6 | 6.3 |
| May | 27° / 17° | 15 | 2.6 | 11.2 | 8.0 |
| Jun | 25° / 15° | 3 | 0.9 | 11 | 8.8 |
| Jul | 24° / 14° | 5 | 0.7 | 11.1 | 9.0 |
| Aug | 25° / 14° | 2 | 0.5 | 11.4 | 8.9 |
| Sep | 27° / 15° | 4 | 1 | 11.9 | 8.3 |
| Oct | 29° / 17° | 31 | 5.1 | 12.4 | 6.4 |
| Nov | 30° / 19° | 125 | 11.9 | 12.8 | 4.9 |
| Dec | 29° / 20° | 294 | 21.1 | 13 | 4.2 |
Cloud cover in February
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 5% of the time in February.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 10% of February, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 85%.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 15 | 16 | 16 | 17 | 17 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 17 | 16 | 16 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 14 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 12 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 14 | 15 | 17 | 18 | 19 |
| Cloudier (%) | 85 | 84 | 84 | 83 | 83 | 84 | 84 | 84 | 83 | 84 | 84 | 85 | 85 | 85 | 86 | 87 | 87 | 87 | 87 | 88 | 88 | 87 | 86 | 86 | 85 | 83 | 82 | 81 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 15 | 85 |
| 2 | 16 | 84 |
| 3 | 16 | 84 |
| 4 | 17 | 83 |
| 5 | 17 | 83 |
| 6 | 16 | 84 |
| 7 | 16 | 84 |
| 8 | 16 | 84 |
| 9 | 17 | 83 |
| 10 | 16 | 84 |
| 11 | 16 | 84 |
| 12 | 15 | 85 |
| 13 | 15 | 85 |
| 14 | 15 | 85 |
| 15 | 14 | 86 |
| 16 | 13 | 87 |
| 17 | 13 | 87 |
| 18 | 13 | 87 |
| 19 | 13 | 87 |
| 20 | 12 | 88 |
| 21 | 12 | 88 |
| 22 | 13 | 87 |
| 23 | 14 | 86 |
| 24 | 14 | 86 |
| 25 | 15 | 85 |
| 26 | 17 | 83 |
| 27 | 18 | 82 |
| 28 | 19 | 81 |
Chance of precipitation in February
Tsaratanana gets around 445 mm of rain over 24.4 wet days in February. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable rain averages around 86% and peaks near 89% on the wettest days.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 89 | 89 | 88 | 88 | 88 | 87 | 87 | 86 | 86 | 86 | 86 | 86 | 86 | 86 | 86 | 86 | 86 | 86 | 86 | 86 | 86 | 86 | 85 | 85 | 84 | 83 | 82 | 81 |
| Rain chance (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 89 |
| 2 | 89 |
| 3 | 88 |
| 4 | 88 |
| 5 | 88 |
| 6 | 87 |
| 7 | 87 |
| 8 | 86 |
| 9 | 86 |
| 10 | 86 |
| 11 | 86 |
| 12 | 86 |
| 13 | 86 |
| 14 | 86 |
| 15 | 86 |
| 16 | 86 |
| 17 | 86 |
| 18 | 86 |
| 19 | 86 |
| 20 | 86 |
| 21 | 86 |
| 22 | 86 |
| 23 | 85 |
| 24 | 85 |
| 25 | 84 |
| 26 | 83 |
| 27 | 82 |
| 28 | 81 |
Humidity in February
Most of February feels muggy — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, February lands in the muggy band about 82% of days. Sticky, muggy-or-worse air turns up on roughly 91% of them.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Humid (%) | 8 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 12 |
| Muggy (%) | 84 | 84 | 84 | 83 | 83 | 83 | 83 | 82 | 82 | 81 | 81 | 82 | 82 | 81 | 81 | 81 | 81 | 81 | 81 | 81 | 81 | 81 | 81 | 80 | 81 | 80 | 80 | 80 |
| Oppressive (%) | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 8 |
| Humid (%) | Muggy (%) | Oppressive (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 8 | 84 | 8 |
| 2 | 8 | 84 | 8 |
| 3 | 8 | 84 | 8 |
| 4 | 9 | 83 | 8 |
| 5 | 9 | 83 | 8 |
| 6 | 9 | 83 | 8 |
| 7 | 9 | 83 | 8 |
| 8 | 10 | 82 | 8 |
| 9 | 10 | 82 | 8 |
| 10 | 10 | 81 | 9 |
| 11 | 10 | 81 | 9 |
| 12 | 9 | 82 | 9 |
| 13 | 9 | 82 | 9 |
| 14 | 9 | 81 | 10 |
| 15 | 9 | 81 | 10 |
| 16 | 9 | 81 | 10 |
| 17 | 9 | 81 | 10 |
| 18 | 9 | 81 | 10 |
| 19 | 9 | 81 | 10 |
| 20 | 9 | 81 | 10 |
| 21 | 9 | 81 | 10 |
| 22 | 9 | 81 | 10 |
| 23 | 9 | 81 | 10 |
| 24 | 10 | 80 | 10 |
| 25 | 10 | 81 | 9 |
| 26 | 11 | 80 | 9 |
| 27 | 12 | 80 | 8 |
| 28 | 12 | 80 | 8 |
Wind in February
Winds average 8 km/h in February.
Across February, daily wind ranges from about 7 km/h on the calmest days to 8 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 7 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 7 | calm |
| 2 | 7 | calm |
| 3 | 8 | calm |
| 4 | 8 | calm |
| 5 | 8 | calm |
| 6 | 8 | calm |
| 7 | 8 | calm |
| 8 | 8 | calm |
| 9 | 8 | calm |
| 10 | 8 | calm |
| 11 | 8 | calm |
| 12 | 8 | calm |
| 13 | 8 | calm |
| 14 | 8 | calm |
| 15 | 8 | calm |
| 16 | 8 | calm |
| 17 | 8 | calm |
| 18 | 8 | calm |
| 19 | 8 | calm |
| 20 | 8 | calm |
| 21 | 8 | calm |
| 22 | 8 | calm |
| 23 | 8 | calm |
| 24 | 8 | calm |
| 25 | 8 | calm |
| 26 | 8 | calm |
| 27 | 8 | calm |
| 28 | 8 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in February
Daylight runs from about 12 h 42 min at the start of February to 12 h 24 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days shrink by about 18 minutes over February. Sunrise moves from 5:41 AM to 5:52 AM, and sunset from 6:25 PM to 6:14 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 12.7 | 12.7 | 12.7 | 12.7 | 12.7 | 12.7 | 12.7 | 12.7 | 12.6 | 12.6 | 12.6 | 12.6 | 12.6 | 12.6 | 12.6 | 12.5 | 12.5 | 12.5 | 12.5 | 12.5 | 12.5 | 12.5 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.4 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 5:41 | 5:41 | 5:42 | 5:42 | 5:43 | 5:43 | 5:44 | 5:44 | 5:45 | 5:45 | 5:45 | 5:46 | 5:46 | 5:47 | 5:47 | 5:48 | 5:48 | 5:48 | 5:49 | 5:49 | 5:49 | 5:50 | 5:50 | 5:50 | 5:51 | 5:51 | 5:51 | 5:52 |
| Sunset (PM) | 6:25 | 6:25 | 6:25 | 6:25 | 6:24 | 6:24 | 6:24 | 6:23 | 6:23 | 6:23 | 6:22 | 6:22 | 6:22 | 6:21 | 6:21 | 6:20 | 6:20 | 6:19 | 6:19 | 6:18 | 6:18 | 6:17 | 6:17 | 6:16 | 6:16 | 6:15 | 6:15 | 6:14 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 12.7 | 5:41 | 6:25 |
| 2 | 12.7 | 5:41 | 6:25 |
| 3 | 12.7 | 5:42 | 6:25 |
| 4 | 12.7 | 5:42 | 6:25 |
| 5 | 12.7 | 5:43 | 6:24 |
| 6 | 12.7 | 5:43 | 6:24 |
| 7 | 12.7 | 5:44 | 6:24 |
| 8 | 12.7 | 5:44 | 6:23 |
| 9 | 12.6 | 5:45 | 6:23 |
| 10 | 12.6 | 5:45 | 6:23 |
| 11 | 12.6 | 5:45 | 6:22 |
| 12 | 12.6 | 5:46 | 6:22 |
| 13 | 12.6 | 5:46 | 6:22 |
| 14 | 12.6 | 5:47 | 6:21 |
| 15 | 12.6 | 5:47 | 6:21 |
| 16 | 12.5 | 5:48 | 6:20 |
| 17 | 12.5 | 5:48 | 6:20 |
| 18 | 12.5 | 5:48 | 6:19 |
| 19 | 12.5 | 5:49 | 6:19 |
| 20 | 12.5 | 5:49 | 6:18 |
| 21 | 12.5 | 5:49 | 6:18 |
| 22 | 12.5 | 5:50 | 6:17 |
| 23 | 12.4 | 5:50 | 6:17 |
| 24 | 12.4 | 5:50 | 6:16 |
| 25 | 12.4 | 5:51 | 6:16 |
| 26 | 12.4 | 5:51 | 6:15 |
| 27 | 12.4 | 5:51 | 6:15 |
| 28 | 12.4 | 5:52 | 6:14 |
Solar energy in February
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in February, about 5.08 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 4.43 kWh/m² to a high of 6.89 kWh/m² in October across the year — February's 5.08 kWh/m² falls in the middle.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.2 |
| Level | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 2 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 3 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 4 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 5 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 6 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 7 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 8 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 9 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 10 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 11 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 12 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 13 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 14 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 15 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 16 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 17 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 18 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 19 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 20 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 21 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 22 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 23 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 24 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 25 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 26 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 27 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 28 | 5.2 | Bright |
Hazard calendar for Tsaratanana
In February, Tsaratanana sits inside its monsoon season. The full year is below, with each hazard's peak months called out.
Tsaratanana's monsoon runs December–March, when most of the year's rain falls.
Is February a good time to visit Tsaratanana?
Our two travel scores rate February for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
February is a weaker month for outdoor sightseeing in Tsaratanana.
What to pack for Tsaratanana in February
From February's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In February, Tsaratanana sees daytime highs around 27°C and nights near 20°C. Pack light clothes and rain gear. Worth having: sun protection. About 24 days see rain.
UV index in Tsaratanana in February
Clear-sky midday UV in February peaks around 16 (very high — sun protection essential). The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Tsaratanana peaks around February 10 at about 16 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near June 19 at about 7 (very high).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — every month of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 16 | 16 | 14 | 11 | 9 | 7 | 8 | 10 | 12 | 13 | 13 | 15 |
| Level | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Very high | Very high | Very high | Very high | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 16 | Extreme |
| Feb | 16 | Extreme |
| Mar | 14 | Extreme |
| Apr | 11 | Extreme |
| May | 9 | Very high |
| Jun | 7 | Very high |
| Jul | 8 | Very high |
| Aug | 10 | Very high |
| Sep | 12 | Extreme |
| Oct | 13 | Extreme |
| Nov | 13 | Extreme |
| Dec | 15 | Extreme |
Air quality in Tsaratanana in February
Average fine-particle pollution (PM2.5) through the year — so you can see where February falls, not just the annual average.
Air quality in Tsaratanana is worst in November — around 19 µg/m³ PM2.5 (moderate), about 4.6× the cleanest month (April, 4 µg/m³).
Modeled monthly averages (CAMS reanalysis, 2015–2024).
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 13 | 19 | 9 |
| Level | Good | Good | Good | Good | Good | Good | Good | Good | Good | Moderate | Moderate | Good |
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 5 | Good |
| Feb | 5 | Good |
| Mar | 5 | Good |
| Apr | 4 | Good |
| May | 5 | Good |
| Jun | 6 | Good |
| Jul | 8 | Good |
| Aug | 8 | Good |
| Sep | 8 | Good |
| Oct | 13 | Moderate |
| Nov | 19 | Moderate |
| Dec | 9 | Good |
Where is Tsaratanana?
Tsaratanana sits at 16.8°S, 47.7°E, 349 m above sea level, in Madagascar. The nearest listed city is Mampikony, 78 km away.
Topography around Tsaratanana
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Tsaratanana.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Tsaratanana has only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 100 m around an average of 353 m above sea level; within 16 km, large variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 914 m; within 80 km, very significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 1,394 m.
The land around Tsaratanana is covered by grassland (69%) and cropland (21%) within 3 km, grassland (85%) within 16 km, and grassland (93%) within 80 km.
Madagascar travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 2
- Exercise Increased Caution
- Power plugs
- Type C / E
- 220 V · 50 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 31% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $599
- 2025
- Happiness
- 4.2 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 22%
- of population, 2024
- Road deaths
- 29.2
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- Low
- World Bank
- English
- Low
- EF EPI 457
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Tsaratanana (-16.7971°, 47.6516°, elevation 349 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Monthly air-quality (PM2.5) seasonality is from the CAMS EAC4 reanalysis (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service), scaled to the WHO annual mean where available. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).