Nkhotakota weather in February
In February, Nkhotakota sees average daytime highs of 27°C and overnight lows near 23°C, with 320 mm of rain across 24.8 wet days and about 12.4 hours of daylight. It is the 4th-warmest and 2nd-wettest month of the year here.
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 27°C through the month. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 7% of the time in February, and the air most often feels oppressive.
Daylight stretches from about 12 h 36 min at the start of February to 12 h 18 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, February is Nkhotakota's 11th-clearest and 11th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Nkhotakota's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 27°
- 4th warmest
- Overnight low
- 23°
- 9th coldest
- Rainfall
- 320 mm
- 24.8 wet days
- Daylight
- 12 h 24 min
- 5:45 AM – 6:10 PM
- Cloud cover
- 81%
- 11th clearest
- Wind
- 7 km/h
- 11th windiest
- Solar energy
- 5.43 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 3.7
- out of 10
Nkhotakota is human settlement in Malawi.
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in February
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 27°C through the month.
A typical February day in Nkhotakota reaches about 27°C in the afternoon and slips back to 23°C overnight — a 4°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 26°C and 29°C. Set against its neighbours, February runs on par with January and on par with March.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 |
| Avg low (°C) | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 27 | 23 |
| 2 | 27 | 23 |
| 3 | 27 | 23 |
| 4 | 27 | 23 |
| 5 | 27 | 23 |
| 6 | 27 | 23 |
| 7 | 27 | 23 |
| 8 | 27 | 23 |
| 9 | 27 | 23 |
| 10 | 27 | 23 |
| 11 | 27 | 23 |
| 12 | 27 | 23 |
| 13 | 27 | 23 |
| 14 | 27 | 23 |
| 15 | 27 | 23 |
| 16 | 27 | 23 |
| 17 | 27 | 23 |
| 18 | 27 | 23 |
| 19 | 27 | 23 |
| 20 | 27 | 23 |
| 21 | 27 | 23 |
| 22 | 27 | 23 |
| 23 | 27 | 23 |
| 24 | 27 | 23 |
| 25 | 27 | 23 |
| 26 | 27 | 23 |
| 27 | 27 | 23 |
| 28 | 27 | 23 |
Nkhotakota weather by month
How February compares with the rest of the year at a glance. February is the 4th-warmest and 2nd-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 27° / 23° | 379 | 29.3 | 12.7 | 3.5 |
| Feb | 27° / 23° | 320 | 24.8 | 12.4 | 3.7 |
| Mar | 27° / 23° | 252 | 25.7 | 12.1 | 4.1 |
| Apr | 27° / 22° | 91 | 13.8 | 11.7 | 6.4 |
| May | 25° / 21° | 9 | 2.4 | 11.4 | 8.6 |
| Jun | 24° / 19° | 2 | 0.5 | 11.3 | 9.3 |
| Jul | 23° / 18° | 2 | 0.6 | 11.3 | 9.2 |
| Aug | 25° / 19° | 1 | 0.1 | 11.6 | 9.3 |
| Sep | 27° / 21° | 1 | 0.2 | 11.9 | 8.6 |
| Oct | 29° / 24° | 17 | 2.9 | 12.3 | 7.0 |
| Nov | 29° / 24° | 87 | 12.1 | 12.6 | 5.2 |
| Dec | 28° / 23° | 315 | 25.7 | 12.7 | 3.9 |
Cloud cover in February
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 7% of the time in February.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 10% of February, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 83%.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 11 | 12 | 13 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 17 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 19 | 19 | 19 |
| Cloudier (%) | 89 | 88 | 87 | 87 | 86 | 85 | 84 | 83 | 83 | 82 | 82 | 82 | 82 | 82 | 80 | 80 | 80 | 81 | 81 | 81 | 82 | 82 | 82 | 82 | 82 | 81 | 81 | 81 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 11 | 89 |
| 2 | 12 | 88 |
| 3 | 13 | 87 |
| 4 | 13 | 87 |
| 5 | 14 | 86 |
| 6 | 15 | 85 |
| 7 | 16 | 84 |
| 8 | 17 | 83 |
| 9 | 17 | 83 |
| 10 | 18 | 82 |
| 11 | 18 | 82 |
| 12 | 18 | 82 |
| 13 | 18 | 82 |
| 14 | 18 | 82 |
| 15 | 20 | 80 |
| 16 | 20 | 80 |
| 17 | 20 | 80 |
| 18 | 19 | 81 |
| 19 | 19 | 81 |
| 20 | 19 | 81 |
| 21 | 18 | 82 |
| 22 | 18 | 82 |
| 23 | 18 | 82 |
| 24 | 18 | 82 |
| 25 | 18 | 82 |
| 26 | 19 | 81 |
| 27 | 19 | 81 |
| 28 | 19 | 81 |
Chance of precipitation in February
Nkhotakota gets around 320 mm of rain over 24.8 wet days in February. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable rain averages around 89% and peaks near 92% on the wettest days.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 92 | 91 | 91 | 90 | 90 | 89 | 88 | 88 | 87 | 87 | 87 | 87 | 87 | 87 | 87 | 87 | 88 | 88 | 88 | 89 | 89 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 89 |
| Rain chance (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 92 |
| 2 | 91 |
| 3 | 91 |
| 4 | 90 |
| 5 | 90 |
| 6 | 89 |
| 7 | 88 |
| 8 | 88 |
| 9 | 87 |
| 10 | 87 |
| 11 | 87 |
| 12 | 87 |
| 13 | 87 |
| 14 | 87 |
| 15 | 87 |
| 16 | 87 |
| 17 | 88 |
| 18 | 88 |
| 19 | 88 |
| 20 | 89 |
| 21 | 89 |
| 22 | 90 |
| 23 | 90 |
| 24 | 90 |
| 25 | 90 |
| 26 | 90 |
| 27 | 90 |
| 28 | 89 |
Humidity in February
Most of February feels oppressive — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, February lands in the oppressive band about 86% of days. Sticky, muggy-or-worse air turns up on roughly 100% of them.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Muggy (%) | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 16 | 17 |
| Oppressive (%) | 87 | 87 | 87 | 87 | 86 | 86 | 86 | 85 | 85 | 85 | 85 | 85 | 85 | 86 | 86 | 86 | 86 | 86 | 86 | 86 | 86 | 86 | 86 | 86 | 85 | 84 | 84 | 83 |
| Muggy (%) | Oppressive (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 13 | 87 |
| 2 | 13 | 87 |
| 3 | 13 | 87 |
| 4 | 13 | 87 |
| 5 | 14 | 86 |
| 6 | 14 | 86 |
| 7 | 14 | 86 |
| 8 | 15 | 85 |
| 9 | 15 | 85 |
| 10 | 15 | 85 |
| 11 | 15 | 85 |
| 12 | 15 | 85 |
| 13 | 15 | 85 |
| 14 | 14 | 86 |
| 15 | 14 | 86 |
| 16 | 14 | 86 |
| 17 | 14 | 86 |
| 18 | 14 | 86 |
| 19 | 14 | 86 |
| 20 | 14 | 86 |
| 21 | 14 | 86 |
| 22 | 14 | 86 |
| 23 | 14 | 86 |
| 24 | 14 | 86 |
| 25 | 15 | 85 |
| 26 | 16 | 84 |
| 27 | 16 | 84 |
| 28 | 17 | 83 |
Wind in February
Winds average 7 km/h in February.
Across February, daily wind ranges from about 7 km/h on the calmest days to 8 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 8 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 7 | calm |
| 2 | 7 | calm |
| 3 | 7 | calm |
| 4 | 7 | calm |
| 5 | 7 | calm |
| 6 | 7 | calm |
| 7 | 7 | calm |
| 8 | 7 | calm |
| 9 | 7 | calm |
| 10 | 7 | calm |
| 11 | 7 | calm |
| 12 | 7 | calm |
| 13 | 7 | calm |
| 14 | 7 | calm |
| 15 | 7 | calm |
| 16 | 7 | calm |
| 17 | 7 | calm |
| 18 | 7 | calm |
| 19 | 7 | calm |
| 20 | 7 | calm |
| 21 | 7 | calm |
| 22 | 7 | calm |
| 23 | 7 | calm |
| 24 | 7 | calm |
| 25 | 7 | calm |
| 26 | 7 | calm |
| 27 | 7 | calm |
| 28 | 8 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in February
Daylight runs from about 12 h 36 min at the start of February to 12 h 18 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days shrink by about 18 minutes over February. Sunrise moves from 5:39 AM to 5:48 AM, and sunset from 6:13 PM to 6:05 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 12.6 | 12.6 | 12.5 | 12.5 | 12.5 | 12.5 | 12.5 | 12.5 | 12.5 | 12.5 | 12.5 | 12.5 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 5:39 | 5:40 | 5:40 | 5:41 | 5:41 | 5:41 | 5:42 | 5:42 | 5:43 | 5:43 | 5:43 | 5:44 | 5:44 | 5:44 | 5:45 | 5:45 | 5:45 | 5:45 | 5:46 | 5:46 | 5:46 | 5:46 | 5:47 | 5:47 | 5:47 | 5:47 | 5:48 | 5:48 |
| Sunset (PM) | 6:13 | 6:13 | 6:13 | 6:13 | 6:13 | 6:13 | 6:12 | 6:12 | 6:12 | 6:12 | 6:11 | 6:11 | 6:11 | 6:11 | 6:10 | 6:10 | 6:10 | 6:09 | 6:09 | 6:08 | 6:08 | 6:08 | 6:07 | 6:07 | 6:06 | 6:06 | 6:05 | 6:05 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 12.6 | 5:39 | 6:13 |
| 2 | 12.6 | 5:40 | 6:13 |
| 3 | 12.5 | 5:40 | 6:13 |
| 4 | 12.5 | 5:41 | 6:13 |
| 5 | 12.5 | 5:41 | 6:13 |
| 6 | 12.5 | 5:41 | 6:13 |
| 7 | 12.5 | 5:42 | 6:12 |
| 8 | 12.5 | 5:42 | 6:12 |
| 9 | 12.5 | 5:43 | 6:12 |
| 10 | 12.5 | 5:43 | 6:12 |
| 11 | 12.5 | 5:43 | 6:11 |
| 12 | 12.5 | 5:44 | 6:11 |
| 13 | 12.4 | 5:44 | 6:11 |
| 14 | 12.4 | 5:44 | 6:11 |
| 15 | 12.4 | 5:45 | 6:10 |
| 16 | 12.4 | 5:45 | 6:10 |
| 17 | 12.4 | 5:45 | 6:10 |
| 18 | 12.4 | 5:45 | 6:09 |
| 19 | 12.4 | 5:46 | 6:09 |
| 20 | 12.4 | 5:46 | 6:08 |
| 21 | 12.4 | 5:46 | 6:08 |
| 22 | 12.4 | 5:46 | 6:08 |
| 23 | 12.3 | 5:47 | 6:07 |
| 24 | 12.3 | 5:47 | 6:07 |
| 25 | 12.3 | 5:47 | 6:06 |
| 26 | 12.3 | 5:47 | 6:06 |
| 27 | 12.3 | 5:48 | 6:05 |
| 28 | 12.3 | 5:48 | 6:05 |
Solar energy in February
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in February, about 5.43 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 5.05 kWh/m² to a high of 7.21 kWh/m² in October across the year — February's 5.43 kWh/m² falls in the middle.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.5 |
| Level | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 2 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 3 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 4 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 5 | 5.4 | Bright |
| 6 | 5.4 | Bright |
| 7 | 5.4 | Bright |
| 8 | 5.4 | Bright |
| 9 | 5.4 | Bright |
| 10 | 5.4 | Bright |
| 11 | 5.5 | Bright |
| 12 | 5.5 | Bright |
| 13 | 5.5 | Bright |
| 14 | 5.5 | Bright |
| 15 | 5.5 | Bright |
| 16 | 5.5 | Bright |
| 17 | 5.5 | Bright |
| 18 | 5.5 | Bright |
| 19 | 5.5 | Bright |
| 20 | 5.5 | Bright |
| 21 | 5.5 | Bright |
| 22 | 5.5 | Bright |
| 23 | 5.5 | Bright |
| 24 | 5.5 | Bright |
| 25 | 5.5 | Bright |
| 26 | 5.5 | Bright |
| 27 | 5.5 | Bright |
| 28 | 5.5 | Bright |
Hazard calendar for Nkhotakota
In February, Nkhotakota sits inside its cyclone and monsoon season. The full year is below, with each hazard's peak months called out.
Nkhotakota sits in the South Indian Ocean cyclone belt; the season peaks January–March.
Nkhotakota's monsoon runs December–March, when most of the year's rain falls.
Is February a good time to visit Nkhotakota?
Our two travel scores rate February for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
February is a weaker month for outdoor sightseeing in Nkhotakota.
What to pack for Nkhotakota in February
From February's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In February, Nkhotakota sees daytime highs around 27°C and nights near 23°C. Pack light clothes and rain gear. Worth having: sun protection. About 25 days see rain.
UV index in Nkhotakota in February
Clear-sky midday UV in February peaks around 15 (very high — sun protection essential). The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Nkhotakota peaks around January 22 at about 16 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near June 18 at about 9 (very high).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — every month of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 16 | 15 | 15 | 12 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 12 | 13 |
| Level | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Very high | Very high | Very high | Very high | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 16 | Extreme |
| Feb | 15 | Extreme |
| Mar | 15 | Extreme |
| Apr | 12 | Extreme |
| May | 9 | Very high |
| Jun | 9 | Very high |
| Jul | 9 | Very high |
| Aug | 10 | Very high |
| Sep | 11 | Extreme |
| Oct | 12 | Extreme |
| Nov | 12 | Extreme |
| Dec | 13 | Extreme |
Air quality in Nkhotakota in February
Average fine-particle pollution (PM2.5) through the year — so you can see where February falls, not just the annual average.
Air quality in Nkhotakota is worst in September — around 30 µg/m³ PM2.5 (moderate), about 4.2× the cleanest month (December, 7 µg/m³).
Modeled monthly averages (CAMS reanalysis, 2015–2024).
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | 9 | 10 | 9 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 13 | 23 | 30 | 24 | 12 | 7 |
| Level | Good | Good | Good | Good | Good | Good | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Good | Good |
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 9 | Good |
| Feb | 10 | Good |
| Mar | 9 | Good |
| Apr | 8 | Good |
| May | 8 | Good |
| Jun | 9 | Good |
| Jul | 13 | Moderate |
| Aug | 23 | Moderate |
| Sep | 30 | Moderate |
| Oct | 24 | Moderate |
| Nov | 12 | Good |
| Dec | 7 | Good |
Where is Nkhotakota?
Nkhotakota sits at 12.9°S, 34.3°E, 497 m above sea level, in Malawi. The nearest listed city is Kasungu, 89 km away.
Topography around Nkhotakota
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Nkhotakota.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Nkhotakota has only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 59 m around an average of 489 m above sea level; within 16 km, only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 189 m; within 80 km, very significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 1,230 m.
The land around Nkhotakota is covered by water (34%) within 3 km, water (49%) and grassland (21%) within 16 km, and water (41%) and cropland (20%) within 80 km.
Malawi travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 2
- Exercise Increased Caution
- Power plugs
- Type G
- 230 V · 50 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 53% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $672
- 2025
- Happiness
- 3.3 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 18%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 1.8
- per 100k, 2012
- Road deaths
- 33.4
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- Low
- World Bank
- English
- Low
- EF EPI 465
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Nkhotakota (-12.9274°, 34.2961°, elevation 497 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. Tropical-cyclone seasons are the published climatological basin seasons (NOAA National Hurricane Center / regional warning centres). UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Monthly air-quality (PM2.5) seasonality is from the CAMS EAC4 reanalysis (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service), scaled to the WHO annual mean where available. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).