Ölgii weather in November
In November, Ölgii sees average daytime highs of -7°C and overnight lows near -18°C, with 3 mm of precipitation across 1 wet days and about 8.9 hours of daylight. It is the 9th-warmest and 9th-wettest month of the year here.
Highs ease over the month, from about -2°C in the first days to -12°C by the end. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 49% of the time in November, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 9 h 36 min at the start of November to 8 h 24 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, November is Ölgii's 5th-clearest and 9th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Ölgii's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- -7°
- 9th warmest
- Overnight low
- -18°
- 4th coldest
- Precipitation
- 3 mm
- 1 wet days
- Daylight
- 8 h 54 min
- 8:19 AM – 5:12 PM
- Cloud cover
- 43%
- 5th clearest
- Wind
- 8 km/h
- 9th windiest
- Solar energy
- 1.96 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 0.0
- out of 10
Ölgii is capital-city of the Bayan-Ölgii aimag in Mongolia.
- Density
- 1,893/km²
- people per km²
- Founded
- 1940
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in November
Highs ease over the month, from about -2°C in the first days to -12°C by the end.
A typical November day in Ölgii reaches about -7°C in the afternoon and slips back to -18°C overnight — a 11°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between -14°C and -1°C. Set against its neighbours, November runs about 11°C cooler than October and about 8°C warmer than December.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | -1 | -2 | -2 | -2 | -3 | -3 | -4 | -4 | -5 | -5 | -6 | -6 | -7 | -7 | -7 | -8 | -8 | -9 | -9 | -9 | -10 | -10 | -10 | -11 | -11 | -11 | -12 | -12 | -12 | -12 |
| Avg low (°C) | -13 | -13 | -13 | -14 | -14 | -15 | -15 | -15 | -16 | -16 | -17 | -17 | -17 | -18 | -18 | -19 | -19 | -19 | -20 | -20 | -20 | -20 | -21 | -21 | -21 | -21 | -22 | -22 | -22 | -22 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | -1 | -13 |
| 2 | -2 | -13 |
| 3 | -2 | -13 |
| 4 | -2 | -14 |
| 5 | -3 | -14 |
| 6 | -3 | -15 |
| 7 | -4 | -15 |
| 8 | -4 | -15 |
| 9 | -5 | -16 |
| 10 | -5 | -16 |
| 11 | -6 | -17 |
| 12 | -6 | -17 |
| 13 | -7 | -17 |
| 14 | -7 | -18 |
| 15 | -7 | -18 |
| 16 | -8 | -19 |
| 17 | -8 | -19 |
| 18 | -9 | -19 |
| 19 | -9 | -20 |
| 20 | -9 | -20 |
| 21 | -10 | -20 |
| 22 | -10 | -20 |
| 23 | -10 | -21 |
| 24 | -11 | -21 |
| 25 | -11 | -21 |
| 26 | -11 | -21 |
| 27 | -12 | -22 |
| 28 | -12 | -22 |
| 29 | -12 | -22 |
| 30 | -12 | -22 |
How November really feels in Ölgii
Once humidity and wind are folded in, November averages 0 days that feel above 32°C and 30 that feel at or below 0°C — the comfort signal a plain temperature reading hides.
The story in November is cold — wind chill drags the overnight "feels like" below the raw low.
Ölgii weather by month
How November compares with the rest of the year at a glance. November is the 9th-warmest and 9th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Snow days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | -16° / -28° | 0 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 8.5 | 0.0 |
| Feb | -11° / -24° | 1 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 9.8 | 0.0 |
| Mar | -3° / -16° | 6 | 1.7 | 2.1 | 11.6 | 0.0 |
| Apr | 7° / -5° | 12 | 3.6 | 2.7 | 13.4 | 1.1 |
| May | 13° / 2° | 24 | 5.2 | 2.2 | 15 | 4.3 |
| Jun | 19° / 8° | 37 | 8.3 | 0.5 | 15.9 | 6.2 |
| Jul | 21° / 10° | 46 | 9.7 | 0 | 15.6 | 6.5 |
| Aug | 19° / 7° | 33 | 7.1 | 0.1 | 14.2 | 6.6 |
| Sep | 13° / 1° | 12 | 3.5 | 1.2 | 12.4 | 4.1 |
| Oct | 4° / -8° | 5 | 1.8 | 1.6 | 10.5 | 0.4 |
| Nov | -7° / -18° | 3 | 1 | 1.3 | 8.9 | 0.0 |
| Dec | -15° / -25° | 1 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 8.1 | 0.0 |
Cloud cover in November
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 49% of the time in November.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 18% of November, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 33%.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 67 | 67 | 67 | 67 | 67 | 67 | 67 | 66 | 66 | 67 | 66 | 66 | 66 | 67 | 67 | 67 | 68 | 68 | 68 | 68 | 67 | 67 | 67 | 67 | 67 | 67 | 66 | 66 | 67 | 67 |
| Cloudier (%) | 33 | 33 | 33 | 33 | 33 | 33 | 33 | 34 | 34 | 33 | 34 | 34 | 34 | 33 | 33 | 33 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 33 | 33 | 33 | 33 | 33 | 33 | 34 | 34 | 33 | 33 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 67 | 33 |
| 2 | 67 | 33 |
| 3 | 67 | 33 |
| 4 | 67 | 33 |
| 5 | 67 | 33 |
| 6 | 67 | 33 |
| 7 | 67 | 33 |
| 8 | 66 | 34 |
| 9 | 66 | 34 |
| 10 | 67 | 33 |
| 11 | 66 | 34 |
| 12 | 66 | 34 |
| 13 | 66 | 34 |
| 14 | 67 | 33 |
| 15 | 67 | 33 |
| 16 | 67 | 33 |
| 17 | 68 | 32 |
| 18 | 68 | 32 |
| 19 | 68 | 32 |
| 20 | 68 | 32 |
| 21 | 67 | 33 |
| 22 | 67 | 33 |
| 23 | 67 | 33 |
| 24 | 67 | 33 |
| 25 | 67 | 33 |
| 26 | 67 | 33 |
| 27 | 66 | 34 |
| 28 | 66 | 34 |
| 29 | 67 | 33 |
| 30 | 67 | 33 |
Chance of precipitation in November
Ölgii gets around 3 mm of rain and snow over 1 wet days in November. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable precipitation averages around 3% and peaks near 4% on the wettest days, and about 1 day brings snow.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
| Snow chance (%) | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
| Rain chance (%) | Snow chance (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 4 | 5 |
| 2 | 4 | 5 |
| 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 4 | 4 | 5 |
| 5 | 4 | 5 |
| 6 | 4 | 5 |
| 7 | 4 | 5 |
| 8 | 4 | 5 |
| 9 | 4 | 5 |
| 10 | 4 | 5 |
| 11 | 4 | 5 |
| 12 | 3 | 5 |
| 13 | 3 | 5 |
| 14 | 3 | 5 |
| 15 | 3 | 4 |
| 16 | 3 | 4 |
| 17 | 3 | 4 |
| 18 | 2 | 3 |
| 19 | 2 | 3 |
| 20 | 2 | 3 |
| 21 | 2 | 3 |
| 22 | 2 | 3 |
| 23 | 3 | 3 |
| 24 | 3 | 3 |
| 25 | 3 | 3 |
| 26 | 2 | 3 |
| 27 | 2 | 3 |
| 28 | 2 | 3 |
| 29 | 2 | 3 |
| 30 | 2 | 3 |
Humidity in November
Most of November feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, November lands in the dry band about 100% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| Dry (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 100 |
| 2 | 100 |
| 3 | 100 |
| 4 | 100 |
| 5 | 100 |
| 6 | 100 |
| 7 | 100 |
| 8 | 100 |
| 9 | 100 |
| 10 | 100 |
| 11 | 100 |
| 12 | 100 |
| 13 | 100 |
| 14 | 100 |
| 15 | 100 |
| 16 | 100 |
| 17 | 100 |
| 18 | 100 |
| 19 | 100 |
| 20 | 100 |
| 21 | 100 |
| 22 | 100 |
| 23 | 100 |
| 24 | 100 |
| 25 | 100 |
| 26 | 100 |
| 27 | 100 |
| 28 | 100 |
| 29 | 100 |
| 30 | 100 |
Wind in November
Winds average 8 km/h in November.
Across November, daily wind ranges from about 7 km/h on the calmest days to 8 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 8 | calm |
| 2 | 8 | calm |
| 3 | 8 | calm |
| 4 | 8 | calm |
| 5 | 8 | calm |
| 6 | 8 | calm |
| 7 | 8 | calm |
| 8 | 8 | calm |
| 9 | 8 | calm |
| 10 | 8 | calm |
| 11 | 8 | calm |
| 12 | 8 | calm |
| 13 | 8 | calm |
| 14 | 8 | calm |
| 15 | 8 | calm |
| 16 | 8 | calm |
| 17 | 8 | calm |
| 18 | 8 | calm |
| 19 | 8 | calm |
| 20 | 8 | calm |
| 21 | 8 | calm |
| 22 | 8 | calm |
| 23 | 8 | calm |
| 24 | 7 | calm |
| 25 | 7 | calm |
| 26 | 7 | calm |
| 27 | 7 | calm |
| 28 | 7 | calm |
| 29 | 7 | calm |
| 30 | 7 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in November
Daylight runs from about 9 h 36 min at the start of November to 8 h 24 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days shrink by about 72 minutes over November. Sunrise moves from 7:55 AM to 8:39 AM, and sunset from 5:32 PM to 5:00 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 9.6 | 9.6 | 9.5 | 9.5 | 9.4 | 9.4 | 9.3 | 9.3 | 9.2 | 9.2 | 9.1 | 9.1 | 9.0 | 9.0 | 8.9 | 8.9 | 8.8 | 8.8 | 8.7 | 8.7 | 8.7 | 8.6 | 8.6 | 8.6 | 8.5 | 8.5 | 8.5 | 8.4 | 8.4 | 8.4 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 7:55 | 7:57 | 7:59 | 8:00 | 8:02 | 8:03 | 8:05 | 8:07 | 8:08 | 8:10 | 8:11 | 8:13 | 8:14 | 8:16 | 8:18 | 8:19 | 8:21 | 8:22 | 8:24 | 8:25 | 8:27 | 8:28 | 8:29 | 8:31 | 8:32 | 8:34 | 8:35 | 8:36 | 8:38 | 8:39 |
| Sunset (PM) | 5:32 | 5:31 | 5:29 | 5:27 | 5:26 | 5:25 | 5:23 | 5:22 | 5:20 | 5:19 | 5:18 | 5:16 | 5:15 | 5:14 | 5:13 | 5:12 | 5:11 | 5:10 | 5:09 | 5:08 | 5:07 | 5:06 | 5:05 | 5:04 | 5:03 | 5:03 | 5:02 | 5:01 | 5:01 | 5:00 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 9.6 | 7:55 | 5:32 |
| 2 | 9.6 | 7:57 | 5:31 |
| 3 | 9.5 | 7:59 | 5:29 |
| 4 | 9.5 | 8:00 | 5:27 |
| 5 | 9.4 | 8:02 | 5:26 |
| 6 | 9.4 | 8:03 | 5:25 |
| 7 | 9.3 | 8:05 | 5:23 |
| 8 | 9.3 | 8:07 | 5:22 |
| 9 | 9.2 | 8:08 | 5:20 |
| 10 | 9.2 | 8:10 | 5:19 |
| 11 | 9.1 | 8:11 | 5:18 |
| 12 | 9.1 | 8:13 | 5:16 |
| 13 | 9.0 | 8:14 | 5:15 |
| 14 | 9.0 | 8:16 | 5:14 |
| 15 | 8.9 | 8:18 | 5:13 |
| 16 | 8.9 | 8:19 | 5:12 |
| 17 | 8.8 | 8:21 | 5:11 |
| 18 | 8.8 | 8:22 | 5:10 |
| 19 | 8.7 | 8:24 | 5:09 |
| 20 | 8.7 | 8:25 | 5:08 |
| 21 | 8.7 | 8:27 | 5:07 |
| 22 | 8.6 | 8:28 | 5:06 |
| 23 | 8.6 | 8:29 | 5:05 |
| 24 | 8.6 | 8:31 | 5:04 |
| 25 | 8.5 | 8:32 | 5:03 |
| 26 | 8.5 | 8:34 | 5:03 |
| 27 | 8.5 | 8:35 | 5:02 |
| 28 | 8.4 | 8:36 | 5:01 |
| 29 | 8.4 | 8:38 | 5:01 |
| 30 | 8.4 | 8:39 | 5:00 |
Solar energy in November
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in November, about 1.96 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 1.43 kWh/m² to a high of 7.1 kWh/m² in June across the year — November's 1.96 kWh/m² sits near the bottom.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 2.4 | 2.4 | 2.4 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 2.1 | 2.1 | 2.1 | 2.1 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1.6 |
| Level | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2.4 | Moderate |
| 2 | 2.4 | Moderate |
| 3 | 2.4 | Moderate |
| 4 | 2.3 | Moderate |
| 5 | 2.3 | Moderate |
| 6 | 2.3 | Moderate |
| 7 | 2.2 | Moderate |
| 8 | 2.2 | Moderate |
| 9 | 2.1 | Moderate |
| 10 | 2.1 | Moderate |
| 11 | 2.1 | Moderate |
| 12 | 2.1 | Moderate |
| 13 | 2.0 | Moderate |
| 14 | 2.0 | Dim |
| 15 | 2.0 | Dim |
| 16 | 1.9 | Dim |
| 17 | 1.9 | Dim |
| 18 | 1.9 | Dim |
| 19 | 1.9 | Dim |
| 20 | 1.8 | Dim |
| 21 | 1.8 | Dim |
| 22 | 1.8 | Dim |
| 23 | 1.8 | Dim |
| 24 | 1.7 | Dim |
| 25 | 1.7 | Dim |
| 26 | 1.7 | Dim |
| 27 | 1.6 | Dim |
| 28 | 1.6 | Dim |
| 29 | 1.6 | Dim |
| 30 | 1.6 | Dim |
Is November a good time to visit Ölgii?
Our two travel scores rate November for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
November is a weaker month for outdoor sightseeing in Ölgii.
What to pack for Ölgii in November
From November's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In November, Ölgii sees daytime highs around -7°C and nights near -18°C. Pack a warm layer and a heavy coat.
UV index in Ölgii in November
Clear-sky midday UV in November peaks around 1. The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Ölgii peaks around July 17 at about 9 (very high) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near January 1 at about 1 (low).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — in 7 months of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 1 | 2 | 3 | 6 | 9 | 8 | 9 | 8 | 5 | 3 | 1 | 1 |
| Level | Low | Low | Moderate | High | Very high | Very high | Very high | Very high | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Low |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 1 | Low |
| Feb | 2 | Low |
| Mar | 3 | Moderate |
| Apr | 6 | High |
| May | 9 | Very high |
| Jun | 8 | Very high |
| Jul | 9 | Very high |
| Aug | 8 | Very high |
| Sep | 5 | Moderate |
| Oct | 3 | Moderate |
| Nov | 1 | Low |
| Dec | 1 | Low |
Where is Ölgii?
Ölgii sits at 49.0°N, 90.0°E, 1,715 m above sea level, in Mongolia. The nearest listed city is Khovd, 164 km away.
Topography around Ölgii
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Ölgii.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Ölgii has significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 304 m around an average of 1,734 m above sea level; within 16 km, large variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 1,132 m; within 80 km, extreme variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 2,848 m.
The land around Ölgii is covered by bare terrain (53%) and grassland (30%) within 3 km, grassland (75%) and bare terrain (23%) within 16 km, and grassland (65%) and bare terrain (25%) within 80 km.
Mongolia travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 1
- Exercise Normal Precautions
- Power plugs
- Type C / E / F
- 220 V · 50 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 34% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $7,108
- 2025
- Happiness
- 5.9 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 43%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 5.9
- per 100k, 2023
- Road deaths
- 21
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- Upper middle
- World Bank
- English
- Very low
- EF EPI 447
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Ölgii (48.9683°, 89.9625°, elevation 1,715 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).