Sühbaatar weather in November
In November, Sühbaatar sees average daytime highs of -5°C and overnight lows near -14°C, with 6 mm of precipitation across 2.1 wet days and about 8.8 hours of daylight. It is the 9th-warmest and 8th-wettest month of the year here.
Highs ease over the month, from about 1°C in the first days to -10°C by the end. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 40% of the time in November, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 9 h 30 min at the start of November to 8 h 12 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, November is Sühbaatar's 4th-clearest and 9th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Sühbaatar's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- -5°
- 9th warmest
- Overnight low
- -14°
- 4th coldest
- Precipitation
- 6 mm
- 2.1 wet days
- Daylight
- 8 h 42 min
- 8:19 AM – 5:02 PM
- Cloud cover
- 51%
- 4th clearest
- Wind
- 8 km/h
- 9th windiest
- Solar energy
- 1.64 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 0.0
- out of 10
Sühbaatar is city in Mongolia, administrative center of Selenge Province.
- Density
- 505/km²
- people per km²
- Founded
- 1940
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in November
Highs ease over the month, from about 1°C in the first days to -10°C by the end.
A typical November day in Sühbaatar reaches about -5°C in the afternoon and slips back to -14°C overnight — a 10°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between -12°C and 2°C. Set against its neighbours, November runs about 13°C cooler than October and about 10°C warmer than December.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | -1 | -1 | -2 | -2 | -3 | -3 | -4 | -4 | -5 | -5 | -6 | -6 | -6 | -7 | -7 | -8 | -8 | -8 | -9 | -9 | -9 | -10 | -10 | -10 |
| Avg low (°C) | -9 | -9 | -9 | -10 | -10 | -11 | -11 | -11 | -12 | -12 | -13 | -13 | -14 | -14 | -14 | -15 | -15 | -16 | -16 | -16 | -17 | -17 | -17 | -18 | -18 | -18 | -18 | -19 | -19 | -19 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | -9 |
| 2 | 2 | -9 |
| 3 | 1 | -9 |
| 4 | 1 | -10 |
| 5 | 0 | -10 |
| 6 | 0 | -11 |
| 7 | -1 | -11 |
| 8 | -1 | -11 |
| 9 | -2 | -12 |
| 10 | -2 | -12 |
| 11 | -3 | -13 |
| 12 | -3 | -13 |
| 13 | -4 | -14 |
| 14 | -4 | -14 |
| 15 | -5 | -14 |
| 16 | -5 | -15 |
| 17 | -6 | -15 |
| 18 | -6 | -16 |
| 19 | -6 | -16 |
| 20 | -7 | -16 |
| 21 | -7 | -17 |
| 22 | -8 | -17 |
| 23 | -8 | -17 |
| 24 | -8 | -18 |
| 25 | -9 | -18 |
| 26 | -9 | -18 |
| 27 | -9 | -18 |
| 28 | -10 | -19 |
| 29 | -10 | -19 |
| 30 | -10 | -19 |
How November really feels in Sühbaatar
Once humidity and wind are folded in, November averages 0 days that feel above 32°C and 30 that feel at or below 0°C — the comfort signal a plain temperature reading hides.
The story in November is cold — wind chill drags the overnight "feels like" below the raw low.
Sühbaatar weather by month
How November compares with the rest of the year at a glance. November is the 9th-warmest and 8th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Snow days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | -17° / -27° | 2 | 0.4 | 1.1 | 8.3 | 0.0 |
| Feb | -9° / -23° | 2 | 0.7 | 1.2 | 9.7 | 0.0 |
| Mar | 2° / -12° | 5 | 1.9 | 2.3 | 11.5 | 0.2 |
| Apr | 12° / -2° | 16 | 3.9 | 2.6 | 13.5 | 3.4 |
| May | 19° / 5° | 31 | 6.3 | 1.2 | 15.2 | 6.6 |
| Jun | 26° / 12° | 46 | 8.8 | 0 | 16.1 | 6.8 |
| Jul | 27° / 15° | 64 | 9.9 | 0 | 15.7 | 6.4 |
| Aug | 24° / 13° | 70 | 9.9 | 0 | 14.3 | 6.8 |
| Sep | 18° / 5° | 37 | 7.6 | 0.4 | 12.4 | 5.9 |
| Oct | 8° / -4° | 14 | 3.9 | 2.3 | 10.5 | 1.7 |
| Nov | -5° / -14° | 6 | 2.1 | 2.9 | 8.8 | 0.0 |
| Dec | -14° / -23° | 4 | 1.7 | 2.2 | 7.9 | 0.0 |
Cloud cover in November
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 40% of the time in November.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 16% of November, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 44%.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 59 | 58 | 58 | 58 | 58 | 57 | 57 | 57 | 55 | 55 | 55 | 55 | 55 | 55 | 55 | 55 | 55 | 55 | 55 | 56 | 56 | 56 | 56 | 56 | 56 | 56 | 55 | 56 | 55 | 55 |
| Cloudier (%) | 41 | 42 | 42 | 42 | 42 | 43 | 43 | 43 | 45 | 45 | 45 | 45 | 45 | 45 | 45 | 45 | 45 | 45 | 45 | 44 | 44 | 44 | 44 | 44 | 44 | 44 | 45 | 44 | 45 | 45 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 59 | 41 |
| 2 | 58 | 42 |
| 3 | 58 | 42 |
| 4 | 58 | 42 |
| 5 | 58 | 42 |
| 6 | 57 | 43 |
| 7 | 57 | 43 |
| 8 | 57 | 43 |
| 9 | 55 | 45 |
| 10 | 55 | 45 |
| 11 | 55 | 45 |
| 12 | 55 | 45 |
| 13 | 55 | 45 |
| 14 | 55 | 45 |
| 15 | 55 | 45 |
| 16 | 55 | 45 |
| 17 | 55 | 45 |
| 18 | 55 | 45 |
| 19 | 55 | 45 |
| 20 | 56 | 44 |
| 21 | 56 | 44 |
| 22 | 56 | 44 |
| 23 | 56 | 44 |
| 24 | 56 | 44 |
| 25 | 56 | 44 |
| 26 | 56 | 44 |
| 27 | 55 | 45 |
| 28 | 56 | 44 |
| 29 | 55 | 45 |
| 30 | 55 | 45 |
Chance of precipitation in November
Sühbaatar gets around 6 mm of rain and snow over 2.1 wet days in November. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable precipitation averages around 7% and peaks near 9% on the wettest days, and about 3 days bring snow.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 |
| Snow chance (%) | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 |
| Rain chance (%) | Snow chance (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 9 | 10 |
| 2 | 9 | 10 |
| 3 | 9 | 10 |
| 4 | 9 | 10 |
| 5 | 9 | 10 |
| 6 | 9 | 11 |
| 7 | 9 | 11 |
| 8 | 9 | 11 |
| 9 | 9 | 11 |
| 10 | 9 | 11 |
| 11 | 8 | 11 |
| 12 | 8 | 11 |
| 13 | 8 | 10 |
| 14 | 7 | 10 |
| 15 | 7 | 10 |
| 16 | 7 | 10 |
| 17 | 6 | 9 |
| 18 | 6 | 9 |
| 19 | 6 | 9 |
| 20 | 5 | 9 |
| 21 | 5 | 9 |
| 22 | 5 | 8 |
| 23 | 5 | 8 |
| 24 | 5 | 8 |
| 25 | 5 | 8 |
| 26 | 5 | 8 |
| 27 | 6 | 8 |
| 28 | 6 | 8 |
| 29 | 6 | 8 |
| 30 | 6 | 8 |
Humidity in November
Most of November feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, November lands in the dry band about 100% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| Dry (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 100 |
| 2 | 100 |
| 3 | 100 |
| 4 | 100 |
| 5 | 100 |
| 6 | 100 |
| 7 | 100 |
| 8 | 100 |
| 9 | 100 |
| 10 | 100 |
| 11 | 100 |
| 12 | 100 |
| 13 | 100 |
| 14 | 100 |
| 15 | 100 |
| 16 | 100 |
| 17 | 100 |
| 18 | 100 |
| 19 | 100 |
| 20 | 100 |
| 21 | 100 |
| 22 | 100 |
| 23 | 100 |
| 24 | 100 |
| 25 | 100 |
| 26 | 100 |
| 27 | 100 |
| 28 | 100 |
| 29 | 100 |
| 30 | 100 |
Wind in November
Winds average 8 km/h in November.
Across November, daily wind ranges from about 7 km/h on the calmest days to 8 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 8 | calm |
| 2 | 8 | calm |
| 3 | 8 | calm |
| 4 | 8 | calm |
| 5 | 8 | calm |
| 6 | 8 | calm |
| 7 | 8 | calm |
| 8 | 8 | calm |
| 9 | 8 | calm |
| 10 | 8 | calm |
| 11 | 8 | calm |
| 12 | 8 | calm |
| 13 | 8 | calm |
| 14 | 8 | calm |
| 15 | 8 | calm |
| 16 | 8 | calm |
| 17 | 8 | calm |
| 18 | 8 | calm |
| 19 | 8 | calm |
| 20 | 8 | calm |
| 21 | 8 | calm |
| 22 | 8 | calm |
| 23 | 7 | calm |
| 24 | 7 | calm |
| 25 | 7 | calm |
| 26 | 7 | calm |
| 27 | 7 | calm |
| 28 | 7 | calm |
| 29 | 7 | calm |
| 30 | 7 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in November
Daylight runs from about 9 h 30 min at the start of November to 8 h 12 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days shrink by about 78 minutes over November. Sunrise moves from 7:54 AM to 8:39 AM, and sunset from 5:24 PM to 4:50 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 9.5 | 9.4 | 9.4 | 9.3 | 9.3 | 9.2 | 9.2 | 9.1 | 9.1 | 9.0 | 9.0 | 8.9 | 8.9 | 8.8 | 8.8 | 8.7 | 8.7 | 8.6 | 8.6 | 8.5 | 8.5 | 8.5 | 8.4 | 8.4 | 8.3 | 8.3 | 8.3 | 8.2 | 8.2 | 8.2 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 7:54 | 7:55 | 7:57 | 7:59 | 8:00 | 8:02 | 8:04 | 8:06 | 8:07 | 8:09 | 8:11 | 8:12 | 8:14 | 8:15 | 8:17 | 8:19 | 8:20 | 8:22 | 8:23 | 8:25 | 8:26 | 8:28 | 8:29 | 8:31 | 8:32 | 8:34 | 8:35 | 8:37 | 8:38 | 8:39 |
| Sunset (PM) | 5:24 | 5:22 | 5:20 | 5:19 | 5:17 | 5:16 | 5:14 | 5:13 | 5:11 | 5:10 | 5:09 | 5:07 | 5:06 | 5:05 | 5:03 | 5:02 | 5:01 | 5:00 | 4:59 | 4:58 | 4:57 | 4:56 | 4:55 | 4:54 | 4:53 | 4:52 | 4:52 | 4:51 | 4:50 | 4:50 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 9.5 | 7:54 | 5:24 |
| 2 | 9.4 | 7:55 | 5:22 |
| 3 | 9.4 | 7:57 | 5:20 |
| 4 | 9.3 | 7:59 | 5:19 |
| 5 | 9.3 | 8:00 | 5:17 |
| 6 | 9.2 | 8:02 | 5:16 |
| 7 | 9.2 | 8:04 | 5:14 |
| 8 | 9.1 | 8:06 | 5:13 |
| 9 | 9.1 | 8:07 | 5:11 |
| 10 | 9.0 | 8:09 | 5:10 |
| 11 | 9.0 | 8:11 | 5:09 |
| 12 | 8.9 | 8:12 | 5:07 |
| 13 | 8.9 | 8:14 | 5:06 |
| 14 | 8.8 | 8:15 | 5:05 |
| 15 | 8.8 | 8:17 | 5:03 |
| 16 | 8.7 | 8:19 | 5:02 |
| 17 | 8.7 | 8:20 | 5:01 |
| 18 | 8.6 | 8:22 | 5:00 |
| 19 | 8.6 | 8:23 | 4:59 |
| 20 | 8.5 | 8:25 | 4:58 |
| 21 | 8.5 | 8:26 | 4:57 |
| 22 | 8.5 | 8:28 | 4:56 |
| 23 | 8.4 | 8:29 | 4:55 |
| 24 | 8.4 | 8:31 | 4:54 |
| 25 | 8.3 | 8:32 | 4:53 |
| 26 | 8.3 | 8:34 | 4:52 |
| 27 | 8.3 | 8:35 | 4:52 |
| 28 | 8.2 | 8:37 | 4:51 |
| 29 | 8.2 | 8:38 | 4:50 |
| 30 | 8.2 | 8:39 | 4:50 |
Solar energy in November
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in November, about 1.64 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 1.15 kWh/m² to a high of 6.43 kWh/m² in June across the year — November's 1.64 kWh/m² sits near the bottom.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 2.1 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.3 | 1.3 |
| Level | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2.1 | Moderate |
| 2 | 2.0 | Moderate |
| 3 | 2.0 | Moderate |
| 4 | 2.0 | Dim |
| 5 | 1.9 | Dim |
| 6 | 1.9 | Dim |
| 7 | 1.9 | Dim |
| 8 | 1.9 | Dim |
| 9 | 1.8 | Dim |
| 10 | 1.8 | Dim |
| 11 | 1.8 | Dim |
| 12 | 1.7 | Dim |
| 13 | 1.7 | Dim |
| 14 | 1.7 | Dim |
| 15 | 1.6 | Dim |
| 16 | 1.6 | Dim |
| 17 | 1.6 | Dim |
| 18 | 1.6 | Dim |
| 19 | 1.5 | Dim |
| 20 | 1.5 | Dim |
| 21 | 1.5 | Dim |
| 22 | 1.5 | Dim |
| 23 | 1.4 | Dim |
| 24 | 1.4 | Dim |
| 25 | 1.4 | Dim |
| 26 | 1.4 | Dim |
| 27 | 1.4 | Dim |
| 28 | 1.4 | Dim |
| 29 | 1.3 | Dim |
| 30 | 1.3 | Dim |
Is November a good time to visit Sühbaatar?
Our two travel scores rate November for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
November is a weaker month for outdoor sightseeing in Sühbaatar.
What to pack for Sühbaatar in November
From November's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In November, Sühbaatar sees daytime highs around -5°C and nights near -14°C. Pack a warm layer and a heavy coat.
UV index in Sühbaatar in November
Clear-sky midday UV in November peaks around 1. The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Sühbaatar peaks around July 15 at about 7 (very high) — sunscreen and a hat are worth it in the middle of the day. It bottoms out near December 20 at about 1 (low).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — in 6 months of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 1 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 1 |
| Level | Low | Low | Moderate | Moderate | High | High | Very high | High | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Low |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 1 | Low |
| Feb | 2 | Low |
| Mar | 3 | Moderate |
| Apr | 5 | Moderate |
| May | 6 | High |
| Jun | 7 | High |
| Jul | 7 | Very high |
| Aug | 6 | High |
| Sep | 4 | Moderate |
| Oct | 2 | Moderate |
| Nov | 1 | Low |
| Dec | 1 | Low |
Where is Sühbaatar?
Sühbaatar sits at 50.2°N, 106.2°E, 619 m above sea level, in Mongolia. The nearest listed city is Kyakhta, 22 km away.
Topography around Sühbaatar
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Sühbaatar.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Sühbaatar has only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 220 m around an average of 636 m above sea level; within 16 km, significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 482 m; within 80 km, large variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 1,070 m.
The land around Sühbaatar is covered by grassland (67%) within 3 km, grassland (69%) and trees (26%) within 16 km, and grassland (66%) and trees (26%) within 80 km.
Mongolia travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 1
- Exercise Normal Precautions
- Power plugs
- Type C / E / F
- 220 V · 50 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 34% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $7,108
- 2025
- Happiness
- 5.9 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 43%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 5.9
- per 100k, 2023
- Road deaths
- 21
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- Upper middle
- World Bank
- English
- Very low
- EF EPI 447
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Sühbaatar (50.2314°, 106.2078°, elevation 619 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).