Climate and average weather in Ulaanbaatar
In Ulaanbaatar, the summers are warm, showery, and partly cloudy and the winters are frigid, snowy, and mostly clear.
Over the course of the year, the temperature in Ulaanbaatar typically varies from -28°C to 22°C, and is rarely below -35°C or above 28°C. July is the hottest month of the year, while January is the coldest.
Based on the travel score, the best time of year to visit Ulaanbaatar for warm-weather activities is from late May to mid September.
- Hottest
- Jul
- 22°
- Coldest
- Jan
- -28°
- Wettest
- Aug
- 68 mm
- Driest
- Jan
- 2 mm
- Rain / yr
- 314 mm
- 60 wet days
- Daylight
- 8.2–15.8 h
- shortest–longest
- Elevation
- 1,284 m
- 47.9°N
- Clearest
- Jan
- 40% cloud
Ulaanbaatar is capital and largest city of Mongolia.
- Air quality
- Severe
- PM2.5 60 µg/m³ · 2019
- Density
- 180/km²
- people per km²
- Founded
- 1639
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Ulaanbaatar weather by month, at a glance
The whole year in one picture — sky, rain, humidity, temperature and travel score. Click any band to jump to its full chart.
Each stripe is one measure across the whole year, stacked so a single day reads top to bottom. The sky band runs overcast grey on top down to clear blue at the base — more blue means sunnier — followed by the rainfall curve, the humidity band, a temperature strip that tints each stretch of the year by how warm its average high is, and the travel-score line at the foot. Scan straight down any date to read that day across every measure at once; the score climbs highest around late May to mid September.
Temperature through the year
Daily average highs and lows in Ulaanbaatar, from 1991–2020 of climate data. The shaded bands show the range most days fall in — 10th to 90th percentile.
The hot season lasts 4.6 months, from May 7 to September 23, with daily high temperatures above 12°C. The hottest month of the year in Ulaanbaatar is July, with an average high of 22°C and low of 11°C.
The cool season lasts 3.1 months, from November 21 to February 21, with daily high temperatures below -9°C. The coldest month of the year in Ulaanbaatar is January, with an average low of -28°C and high of -17°C.
Days typically run about 12°C warmer than nights, with the widest day–night swing (around 13°C) in March.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | -17 | -11 | -2 | 8 | 15 | 20 | 22 | 20 | 14 | 5 | -7 | -15 |
| Avg low (°C) | -28 | -24 | -15 | -5 | 1 | 8 | 11 | 9 | 2 | -6 | -17 | -25 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | -17 | -28 |
| Feb | -11 | -24 |
| Mar | -2 | -15 |
| Apr | 8 | -5 |
| May | 15 | 1 |
| Jun | 20 | 8 |
| Jul | 22 | 11 |
| Aug | 20 | 9 |
| Sep | 14 | 2 |
| Oct | 5 | -6 |
| Nov | -7 | -17 |
| Dec | -15 | -25 |
How hot and cold Ulaanbaatar really feels
The felt-temperature range through the year — heat index on the day's high (summer humidity), wind chill on the night's low (winter wind). The dashed lines are the plain thermometer; the gap is how much hotter or colder it really feels.
On the coldest nights, wind chill pulls the feels-like down to about -35°C (around January 22), with roughly 254 freezing days a year (feels-like at or below 0°C) — 183 of them bitterly cold — worst in January.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Feels-like high (°C) | -17 | -11 | -2 | 7 | 15 | 20 | 22 | 20 | 14 | 5 | -7 | -15 |
| Air high (°C) | -17 | -11 | -2 | 8 | 15 | 20 | 22 | 20 | 14 | 5 | -7 | -15 |
| Feels-like low (°C) | -35 | -32 | -21 | -10 | -2 | 6 | 11 | 8 | -1 | -11 | -23 | -32 |
| Air low (°C) | -28 | -24 | -15 | -5 | 1 | 8 | 11 | 9 | 2 | -6 | -17 | -25 |
| Feels-like high (°C) | Air high (°C) | Feels-like low (°C) | Air low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | -17 | -17 | -35 | -28 |
| Feb | -11 | -11 | -32 | -24 |
| Mar | -2 | -2 | -21 | -15 |
| Apr | 7 | 8 | -10 | -5 |
| May | 15 | 15 | -2 | 1 |
| Jun | 20 | 20 | 6 | 8 |
| Jul | 22 | 22 | 11 | 11 |
| Aug | 20 | 20 | 8 | 9 |
| Sep | 14 | 14 | -1 | 2 |
| Oct | 5 | 5 | -11 | -6 |
| Nov | -7 | -7 | -23 | -17 |
| Dec | -15 | -15 | -32 | -25 |
Average hourly temperature in Ulaanbaatar
A compact picture of the whole year, hour by hour: each column is a day, each row an hour, and the color is the modeled average temperature. Darker overlays mark night, lighter ones the civil-twilight hours around sunrise and sunset.
Read left to right for the day of the year and top to bottom for the hour of the day; the color is the modeled temperature, cool blues through to hot reds on the same scale as the other charts. A vertical slice is a single day's swing — coolest just before dawn, warmest in the mid-afternoon — while a horizontal slice follows one hour across the seasons. The darker overlay marks night and the lighter one the twilight around sunrise and sunset. Colors run warmest on July afternoons, near 22°C, and coldest before dawn in January, near -28°C.
Ulaanbaatar weather by month
Every month at a glance. Click a month for its detailed page.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Snow days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | -17° / -28° | 2 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 8.6 | 0.0 |
| Feb | -11° / -24° | 3 | 1.2 | 1.5 | 9.9 | 0.0 |
| Mar | -2° / -15° | 7 | 2.2 | 2.7 | 11.6 | 0.0 |
| Apr | 8° / -5° | 16 | 4.3 | 3.6 | 13.4 | 1.3 |
| May | 15° / 1° | 35 | 6.7 | 3 | 14.9 | 4.8 |
| Jun | 20° / 8° | 55 | 9.5 | 0.2 | 15.7 | 6.3 |
| Jul | 22° / 11° | 66 | 11.2 | 0 | 15.4 | 6.4 |
| Aug | 20° / 9° | 68 | 10.7 | 0 | 14.1 | 6.2 |
| Sep | 14° / 2° | 39 | 7.2 | 1.5 | 12.4 | 4.6 |
| Oct | 5° / -6° | 15 | 3.8 | 3.3 | 10.6 | 0.7 |
| Nov | -7° / -18° | 6 | 2.1 | 2.6 | 9 | 0.0 |
| Dec | -15° / -25° | 2 | 0.9 | 1.3 | 8.3 | 0.0 |
Chance of rain
How likely it is to rain on a typical day, and how that shifts across the wetter and drier seasons.
Ulaanbaatar gets about 314 mm of precipitation a year. On a typical day the chance of rain is some rain, but that rises and falls sharply with the seasons.
The wetter season lasts 5.4 months, from around Apr 25 to Oct 5, peaking in June at about 38% chance on a given day. The drier stretch runs the rest of the year, bottoming out around Jan 20.
August is the wettest month by volume, with 68 mm over about 11 wet days; January is the driest, with 2 mm. Some of the cold-season precipitation falls as snow.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain on a day (%) | 2 | 4 | 7 | 14 | 22 | 30 | 37 | 35 | 23 | 13 | 7 | 3 |
| Rain days | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 7 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 7 | 4 | 2 | 1 |
| Rain on a day (%) | Rain days | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 2 | 1 |
| Feb | 4 | 1 |
| Mar | 7 | 2 |
| Apr | 14 | 4 |
| May | 22 | 7 |
| Jun | 30 | 10 |
| Jul | 37 | 11 |
| Aug | 35 | 11 |
| Sep | 23 | 7 |
| Oct | 13 | 4 |
| Nov | 7 | 2 |
| Dec | 3 | 1 |
Monthly rainfall
Over a full year, Ulaanbaatar collects about 314 mm of rain across 60 wet days — roughly 26 mm in an average month.
It doesn’t fall evenly. August is the wettest month with 68 mm, while January is the driest at just 2 mm. The three wettest months alone bring about 60% of the year’s total, and some of the cold-season precipitation falls as snow.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rainfall (mm) | 2 | 3 | 7 | 16 | 35 | 55 | 66 | 68 | 39 | 15 | 6 | 2 |
| Rain days | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 7 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 7 | 4 | 2 | 1 |
| Snow days | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 1 |
| Rainfall (mm) | Rain days | Snow days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 2 | 1 | 1 |
| Feb | 3 | 1 | 2 |
| Mar | 7 | 2 | 3 |
| Apr | 16 | 4 | 4 |
| May | 35 | 7 | 3 |
| Jun | 55 | 10 | 0 |
| Jul | 66 | 11 | 0 |
| Aug | 68 | 11 | 0 |
| Sep | 39 | 7 | 2 |
| Oct | 15 | 4 | 3 |
| Nov | 6 | 2 | 3 |
| Dec | 2 | 1 | 1 |
Snow in Ulaanbaatar
Average snowy days through the year, the snow-season span, and estimated snowfall — for ski trips and the perennial 'will there be snow at Christmas?' question.
Ulaanbaatar averages about 20 snowy days a year. Snow season runs roughly Sep 6 to Jun 6 — about 9 months.
May is snowiest, with roughly 3 days of snow and an estimated 12 cm of snowfall. Over the year that adds up to an estimated 76 cm of snow.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Snow days | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 1 |
| Snowfall (cm) | 2 | 5 | 9 | 14 | 12 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9 | 13 | 9 | 3 |
| Snow days | Snowfall (cm) | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 1 | 2 |
| Feb | 2 | 5 |
| Mar | 3 | 9 |
| Apr | 4 | 14 |
| May | 3 | 12 |
| Jun | 0 | 0 |
| Jul | 0 | 0 |
| Aug | 0 | 0 |
| Sep | 2 | 9 |
| Oct | 3 | 13 |
| Nov | 3 | 9 |
| Dec | 1 | 3 |
Clouds and sunshine
How often the daytime sky is clear, partly cloudy or overcast.
In Ulaanbaatar, the average share of the sky covered by clouds shows moderate seasonal variation over the course of the year.
The clearer part of the year begins around September 6 and lasts for 6.2 months, ending around March 13. The clearest month is January, when the sky is clear, mostly clear, or partly cloudy 69% of the time on average.
The cloudier part of the year begins around March 14 and lasts for 5.8 months, ending around September 5. The cloudiest month is June, when it is overcast or mostly cloudy 52% of the time.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 69 | 66 | 59 | 53 | 53 | 48 | 48 | 51 | 62 | 69 | 67 | 66 |
| Cloudier (%) | 31 | 34 | 41 | 47 | 47 | 52 | 52 | 49 | 38 | 31 | 33 | 34 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 69 | 31 |
| Feb | 66 | 34 |
| Mar | 59 | 41 |
| Apr | 53 | 47 |
| May | 53 | 47 |
| Jun | 48 | 52 |
| Jul | 48 | 52 |
| Aug | 51 | 49 |
| Sep | 62 | 38 |
| Oct | 69 | 31 |
| Nov | 67 | 33 |
| Dec | 66 | 34 |
Daylight, sunrise and sunset
Hours of daylight through the year, with sunrise and sunset times.
The gold band is daylight — sunrise runs along its lower edge, sunset along the upper — so it widens toward summer and pinches toward winter, with night the dark area above and below. The longest day, around June 13, brings about 15 h 48 min of light; the shortest, around January 1, only 8 h 12 min — a swing of roughly 7 h 36 min.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 8.6 | 9.9 | 11.6 | 13.4 | 14.9 | 15.7 | 15.4 | 14.1 | 12.4 | 10.6 | 9.0 | 8.3 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 8:44 | 8:10 | 7:15 | 6:11 | 5:21 | 4:59 | 5:14 | 5:53 | 6:37 | 7:20 | 8:08 | 8:43 |
| Sunset (PM) | 5:19 | 6:04 | 6:49 | 7:35 | 8:17 | 8:47 | 8:42 | 8:00 | 6:57 | 5:55 | 5:08 | 4:55 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 8.6 | 8:44 | 5:19 |
| Feb | 9.9 | 8:10 | 6:04 |
| Mar | 11.6 | 7:15 | 6:49 |
| Apr | 13.4 | 6:11 | 7:35 |
| May | 14.9 | 5:21 | 8:17 |
| Jun | 15.7 | 4:59 | 8:47 |
| Jul | 15.4 | 5:14 | 8:42 |
| Aug | 14.1 | 5:53 | 8:00 |
| Sep | 12.4 | 6:37 | 6:57 |
| Oct | 10.6 | 7:20 | 5:55 |
| Nov | 9.0 | 8:08 | 5:08 |
| Dec | 8.3 | 8:43 | 4:55 |
Sunny days
How many genuinely sunny days each month brings — days the sky stays clear or mostly clear — banded into plain-language zones.
Ulaanbaatar averages about 12 sunny days a month — counting the days the sky stays clear or mostly clear — with a clear seasonal swing between 7 and 17 days.
The sunnier stretch runs 6.3 months, from around Sep 9 to Mar 19. The sunniest month is January, with roughly 16 sunny days (bright).
The greyest month is June, down near 8 sunny days — about 49% fewer than the January peak.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sunny days | 17 | 14 | 13 | 10 | 10 | 8 | 8 | 10 | 13 | 15 | 15 | 16 |
| Sky | Bright | Mixed | Mixed | Mixed | Mixed | Mixed | Mixed | Mixed | Mixed | Bright | Bright | Bright |
| Sunny days | Sky | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 17 | Bright |
| Feb | 14 | Mixed |
| Mar | 13 | Mixed |
| Apr | 10 | Mixed |
| May | 10 | Mixed |
| Jun | 8 | Mixed |
| Jul | 8 | Mixed |
| Aug | 10 | Mixed |
| Sep | 13 | Mixed |
| Oct | 15 | Bright |
| Nov | 15 | Bright |
| Dec | 16 | Bright |
Humidity comfort
Share of days at each humidity comfort level, based on the dew point — the measure that tracks how muggy it actually feels.
Humidity comfort is graded by the dew point — the temperature at which the air would be fully saturated — because it tracks how muggy it actually feels far better than relative humidity does. A low dew point feels dry and crisp; a high one feels sticky and oppressive no matter the reading on a humidity gauge.
In Ulaanbaatar, the air stays dry or comfortable essentially all year. Even in June, the muggiest month, it feels humid or worse only about 0% of the time — humidity is not something you need to plan around here.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 99 | 89 | 95 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| Comfortable (%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 11 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Dry (%) | Comfortable (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 100 | 0 |
| Feb | 100 | 0 |
| Mar | 100 | 0 |
| Apr | 100 | 0 |
| May | 100 | 0 |
| Jun | 99 | 1 |
| Jul | 89 | 11 |
| Aug | 95 | 5 |
| Sep | 100 | 0 |
| Oct | 100 | 0 |
| Nov | 100 | 0 |
| Dec | 100 | 0 |
Wind
Average wind speed through the year, banded into plain-language speed zones so a number reads as 'breezy' or 'calm' without knowing the scale.
This is the average sustained wind speed at the standard 10 metres above open ground — the steady flow a weather station reports, not the sharper gusts that come and go, which can run half again as fast. It's the number that says whether a place is generally breezy or calm.
Across the year, average wind speed in Ulaanbaatar is typically calm, near 9 km/h, and varies moderately with the seasons.
The windier part of the year lasts 4.1 months, from around Mar 3 to Jul 4. The windiest month is April, averaging about 12 km/h (calm).
The calmer part of the year runs from around Oct 7 to Mar 2, with January the calmest month at about 7 km/h.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 7 | 8 | 10 | 12 | 12 | 10 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 9 | 8 | 7 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 7 | calm |
| Feb | 8 | calm |
| Mar | 10 | calm |
| Apr | 12 | calm |
| May | 12 | calm |
| Jun | 10 | calm |
| Jul | 9 | calm |
| Aug | 9 | calm |
| Sep | 10 | calm |
| Oct | 9 | calm |
| Nov | 8 | calm |
| Dec | 7 | calm |
Best time to visit Ulaanbaatar
To characterize how pleasant the weather is in Ulaanbaatar throughout the year, we compute two travel scores — one for general sightseeing, one for beach and pool weather.
Around early September, Ulaanbaatar is still near the tail of its best-weather window — great conditions with the peak-season crowds already thinning.
Inferred from the travel-score curve; month-by-month visitor numbers are a planned addition.
The travel score favors clear, rainless days with daytime highs between 18°C and 28°C. Based on this score, the best time of year to visit Ulaanbaatar for general outdoor tourist activities is from late May to mid September, with a peak score in the third week of July.
The travel score (filled area), and its constituents: the temperature score (red line), the cloud cover score (blue line), and the precipitation score (green line).
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Travel score (0–10) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.4 | 4.7 | 6.3 | 6.4 | 6.2 | 4.6 | 0.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Rating | poor | poor | poor | poor | fair | good | good | good | fair | poor | poor | poor |
| Travel score (0–10) | Rating | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 0.0 | poor |
| Feb | 0.0 | poor |
| Mar | 0.0 | poor |
| Apr | 1.4 | poor |
| May | 4.7 | fair |
| Jun | 6.3 | good |
| Jul | 6.4 | good |
| Aug | 6.2 | good |
| Sep | 4.6 | fair |
| Oct | 0.8 | poor |
| Nov | 0.0 | poor |
| Dec | 0.0 | poor |
The beach/pool score favors clear, rainless days with daytime highs between 24°C and 34°C. Based on this score, the best time of year to visit Ulaanbaatar for hot-weather activities is from late June to mid August, with a peak score in the third week of July.
The beach/pool score (filled area), and its constituents: the temperature score (red line), the cloud cover score (blue line), and the precipitation score (green line).
What to pack for Ulaanbaatar, by month
Month by month, what's worth putting in the bag — from the temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind. Tap a month for a quick packing note.
For a warm-season trip around July (highs near 22°C), the essentials are light clothes, rain gear and sun protection. In the cold season around January (highs near -17°C), pack a warm layer and a heavy coat.
In July, Ulaanbaatar sees daytime highs around 22°C and nights near 11°C. Worth packing: light clothes, rain gear and sun protection. About 11 days see rain.
UV index (midday) in Ulaanbaatar by month
Clear-sky midday UV index through the year, shaded by the WHO exposure levels — how much sun protection each month calls for.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Ulaanbaatar peaks around July 18 at about 8 (very high) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near December 17 at about 1 (low).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — in 6 months of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 1 | 2 | 3 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 5 | 2 | 1 | 1 |
| Level | Low | Low | Moderate | High | High | Very high | Very high | Very high | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Low |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 1 | Low |
| Feb | 2 | Low |
| Mar | 3 | Moderate |
| Apr | 6 | High |
| May | 7 | High |
| Jun | 7 | Very high |
| Jul | 8 | Very high |
| Aug | 8 | Very high |
| Sep | 5 | Moderate |
| Oct | 2 | Moderate |
| Nov | 1 | Low |
| Dec | 1 | Low |
Average hourly UV index in Ulaanbaatar
Modeled clear-sky UV for every hour of every day — when in the day sun protection actually matters.
The whole year hour by hour: each column is a day, each row an hour, and the color is the modeled clear-sky UV index — the midday peak scaled down as the sun sits lower in the sky. Darker overlays mark night, lighter ones the civil-twilight hours around sunrise and sunset.
UV falls off far faster than brightness as the sun drops, so even in July the burn window is concentrated in the middle of the day: about 8.5 hours a day reach index 3 (protection recommended), and 5 hours reach 6 or more. Mornings and late afternoons stay comparatively gentle year round.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV ≥ 3 (h/day) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 7.5 | 8 | 8.5 | 7.5 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| UV ≥ 6 (h/day) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| UV ≥ 3 (h/day) | UV ≥ 6 (h/day) | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 0 | 0 |
| Feb | 0 | 0 |
| Mar | 0 | 0 |
| Apr | 6 | 0 |
| May | 7.5 | 3 |
| Jun | 8 | 4 |
| Jul | 8.5 | 5 |
| Aug | 7.5 | 4 |
| Sep | 5 | 0 |
| Oct | 0 | 0 |
| Nov | 0 | 0 |
| Dec | 0 | 0 |
Air quality in Ulaanbaatar by month
Average fine-particle pollution (PM2.5) through the year — so you can see which months the air is worst, not just the yearly average.
Air quality in Ulaanbaatar is worst in July — around 135 µg/m³ PM2.5 (unhealthy), about 3.3× the cleanest month (October, 41 µg/m³).
Seasonal pattern from CAMS reanalysis, scaled to Ulaanbaatar's WHO annual average of 60 µg/m³.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | 56 | 55 | 48 | 48 | 54 | 78 | 135 | 73 | 42 | 41 | 48 | 41 |
| Level | Unhealthy | Unhealthy | Poor | Poor | Poor | Unhealthy | Unhealthy | Unhealthy | Poor | Poor | Poor | Poor |
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 56 | Unhealthy |
| Feb | 55 | Unhealthy |
| Mar | 48 | Poor |
| Apr | 48 | Poor |
| May | 54 | Poor |
| Jun | 78 | Unhealthy |
| Jul | 135 | Unhealthy |
| Aug | 73 | Unhealthy |
| Sep | 42 | Poor |
| Oct | 41 | Poor |
| Nov | 48 | Poor |
| Dec | 41 | Poor |
Growing season
The growing season in Ulaanbaatar typically lasts about 136 days, from around May 10 to September 22 — the span where a frost-free day is more likely than not. It is reliably frost-free from June 4 to September 5.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Frost-free chance (%) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 15 | 61 | 97 | 100 | 99 | 67 | 8 | 0 | 0 |
| Frost nights | 31 | 28 | 31 | 30 | 31 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 25 | 31 | 30 | 31 |
| Frost-free chance (%) | Frost nights | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 0 | 31 |
| Feb | 0 | 28 |
| Mar | 1 | 31 |
| Apr | 15 | 30 |
| May | 61 | 31 |
| Jun | 97 | 4 |
| Jul | 100 | 0 |
| Aug | 99 | 0 |
| Sep | 67 | 25 |
| Oct | 8 | 31 |
| Nov | 0 | 30 |
| Dec | 0 | 31 |
Growing degree days
Growing degree days tally heat above 10°C: each day adds however many degrees its average temperature runs over that threshold, and cold days add nothing. Ulaanbaatar banks about 470 degree days a year, and the running total — which growers use to time plantings and predict maturity — climbs fastest around July.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Growing degree days (°C·days) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 115 | 203 | 141 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Growing degree days (°C·days) | |
|---|---|
| Jan | 0 |
| Feb | 0 |
| Mar | 0 |
| Apr | 0 |
| May | 3 |
| Jun | 115 |
| Jul | 203 |
| Aug | 141 |
| Sep | 8 |
| Oct | 0 |
| Nov | 0 |
| Dec | 0 |
Solar energy
Average daily shortwave solar energy reaching the ground, banded into brightness zones so the number means something at a glance.
Solar energy is how much sunlight actually reaches the ground each day, measured in kilowatt-hours per square metre (kWh/m²) — the combined effect of how long the sun is up, how high it climbs, and how much cloud gets in the way. It's the raw fuel a solar panel has to work with: for scale, 1 kWh/m² a day is dim and wintry, while 7+ is desert-bright.
Ulaanbaatar receives about 4.2 kWh/m² a day of solar energy on average — bright — with a clear seasonal swing between 1.5 and 6.7 kWh/m².
The brighter stretch of the year lasts 6.4 months, from around Mar 10 to Sep 21. The brightest month is May, averaging about 6.5 kWh/m² (intense).
The dimmest month is December, down near 1.5 kWh/m² — roughly 76% less than the May peak.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 1.9 | 3.0 | 4.5 | 5.6 | 6.5 | 6.4 | 5.9 | 5.2 | 4.4 | 3.1 | 2.0 | 1.5 |
| Level | Dim | Moderate | Bright | Bright | Intense | Intense | Bright | Bright | Bright | Moderate | Moderate | Dim |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 1.9 | Dim |
| Feb | 3.0 | Moderate |
| Mar | 4.5 | Bright |
| Apr | 5.6 | Bright |
| May | 6.5 | Intense |
| Jun | 6.4 | Intense |
| Jul | 5.9 | Bright |
| Aug | 5.2 | Bright |
| Sep | 4.4 | Bright |
| Oct | 3.1 | Moderate |
| Nov | 2.0 | Moderate |
| Dec | 1.5 | Dim |
Where is Ulaanbaatar?
Ulaanbaatar sits at 47.9°N, 106.9°E, 1,284 m above sea level, in Mongolia. The nearest listed city is Zuunmod, 23 km away.
What Ulaanbaatar looks like
Topography around Ulaanbaatar
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Ulaanbaatar.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Ulaanbaatar has only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 247 m around an average of 1,304 m above sea level; within 16 km, large variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 1,018 m; within 80 km, very significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 1,795 m.
The land around Ulaanbaatar is covered by artificial surfaces (81%) within 3 km, grassland (57%) and artificial surfaces (21%) within 16 km, and grassland (79%) within 80 km.
Mongolia travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 1
- Exercise Normal Precautions
- Power plugs
- Type C / E / F
- 220 V · 50 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 34% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $7,108
- 2025
- Happiness
- 5.9 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 43%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 5.9
- per 100k, 2023
- Road deaths
- 21
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- Upper middle
- World Bank
- English
- Very low
- EF EPI 447
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Ulaanbaatar (47.9077°, 106.8832°, elevation 1,284 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Monthly air-quality (PM2.5) seasonality is from the CAMS EAC4 reanalysis (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service), scaled to the WHO annual mean where available. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).