Uliastay weather in September
In September, Uliastay sees average daytime highs of 13°C and overnight lows near 0°C, with 23 mm of precipitation across 5.2 wet days and about 12.4 hours of daylight. It is the 5th-warmest and 5th-wettest month of the year here.
Highs ease over the month, from about 16°C in the first days to 10°C by the end. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 49% of the time in September, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 13 h 12 min at the start of September to 11 h 30 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, September is Uliastay's 5th-clearest and 4th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Uliastay's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 13°
- 5th warmest
- Overnight low
- 0°
- 8th coldest
- Precipitation
- 23 mm
- 5.2 wet days
- Daylight
- 12 h 18 min
- 6:17 AM – 6:37 PM
- Cloud cover
- 43%
- 5th clearest
- Wind
- 8 km/h
- 4th windiest
- Solar energy
- 4.75 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 4.2
- out of 10
Uliastay is capital city and sum (district) in Zavkhan Aimag, Mongolia.
- Density
- 508/km²
- people per km²
- Founded
- 1733
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in September
Highs ease over the month, from about 16°C in the first days to 10°C by the end.
A typical September day in Uliastay reaches about 13°C in the afternoon and slips back to 0°C overnight — a 13°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 7°C and 19°C. Set against its neighbours, September runs about 6°C cooler than August and about 9°C warmer than October.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 17 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 9 | 9 |
| Avg low (°C) | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -1 | -1 | -1 | -1 | -2 | -2 | -2 | -2 | -3 | -3 | -3 | -4 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 17 | 4 |
| 2 | 16 | 4 |
| 3 | 16 | 4 |
| 4 | 16 | 4 |
| 5 | 16 | 3 |
| 6 | 15 | 3 |
| 7 | 15 | 3 |
| 8 | 15 | 2 |
| 9 | 15 | 2 |
| 10 | 14 | 2 |
| 11 | 14 | 2 |
| 12 | 14 | 1 |
| 13 | 14 | 1 |
| 14 | 13 | 1 |
| 15 | 13 | 0 |
| 16 | 13 | 0 |
| 17 | 13 | 0 |
| 18 | 13 | 0 |
| 19 | 12 | -1 |
| 20 | 12 | -1 |
| 21 | 12 | -1 |
| 22 | 12 | -1 |
| 23 | 11 | -2 |
| 24 | 11 | -2 |
| 25 | 11 | -2 |
| 26 | 10 | -2 |
| 27 | 10 | -3 |
| 28 | 10 | -3 |
| 29 | 9 | -3 |
| 30 | 9 | -4 |
How September really feels in Uliastay
Once humidity and wind are folded in, September averages 0 days that feel above 32°C and 23 that feel at or below 0°C — the comfort signal a plain temperature reading hides.
The story in September is cold — wind chill drags the overnight "feels like" below the raw low.
Uliastay weather by month
How September compares with the rest of the year at a glance. September is the 5th-warmest and 5th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Snow days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | -16° / -29° | 2 | 0.7 | 1.2 | 8.7 | 0.0 |
| Feb | -11° / -27° | 4 | 1.3 | 2 | 9.9 | 0.0 |
| Mar | -3° / -18° | 10 | 3.2 | 3.8 | 11.6 | 0.0 |
| Apr | 6° / -6° | 19 | 5.3 | 4.5 | 13.4 | 0.9 |
| May | 13° / 1° | 28 | 6.7 | 2.7 | 14.9 | 4.1 |
| Jun | 19° / 7° | 41 | 8 | 0.5 | 15.7 | 6.3 |
| Jul | 21° / 10° | 64 | 10.6 | 0 | 15.4 | 6.4 |
| Aug | 19° / 7° | 49 | 8.4 | 0.3 | 14.1 | 6.4 |
| Sep | 13° / 0° | 23 | 5.2 | 1.8 | 12.4 | 4.2 |
| Oct | 4° / -8° | 13 | 4.1 | 3.8 | 10.6 | 0.4 |
| Nov | -7° / -18° | 8 | 2.8 | 3.3 | 9.1 | 0.0 |
| Dec | -14° / -26° | 3 | 1.2 | 1.9 | 8.3 | 0.0 |
Cloud cover in September
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 49% of the time in September.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 19% of September, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 32%. Skies tend to open up as the month goes on.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 63 | 63 | 64 | 64 | 65 | 65 | 65 | 66 | 66 | 67 | 67 | 69 | 69 | 70 | 70 | 70 | 70 | 70 | 70 | 70 | 70 | 70 | 70 | 70 | 70 | 70 | 70 | 69 | 69 | 69 |
| Cloudier (%) | 37 | 37 | 36 | 36 | 35 | 35 | 35 | 34 | 34 | 33 | 33 | 31 | 31 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 31 | 31 | 31 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 63 | 37 |
| 2 | 63 | 37 |
| 3 | 64 | 36 |
| 4 | 64 | 36 |
| 5 | 65 | 35 |
| 6 | 65 | 35 |
| 7 | 65 | 35 |
| 8 | 66 | 34 |
| 9 | 66 | 34 |
| 10 | 67 | 33 |
| 11 | 67 | 33 |
| 12 | 69 | 31 |
| 13 | 69 | 31 |
| 14 | 70 | 30 |
| 15 | 70 | 30 |
| 16 | 70 | 30 |
| 17 | 70 | 30 |
| 18 | 70 | 30 |
| 19 | 70 | 30 |
| 20 | 70 | 30 |
| 21 | 70 | 30 |
| 22 | 70 | 30 |
| 23 | 70 | 30 |
| 24 | 70 | 30 |
| 25 | 70 | 30 |
| 26 | 70 | 30 |
| 27 | 70 | 30 |
| 28 | 69 | 31 |
| 29 | 69 | 31 |
| 30 | 69 | 31 |
Chance of precipitation in September
Uliastay gets around 23 mm of rain and snow over 5.2 wet days in September. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable precipitation averages around 17% and peaks near 20% on the wettest days, and about 2 days bring snow.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 18 | 18 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 |
| Snow chance (%) | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 9 |
| Rain chance (%) | Snow chance (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 20 | 2 |
| 2 | 20 | 2 |
| 3 | 20 | 2 |
| 4 | 20 | 3 |
| 5 | 19 | 3 |
| 6 | 19 | 3 |
| 7 | 19 | 4 |
| 8 | 19 | 4 |
| 9 | 18 | 4 |
| 10 | 18 | 4 |
| 11 | 17 | 5 |
| 12 | 17 | 5 |
| 13 | 17 | 5 |
| 14 | 16 | 5 |
| 15 | 16 | 5 |
| 16 | 16 | 5 |
| 17 | 16 | 6 |
| 18 | 16 | 6 |
| 19 | 16 | 6 |
| 20 | 16 | 6 |
| 21 | 16 | 7 |
| 22 | 16 | 7 |
| 23 | 16 | 7 |
| 24 | 16 | 7 |
| 25 | 16 | 8 |
| 26 | 16 | 8 |
| 27 | 16 | 8 |
| 28 | 16 | 9 |
| 29 | 16 | 9 |
| 30 | 16 | 9 |
Humidity in September
Most of September feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, September lands in the dry band about 100% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| Dry (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 100 |
| 2 | 100 |
| 3 | 100 |
| 4 | 100 |
| 5 | 100 |
| 6 | 100 |
| 7 | 100 |
| 8 | 100 |
| 9 | 100 |
| 10 | 100 |
| 11 | 100 |
| 12 | 100 |
| 13 | 100 |
| 14 | 100 |
| 15 | 100 |
| 16 | 100 |
| 17 | 100 |
| 18 | 100 |
| 19 | 100 |
| 20 | 100 |
| 21 | 100 |
| 22 | 100 |
| 23 | 100 |
| 24 | 100 |
| 25 | 100 |
| 26 | 100 |
| 27 | 100 |
| 28 | 100 |
| 29 | 100 |
| 30 | 100 |
Wind in September
Winds average 8 km/h in September.
Across September, daily wind ranges from about 7 km/h on the calmest days to 8 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 7 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 8 | calm |
| 2 | 8 | calm |
| 3 | 8 | calm |
| 4 | 8 | calm |
| 5 | 8 | calm |
| 6 | 8 | calm |
| 7 | 8 | calm |
| 8 | 8 | calm |
| 9 | 8 | calm |
| 10 | 8 | calm |
| 11 | 8 | calm |
| 12 | 8 | calm |
| 13 | 8 | calm |
| 14 | 8 | calm |
| 15 | 8 | calm |
| 16 | 8 | calm |
| 17 | 8 | calm |
| 18 | 8 | calm |
| 19 | 8 | calm |
| 20 | 8 | calm |
| 21 | 8 | calm |
| 22 | 8 | calm |
| 23 | 8 | calm |
| 24 | 8 | calm |
| 25 | 8 | calm |
| 26 | 8 | calm |
| 27 | 8 | calm |
| 28 | 8 | calm |
| 29 | 7 | calm |
| 30 | 7 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in September
Daylight runs from about 13 h 12 min at the start of September to 11 h 30 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days shrink by about 102 minutes over September. Sunrise moves from 5:56 AM to 6:37 AM, and sunset from 7:09 PM to 6:07 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 13.2 | 13.2 | 13.1 | 13.0 | 13.0 | 12.9 | 12.9 | 12.8 | 12.8 | 12.7 | 12.6 | 12.6 | 12.5 | 12.5 | 12.4 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.1 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.8 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.6 | 11.6 | 11.5 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 5:56 | 5:57 | 5:59 | 6:00 | 6:01 | 6:03 | 6:04 | 6:06 | 6:07 | 6:08 | 6:10 | 6:11 | 6:13 | 6:14 | 6:15 | 6:17 | 6:18 | 6:20 | 6:21 | 6:22 | 6:24 | 6:25 | 6:27 | 6:28 | 6:29 | 6:31 | 6:32 | 6:34 | 6:35 | 6:37 |
| Sunset (PM) | 7:09 | 7:07 | 7:05 | 7:03 | 7:01 | 6:58 | 6:56 | 6:54 | 6:52 | 6:50 | 6:48 | 6:46 | 6:44 | 6:41 | 6:39 | 6:37 | 6:35 | 6:33 | 6:31 | 6:29 | 6:26 | 6:24 | 6:22 | 6:20 | 6:18 | 6:16 | 6:14 | 6:12 | 6:09 | 6:07 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 13.2 | 5:56 | 7:09 |
| 2 | 13.2 | 5:57 | 7:07 |
| 3 | 13.1 | 5:59 | 7:05 |
| 4 | 13.0 | 6:00 | 7:03 |
| 5 | 13.0 | 6:01 | 7:01 |
| 6 | 12.9 | 6:03 | 6:58 |
| 7 | 12.9 | 6:04 | 6:56 |
| 8 | 12.8 | 6:06 | 6:54 |
| 9 | 12.8 | 6:07 | 6:52 |
| 10 | 12.7 | 6:08 | 6:50 |
| 11 | 12.6 | 6:10 | 6:48 |
| 12 | 12.6 | 6:11 | 6:46 |
| 13 | 12.5 | 6:13 | 6:44 |
| 14 | 12.5 | 6:14 | 6:41 |
| 15 | 12.4 | 6:15 | 6:39 |
| 16 | 12.3 | 6:17 | 6:37 |
| 17 | 12.3 | 6:18 | 6:35 |
| 18 | 12.2 | 6:20 | 6:33 |
| 19 | 12.2 | 6:21 | 6:31 |
| 20 | 12.1 | 6:22 | 6:29 |
| 21 | 12.0 | 6:24 | 6:26 |
| 22 | 12.0 | 6:25 | 6:24 |
| 23 | 11.9 | 6:27 | 6:22 |
| 24 | 11.9 | 6:28 | 6:20 |
| 25 | 11.8 | 6:29 | 6:18 |
| 26 | 11.7 | 6:31 | 6:16 |
| 27 | 11.7 | 6:32 | 6:14 |
| 28 | 11.6 | 6:34 | 6:12 |
| 29 | 11.6 | 6:35 | 6:09 |
| 30 | 11.5 | 6:37 | 6:07 |
Solar energy in September
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in September, about 4.75 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 1.58 kWh/m² to a high of 6.95 kWh/m² in June across the year — September's 4.75 kWh/m² falls in the middle.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 4.9 | 4.9 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 4.1 |
| Level | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 2 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 3 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 4 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 5 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 6 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 7 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 8 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 9 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 10 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 11 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 12 | 4.9 | Bright |
| 13 | 4.9 | Bright |
| 14 | 4.8 | Bright |
| 15 | 4.8 | Bright |
| 16 | 4.8 | Bright |
| 17 | 4.7 | Bright |
| 18 | 4.7 | Bright |
| 19 | 4.6 | Bright |
| 20 | 4.6 | Bright |
| 21 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 22 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 23 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 24 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 25 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 26 | 4.3 | Bright |
| 27 | 4.3 | Bright |
| 28 | 4.2 | Bright |
| 29 | 4.2 | Bright |
| 30 | 4.1 | Bright |
Is September a good time to visit Uliastay?
Our two travel scores rate September for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
September is a reasonable time to visit Uliastay for sightseeing.
What to pack for Uliastay in September
From September's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In September, Uliastay sees daytime highs around 13°C and nights near 0°C. Worth packing: a warm layer and sun protection. About 5 days see rain.
UV index in Uliastay in September
Clear-sky midday UV in September peaks around 5 — enough to warrant sun protection. The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Uliastay peaks around July 16 at about 9 (very high) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near January 10 at about 1 (low).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — in 8 months of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 1 | 2 | 3 | 7 | 9 | 8 | 9 | 7 | 5 | 3 | 1 | 1 |
| Level | Low | Moderate | Moderate | High | Very high | Very high | Very high | Very high | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Low |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 1 | Low |
| Feb | 2 | Moderate |
| Mar | 3 | Moderate |
| Apr | 7 | High |
| May | 9 | Very high |
| Jun | 8 | Very high |
| Jul | 9 | Very high |
| Aug | 7 | Very high |
| Sep | 5 | Moderate |
| Oct | 3 | Moderate |
| Nov | 1 | Low |
| Dec | 1 | Low |
Where is Uliastay?
Uliastay sits at 47.7°N, 96.8°E, 1,755 m above sea level, in Mongolia. The nearest listed city is Altai, 159 km away.
Topography around Uliastay
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Uliastay.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Uliastay has significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 399 m around an average of 1,798 m above sea level; within 16 km, very significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 1,247 m; within 80 km, extreme variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 2,539 m.
The land around Uliastay is covered by grassland (85%) within 3 km, grassland (87%) within 16 km, and grassland (78%) within 80 km.
Mongolia travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 1
- Exercise Normal Precautions
- Power plugs
- Type C / E / F
- 220 V · 50 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 34% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $7,108
- 2025
- Happiness
- 5.9 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 43%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 5.9
- per 100k, 2023
- Road deaths
- 21
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- Upper middle
- World Bank
- English
- Very low
- EF EPI 447
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Uliastay (47.7417°, 96.8444°, elevation 1,755 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).