Goulmima weather in February
In February, Goulmima sees average daytime highs of 16°C and overnight lows near 4°C, with 14 mm of precipitation across 2.1 wet days and about 10.8 hours of daylight. It is the 10th-warmest and 3rd-wettest month of the year here.
Highs climb over the month, from about 15°C in the first days to 17°C by the end. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 69% of the time in February, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 10 h 30 min at the start of February to 11 h 12 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, February is Goulmima's 2nd-clearest and 9th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Goulmima's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 16°
- 10th warmest
- Overnight low
- 4°
- 3rd coldest
- Precipitation
- 14 mm
- 2.1 wet days
- Daylight
- 10 h 48 min
- 7:09 AM – 6:00 PM
- Cloud cover
- 28%
- 2nd clearest
- Wind
- 7 km/h
- 9th windiest
- Solar energy
- 4.94 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 6.3
- out of 10
Temperature in February
Highs climb over the month, from about 15°C in the first days to 17°C by the end.
A typical February day in Goulmima reaches about 16°C in the afternoon and slips back to 4°C overnight — a 12°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 11°C and 21°C. Set against its neighbours, February runs about 2°C warmer than January and about 4°C cooler than March.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 |
| Avg low (°C) | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 15 | 3 |
| 2 | 15 | 3 |
| 3 | 15 | 3 |
| 4 | 15 | 3 |
| 5 | 15 | 3 |
| 6 | 15 | 3 |
| 7 | 15 | 3 |
| 8 | 15 | 3 |
| 9 | 15 | 3 |
| 10 | 15 | 3 |
| 11 | 16 | 4 |
| 12 | 16 | 4 |
| 13 | 16 | 4 |
| 14 | 16 | 4 |
| 15 | 16 | 4 |
| 16 | 16 | 4 |
| 17 | 16 | 4 |
| 18 | 16 | 4 |
| 19 | 16 | 4 |
| 20 | 16 | 5 |
| 21 | 16 | 5 |
| 22 | 17 | 5 |
| 23 | 17 | 5 |
| 24 | 17 | 5 |
| 25 | 17 | 5 |
| 26 | 17 | 5 |
| 27 | 17 | 5 |
| 28 | 17 | 5 |
How February really feels in Goulmima
Once humidity and wind are folded in, February averages 0 days that feel above 32°C and 0 that feel at or below 0°C — the comfort signal a plain temperature reading hides.
February sits comfortably in between — no days that feel dangerously hot or drop to a hard freeze once humidity and wind are folded in.
Goulmima weather by month
How February compares with the rest of the year at a glance. February is the 10th-warmest and 3rd-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Snow days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 14° / 2° | 10 | 2 | 0.8 | 10.2 | 5.2 |
| Feb | 16° / 4° | 14 | 2.1 | 0.5 | 10.8 | 6.3 |
| Mar | 19° / 8° | 11 | 2.7 | 0.1 | 11.8 | 7.7 |
| Apr | 24° / 11° | 11 | 2.3 | 0 | 12.8 | 8.5 |
| May | 28° / 15° | 12 | 2.4 | 0 | 13.6 | 7.6 |
| Jun | 32° / 20° | 6 | 1.3 | 0 | 14 | 4.8 |
| Jul | 36° / 23° | 2 | 0.3 | 0 | 13.9 | 2.5 |
| Aug | 35° / 23° | 4 | 1 | 0 | 13.2 | 3.3 |
| Sep | 30° / 18° | 9 | 2.2 | 0 | 12.2 | 6.1 |
| Oct | 24° / 13° | 23 | 2.9 | 0 | 11.2 | 8.2 |
| Nov | 18° / 7° | 15 | 2.5 | 0.1 | 10.4 | 7.3 |
| Dec | 15° / 4° | 8 | 1.8 | 0.4 | 10 | 5.6 |
Cloud cover in February
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 69% of the time in February.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 12% of February, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 19%.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 82 | 82 | 81 | 81 | 81 | 81 | 81 | 80 | 80 | 80 | 80 | 79 | 79 | 80 | 80 | 80 | 80 | 81 | 81 | 81 | 81 | 82 | 82 | 83 | 83 | 82 | 82 | 82 |
| Cloudier (%) | 18 | 18 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 21 | 21 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 18 | 18 | 17 | 17 | 18 | 18 | 18 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 82 | 18 |
| 2 | 82 | 18 |
| 3 | 81 | 19 |
| 4 | 81 | 19 |
| 5 | 81 | 19 |
| 6 | 81 | 19 |
| 7 | 81 | 19 |
| 8 | 80 | 20 |
| 9 | 80 | 20 |
| 10 | 80 | 20 |
| 11 | 80 | 20 |
| 12 | 79 | 21 |
| 13 | 79 | 21 |
| 14 | 80 | 20 |
| 15 | 80 | 20 |
| 16 | 80 | 20 |
| 17 | 80 | 20 |
| 18 | 81 | 19 |
| 19 | 81 | 19 |
| 20 | 81 | 19 |
| 21 | 81 | 19 |
| 22 | 82 | 18 |
| 23 | 82 | 18 |
| 24 | 83 | 17 |
| 25 | 83 | 17 |
| 26 | 82 | 18 |
| 27 | 82 | 18 |
| 28 | 82 | 18 |
Chance of precipitation in February
Goulmima gets around 14 mm of rain and snow over 2.1 wet days in February. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable precipitation averages around 8% and peaks near 8% on the wettest days, and about 1 day brings snow.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 |
| Snow chance (%) | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Rain chance (%) | Snow chance (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 7 | 3 |
| 2 | 7 | 3 |
| 3 | 7 | 3 |
| 4 | 7 | 3 |
| 5 | 7 | 3 |
| 6 | 7 | 2 |
| 7 | 7 | 2 |
| 8 | 7 | 2 |
| 9 | 7 | 2 |
| 10 | 7 | 2 |
| 11 | 7 | 2 |
| 12 | 7 | 2 |
| 13 | 7 | 2 |
| 14 | 8 | 2 |
| 15 | 8 | 2 |
| 16 | 8 | 2 |
| 17 | 8 | 2 |
| 18 | 8 | 2 |
| 19 | 8 | 2 |
| 20 | 8 | 2 |
| 21 | 8 | 2 |
| 22 | 8 | 2 |
| 23 | 8 | 2 |
| 24 | 8 | 2 |
| 25 | 8 | 2 |
| 26 | 8 | 1 |
| 27 | 8 | 1 |
| 28 | 8 | 1 |
Humidity in February
Most of February feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, February lands in the dry band about 100% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| Dry (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 100 |
| 2 | 100 |
| 3 | 100 |
| 4 | 100 |
| 5 | 100 |
| 6 | 100 |
| 7 | 100 |
| 8 | 100 |
| 9 | 100 |
| 10 | 100 |
| 11 | 100 |
| 12 | 100 |
| 13 | 100 |
| 14 | 100 |
| 15 | 100 |
| 16 | 100 |
| 17 | 100 |
| 18 | 100 |
| 19 | 100 |
| 20 | 100 |
| 21 | 100 |
| 22 | 100 |
| 23 | 100 |
| 24 | 100 |
| 25 | 100 |
| 26 | 100 |
| 27 | 100 |
| 28 | 100 |
Wind in February
Winds average 7 km/h in February.
Across February, daily wind ranges from about 7 km/h on the calmest days to 8 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 7 | calm |
| 2 | 7 | calm |
| 3 | 7 | calm |
| 4 | 7 | calm |
| 5 | 7 | calm |
| 6 | 7 | calm |
| 7 | 7 | calm |
| 8 | 7 | calm |
| 9 | 7 | calm |
| 10 | 7 | calm |
| 11 | 7 | calm |
| 12 | 7 | calm |
| 13 | 7 | calm |
| 14 | 7 | calm |
| 15 | 7 | calm |
| 16 | 7 | calm |
| 17 | 7 | calm |
| 18 | 7 | calm |
| 19 | 7 | calm |
| 20 | 7 | calm |
| 21 | 8 | calm |
| 22 | 8 | calm |
| 23 | 8 | calm |
| 24 | 8 | calm |
| 25 | 8 | calm |
| 26 | 8 | calm |
| 27 | 8 | calm |
| 28 | 8 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in February
Daylight runs from about 10 h 30 min at the start of February to 11 h 12 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days grow by about 42 minutes over February. Sunrise moves from 7:19 AM to 6:56 AM, and sunset from 5:47 PM to 6:10 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 10.5 | 10.5 | 10.5 | 10.5 | 10.6 | 10.6 | 10.6 | 10.7 | 10.7 | 10.7 | 10.7 | 10.8 | 10.8 | 10.8 | 10.8 | 10.9 | 10.9 | 10.9 | 11.0 | 11.0 | 11.0 | 11.1 | 11.1 | 11.1 | 11.1 | 11.2 | 11.2 | 11.2 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 7:19 | 7:19 | 7:18 | 7:17 | 7:17 | 7:16 | 7:15 | 7:15 | 7:14 | 7:13 | 7:12 | 7:12 | 7:11 | 7:10 | 7:09 | 7:08 | 7:07 | 7:06 | 7:05 | 7:04 | 7:03 | 7:02 | 7:01 | 7:00 | 6:59 | 6:58 | 6:57 | 6:56 |
| Sunset (PM) | 5:47 | 5:48 | 5:49 | 5:50 | 5:51 | 5:52 | 5:53 | 5:54 | 5:55 | 5:55 | 5:56 | 5:57 | 5:58 | 5:59 | 6:00 | 6:01 | 6:01 | 6:02 | 6:03 | 6:04 | 6:05 | 6:06 | 6:06 | 6:07 | 6:08 | 6:09 | 6:10 | 6:10 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 10.5 | 7:19 | 5:47 |
| 2 | 10.5 | 7:19 | 5:48 |
| 3 | 10.5 | 7:18 | 5:49 |
| 4 | 10.5 | 7:17 | 5:50 |
| 5 | 10.6 | 7:17 | 5:51 |
| 6 | 10.6 | 7:16 | 5:52 |
| 7 | 10.6 | 7:15 | 5:53 |
| 8 | 10.7 | 7:15 | 5:54 |
| 9 | 10.7 | 7:14 | 5:55 |
| 10 | 10.7 | 7:13 | 5:55 |
| 11 | 10.7 | 7:12 | 5:56 |
| 12 | 10.8 | 7:12 | 5:57 |
| 13 | 10.8 | 7:11 | 5:58 |
| 14 | 10.8 | 7:10 | 5:59 |
| 15 | 10.8 | 7:09 | 6:00 |
| 16 | 10.9 | 7:08 | 6:01 |
| 17 | 10.9 | 7:07 | 6:01 |
| 18 | 10.9 | 7:06 | 6:02 |
| 19 | 11.0 | 7:05 | 6:03 |
| 20 | 11.0 | 7:04 | 6:04 |
| 21 | 11.0 | 7:03 | 6:05 |
| 22 | 11.1 | 7:02 | 6:06 |
| 23 | 11.1 | 7:01 | 6:06 |
| 24 | 11.1 | 7:00 | 6:07 |
| 25 | 11.1 | 6:59 | 6:08 |
| 26 | 11.2 | 6:58 | 6:09 |
| 27 | 11.2 | 6:57 | 6:10 |
| 28 | 11.2 | 6:56 | 6:10 |
Solar energy in February
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in February, about 4.94 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 3.54 kWh/m² to a high of 7.92 kWh/m² in June across the year — February's 4.94 kWh/m² falls in the middle.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 4.9 | 4.9 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.5 | 5.5 |
| Level | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 2 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 3 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 4 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 5 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 6 | 4.6 | Bright |
| 7 | 4.6 | Bright |
| 8 | 4.7 | Bright |
| 9 | 4.7 | Bright |
| 10 | 4.7 | Bright |
| 11 | 4.8 | Bright |
| 12 | 4.8 | Bright |
| 13 | 4.8 | Bright |
| 14 | 4.9 | Bright |
| 15 | 4.9 | Bright |
| 16 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 17 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 18 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 19 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 20 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 21 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 22 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 23 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 24 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 25 | 5.4 | Bright |
| 26 | 5.4 | Bright |
| 27 | 5.5 | Bright |
| 28 | 5.5 | Bright |
Hazard calendar for Goulmima
None of Goulmima's seasonal hazards are active in February. The full-year calendar below shows when the rainy season, cyclone risk and dust haze do peak.
Goulmima sees seasonal dust haze (May–August), heaviest in July.
Is February a good time to visit Goulmima?
Our two travel scores rate February for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
February is a reasonable time to visit Goulmima for sightseeing.
What to pack for Goulmima in February
From February's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In February, Goulmima sees daytime highs around 16°C and nights near 4°C. Worth packing: a warm layer and sun protection.
UV index in Goulmima in February
Clear-sky midday UV in February peaks around 5 — enough to warrant sun protection. The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Goulmima peaks around June 23 at about 10 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near December 17 at about 4 (moderate).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — every month of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 4 | 5 | 8 | 10 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 9 | 8 | 4 | 4 |
| Level | Moderate | Moderate | Very high | Very high | Very high | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Very high | Very high | Moderate | Moderate |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 4 | Moderate |
| Feb | 5 | Moderate |
| Mar | 8 | Very high |
| Apr | 10 | Very high |
| May | 9 | Very high |
| Jun | 10 | Extreme |
| Jul | 10 | Extreme |
| Aug | 10 | Extreme |
| Sep | 9 | Very high |
| Oct | 8 | Very high |
| Nov | 4 | Moderate |
| Dec | 4 | Moderate |
Air quality in Goulmima in February
Average fine-particle pollution (PM2.5) through the year — so you can see where February falls, not just the annual average.
Air quality in Goulmima is worst in August — around 37 µg/m³ PM2.5 (poor), about 5.6× the cleanest month (December, 7 µg/m³).
Modeled monthly averages (CAMS reanalysis, 2015–2024).
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | 9 | 16 | 17 | 27 | 26 | 25 | 34 | 37 | 27 | 17 | 9 | 7 |
| Level | Good | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Poor | Moderate | Moderate | Good | Good |
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 9 | Good |
| Feb | 16 | Moderate |
| Mar | 17 | Moderate |
| Apr | 27 | Moderate |
| May | 26 | Moderate |
| Jun | 25 | Moderate |
| Jul | 34 | Moderate |
| Aug | 37 | Poor |
| Sep | 27 | Moderate |
| Oct | 17 | Moderate |
| Nov | 9 | Good |
| Dec | 7 | Good |
Where is Goulmima?
Goulmima sits at 31.7°N, 5.0°W, 1,028 m above sea level, in Morocco. The nearest listed city is Errachidia, 56 km away.
Topography around Goulmima
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Goulmima.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Goulmima has only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 180 m around an average of 1,041 m above sea level; within 16 km, significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 394 m; within 80 km, extreme variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 2,635 m.
The land around Goulmima is covered by bare terrain (56%) and trees (34%) within 3 km, bare terrain (95%) within 16 km, and bare terrain (78%) within 80 km.
Morocco travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 2
- Exercise Increased Caution
- Power plugs
- Type C / E
- 220 V · 50 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 42% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $4,672
- 2025
- Happiness
- 4.6 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 80%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 1.7
- per 100k, 2023
- Road deaths
- 17
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- Lower middle
- World Bank
- English
- Low
- EF EPI 492
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Goulmima (31.6923°, -4.9526°, elevation 1,028 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Monthly air-quality (PM2.5) seasonality is from the CAMS EAC4 reanalysis (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service), scaled to the WHO annual mean where available. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).