Keetmanshoop weather in August
In August, Keetmanshoop sees average daytime highs of 24°C and overnight lows near 9°C, with 1 mm of rain across 0.2 wet days and about 11.1 hours of daylight. It is the 10th-warmest and 12th-wettest month of the year here.
Highs climb over the month, from about 22°C in the first days to 26°C by the end. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 90% of the time in August, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 10 h 42 min at the start of August to 11 h 24 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, August is Keetmanshoop's 2nd-clearest and 4th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Keetmanshoop's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 24°
- 10th warmest
- Overnight low
- 9°
- 3rd coldest
- Rainfall
- 1 mm
- 0.2 wet days
- Daylight
- 11 h 06 min
- 7:20 AM – 6:23 PM
- Cloud cover
- 11%
- 2nd clearest
- Wind
- 15 km/h
- 4th windiest
- Solar energy
- 5.26 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 9.4
- out of 10
Keetmanshoop is a city of Namibia.
- Density
- 44/km²
- people per km²
- Founded
- 1866
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in August
Highs climb over the month, from about 22°C in the first days to 26°C by the end.
A typical August day in Keetmanshoop reaches about 24°C in the afternoon and slips back to 9°C overnight — a 15°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 17°C and 29°C. Set against its neighbours, August runs about 2°C warmer than July and about 4°C cooler than September.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 22 | 22 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 26 | 26 | 26 |
| Avg low (°C) | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 22 | 8 |
| 2 | 22 | 8 |
| 3 | 23 | 8 |
| 4 | 23 | 8 |
| 5 | 23 | 8 |
| 6 | 23 | 8 |
| 7 | 23 | 8 |
| 8 | 23 | 8 |
| 9 | 23 | 8 |
| 10 | 23 | 8 |
| 11 | 23 | 8 |
| 12 | 23 | 8 |
| 13 | 23 | 8 |
| 14 | 23 | 8 |
| 15 | 23 | 8 |
| 16 | 24 | 8 |
| 17 | 24 | 8 |
| 18 | 24 | 8 |
| 19 | 24 | 9 |
| 20 | 24 | 9 |
| 21 | 24 | 9 |
| 22 | 24 | 9 |
| 23 | 25 | 9 |
| 24 | 25 | 9 |
| 25 | 25 | 9 |
| 26 | 25 | 9 |
| 27 | 25 | 10 |
| 28 | 25 | 10 |
| 29 | 26 | 10 |
| 30 | 26 | 10 |
| 31 | 26 | 10 |
How August really feels in Keetmanshoop
Once humidity and wind are folded in, August averages 0 days that feel above 32°C and 0 that feel at or below 0°C — the comfort signal a plain temperature reading hides.
August sits comfortably in between — no days that feel dangerously hot or drop to a hard freeze once humidity and wind are folded in.
Keetmanshoop weather by month
How August compares with the rest of the year at a glance. August is the 10th-warmest and 12th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 35° / 21° | 47 | 6.8 | 13.5 | 3.2 |
| Feb | 34° / 21° | 54 | 7.5 | 12.9 | 3.5 |
| Mar | 32° / 20° | 43 | 6.2 | 12.2 | 4.5 |
| Apr | 29° / 16° | 21 | 3.4 | 11.4 | 7.1 |
| May | 26° / 12° | 5 | 0.9 | 10.7 | 9.0 |
| Jun | 22° / 8° | 2 | 0.4 | 10.4 | 9.1 |
| Jul | 22° / 7° | 3 | 0.4 | 10.5 | 9.1 |
| Aug | 24° / 9° | 1 | 0.2 | 11.1 | 9.4 |
| Sep | 28° / 12° | 4 | 0.6 | 11.8 | 8.3 |
| Oct | 31° / 16° | 6 | 1.5 | 12.6 | 6.0 |
| Nov | 33° / 18° | 12 | 2.3 | 13.3 | 4.8 |
| Dec | 35° / 20° | 22 | 3.8 | 13.6 | 3.4 |
Cloud cover in August
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 90% of the time in August.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 5% of August, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 5%.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 95 | 95 | 95 | 95 | 95 | 95 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 97 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 95 |
| Cloudier (%) | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 94 | 6 |
| 2 | 94 | 6 |
| 3 | 94 | 6 |
| 4 | 94 | 6 |
| 5 | 94 | 6 |
| 6 | 94 | 6 |
| 7 | 94 | 6 |
| 8 | 94 | 6 |
| 9 | 94 | 6 |
| 10 | 94 | 6 |
| 11 | 95 | 5 |
| 12 | 95 | 5 |
| 13 | 95 | 5 |
| 14 | 95 | 5 |
| 15 | 95 | 5 |
| 16 | 95 | 5 |
| 17 | 96 | 4 |
| 18 | 96 | 4 |
| 19 | 96 | 4 |
| 20 | 96 | 4 |
| 21 | 96 | 4 |
| 22 | 96 | 4 |
| 23 | 96 | 4 |
| 24 | 96 | 4 |
| 25 | 96 | 4 |
| 26 | 97 | 3 |
| 27 | 96 | 4 |
| 28 | 96 | 4 |
| 29 | 96 | 4 |
| 30 | 96 | 4 |
| 31 | 95 | 5 |
Chance of precipitation in August
Keetmanshoop gets around 1 mm of rain over 0.2 wet days in August, the driest month. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable rain averages around 1% and peaks near 1% on the wettest days.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Rain chance (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 1 |
| 2 | 1 |
| 3 | 1 |
| 4 | 1 |
| 5 | 1 |
| 6 | 1 |
| 7 | 0 |
| 8 | 0 |
| 9 | 0 |
| 10 | 0 |
| 11 | 1 |
| 12 | 1 |
| 13 | 1 |
| 14 | 1 |
| 15 | 1 |
| 16 | 1 |
| 17 | 1 |
| 18 | 1 |
| 19 | 1 |
| 20 | 1 |
| 21 | 1 |
| 22 | 1 |
| 23 | 1 |
| 24 | 1 |
| 25 | 1 |
| 26 | 1 |
| 27 | 1 |
| 28 | 1 |
| 29 | 1 |
| 30 | 1 |
| 31 | 1 |
Humidity in August
Most of August feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, August lands in the dry band about 100% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| Dry (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 100 |
| 2 | 100 |
| 3 | 100 |
| 4 | 100 |
| 5 | 100 |
| 6 | 100 |
| 7 | 100 |
| 8 | 100 |
| 9 | 100 |
| 10 | 100 |
| 11 | 100 |
| 12 | 100 |
| 13 | 100 |
| 14 | 100 |
| 15 | 100 |
| 16 | 100 |
| 17 | 100 |
| 18 | 100 |
| 19 | 100 |
| 20 | 100 |
| 21 | 100 |
| 22 | 100 |
| 23 | 100 |
| 24 | 100 |
| 25 | 100 |
| 26 | 100 |
| 27 | 100 |
| 28 | 100 |
| 29 | 100 |
| 30 | 100 |
| 31 | 100 |
Wind in August
Winds average 15 km/h in August.
Across August, daily wind ranges from about 15 km/h on the calmest days to 15 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 |
| Feels | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 15 | light breeze |
| 2 | 15 | light breeze |
| 3 | 15 | light breeze |
| 4 | 15 | light breeze |
| 5 | 15 | light breeze |
| 6 | 15 | light breeze |
| 7 | 15 | light breeze |
| 8 | 15 | light breeze |
| 9 | 15 | light breeze |
| 10 | 15 | light breeze |
| 11 | 15 | light breeze |
| 12 | 15 | light breeze |
| 13 | 15 | light breeze |
| 14 | 15 | light breeze |
| 15 | 15 | light breeze |
| 16 | 15 | light breeze |
| 17 | 15 | light breeze |
| 18 | 15 | light breeze |
| 19 | 15 | light breeze |
| 20 | 15 | light breeze |
| 21 | 15 | light breeze |
| 22 | 15 | light breeze |
| 23 | 15 | light breeze |
| 24 | 15 | light breeze |
| 25 | 15 | light breeze |
| 26 | 15 | light breeze |
| 27 | 15 | light breeze |
| 28 | 15 | light breeze |
| 29 | 15 | light breeze |
| 30 | 15 | light breeze |
| 31 | 15 | light breeze |
Sunrise & sunset in August
Daylight runs from about 10 h 42 min at the start of August to 11 h 24 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days grow by about 42 minutes over August. Sunrise moves from 7:31 AM to 7:05 AM, and sunset from 6:16 PM to 6:30 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 10.7 | 10.8 | 10.8 | 10.8 | 10.8 | 10.8 | 10.9 | 10.9 | 10.9 | 10.9 | 10.9 | 11.0 | 11.0 | 11.0 | 11.0 | 11.1 | 11.1 | 11.1 | 11.1 | 11.1 | 11.2 | 11.2 | 11.2 | 11.2 | 11.3 | 11.3 | 11.3 | 11.3 | 11.4 | 11.4 | 11.4 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 7:31 | 7:31 | 7:30 | 7:29 | 7:29 | 7:28 | 7:27 | 7:27 | 7:26 | 7:25 | 7:24 | 7:23 | 7:23 | 7:22 | 7:21 | 7:20 | 7:19 | 7:18 | 7:17 | 7:16 | 7:15 | 7:14 | 7:13 | 7:12 | 7:11 | 7:10 | 7:09 | 7:08 | 7:07 | 7:06 | 7:05 |
| Sunset (PM) | 6:16 | 6:16 | 6:17 | 6:17 | 6:18 | 6:18 | 6:19 | 6:19 | 6:20 | 6:20 | 6:21 | 6:21 | 6:22 | 6:22 | 6:23 | 6:23 | 6:24 | 6:24 | 6:25 | 6:25 | 6:26 | 6:26 | 6:27 | 6:27 | 6:27 | 6:28 | 6:28 | 6:29 | 6:29 | 6:30 | 6:30 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 10.7 | 7:31 | 6:16 |
| 2 | 10.8 | 7:31 | 6:16 |
| 3 | 10.8 | 7:30 | 6:17 |
| 4 | 10.8 | 7:29 | 6:17 |
| 5 | 10.8 | 7:29 | 6:18 |
| 6 | 10.8 | 7:28 | 6:18 |
| 7 | 10.9 | 7:27 | 6:19 |
| 8 | 10.9 | 7:27 | 6:19 |
| 9 | 10.9 | 7:26 | 6:20 |
| 10 | 10.9 | 7:25 | 6:20 |
| 11 | 10.9 | 7:24 | 6:21 |
| 12 | 11.0 | 7:23 | 6:21 |
| 13 | 11.0 | 7:23 | 6:22 |
| 14 | 11.0 | 7:22 | 6:22 |
| 15 | 11.0 | 7:21 | 6:23 |
| 16 | 11.1 | 7:20 | 6:23 |
| 17 | 11.1 | 7:19 | 6:24 |
| 18 | 11.1 | 7:18 | 6:24 |
| 19 | 11.1 | 7:17 | 6:25 |
| 20 | 11.1 | 7:16 | 6:25 |
| 21 | 11.2 | 7:15 | 6:26 |
| 22 | 11.2 | 7:14 | 6:26 |
| 23 | 11.2 | 7:13 | 6:27 |
| 24 | 11.2 | 7:12 | 6:27 |
| 25 | 11.3 | 7:11 | 6:27 |
| 26 | 11.3 | 7:10 | 6:28 |
| 27 | 11.3 | 7:09 | 6:28 |
| 28 | 11.3 | 7:08 | 6:29 |
| 29 | 11.4 | 7:07 | 6:29 |
| 30 | 11.4 | 7:06 | 6:30 |
| 31 | 11.4 | 7:05 | 6:30 |
Solar energy in August
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in August, about 5.26 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 4.03 kWh/m² to a high of 8.7 kWh/m² in December across the year — August's 5.26 kWh/m² falls in the middle.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 4.9 | 4.9 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.6 | 5.6 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.9 | 5.9 |
| Level | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 4.7 | Bright |
| 2 | 4.7 | Bright |
| 3 | 4.8 | Bright |
| 4 | 4.8 | Bright |
| 5 | 4.8 | Bright |
| 6 | 4.9 | Bright |
| 7 | 4.9 | Bright |
| 8 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 9 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 10 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 11 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 12 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 13 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 14 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 15 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 16 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 17 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 18 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 19 | 5.4 | Bright |
| 20 | 5.4 | Bright |
| 21 | 5.5 | Bright |
| 22 | 5.5 | Bright |
| 23 | 5.5 | Bright |
| 24 | 5.6 | Bright |
| 25 | 5.6 | Bright |
| 26 | 5.7 | Bright |
| 27 | 5.7 | Bright |
| 28 | 5.8 | Bright |
| 29 | 5.8 | Bright |
| 30 | 5.9 | Bright |
| 31 | 5.9 | Bright |
Is August a good time to visit Keetmanshoop?
Our two travel scores rate August for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
August is one of the better times to visit Keetmanshoop for general sightseeing. The water and warmth also suit a beach or pool day.
What to pack for Keetmanshoop in August
From August's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In August, Keetmanshoop sees daytime highs around 24°C and nights near 9°C. Worth packing: light clothes and sun protection.
UV index in Keetmanshoop in August
Clear-sky midday UV in August peaks around 7 — enough to warrant sun protection. The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Keetmanshoop peaks around January 16 at about 15 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near June 18 at about 5 (moderate).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — every month of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 15 | 14 | 13 | 9 | 6 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 10 | 12 | 13 | 14 |
| Level | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Very high | High | Moderate | High | High | Very high | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 15 | Extreme |
| Feb | 14 | Extreme |
| Mar | 13 | Extreme |
| Apr | 9 | Very high |
| May | 6 | High |
| Jun | 5 | Moderate |
| Jul | 6 | High |
| Aug | 7 | High |
| Sep | 10 | Very high |
| Oct | 12 | Extreme |
| Nov | 13 | Extreme |
| Dec | 14 | Extreme |
Where is Keetmanshoop?
Keetmanshoop sits at 26.6°S, 18.1°E, 998 m above sea level, in Namibia. The nearest listed city is Mariental, 217 km away.
Topography around Keetmanshoop
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Keetmanshoop.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Keetmanshoop has only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 123 m around an average of 998 m above sea level; within 16 km, significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 341 m; within 80 km, very significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 1,206 m.
The land around Keetmanshoop is covered by bare terrain (69%) within 3 km, bare terrain (80%) within 16 km, and bare terrain (56%) and grassland (35%) within 80 km.
Namibia travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 2
- Exercise Increased Caution
- Power plugs
- Type D / M
- 220 V · 50 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 41% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $4,876
- 2025
- Happiness
- 4.8 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Homicide rate
- 11.2
- per 100k, 2021
- Road deaths
- 34.8
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- Lower middle
- World Bank
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Keetmanshoop (-26.5765°, 18.1336°, elevation 998 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).