Queenstown weather in September
In September, Queenstown sees average daytime highs of 5°C and overnight lows near -1°C, with 125 mm of precipitation across 13.7 wet days and about 11.7 hours of daylight. It is the 9th-warmest and 6th-wettest month of the year here.
Highs climb over the month, from about 4°C in the first days to 7°C by the end. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 10% of the time in September, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 10 h 54 min at the start of September to 12 h 24 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, September is Queenstown's 8th-clearest and 9th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Queenstown's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 5°
- 9th warmest
- Overnight low
- -1°
- 4th coldest
- Precipitation
- 125 mm
- 13.7 wet days
- Daylight
- 11 h 42 min
- 7:49 AM – 7:30 PM
- Cloud cover
- 74%
- 8th clearest
- Wind
- 5 km/h
- 9th windiest
- Solar energy
- 3.71 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 0.2
- out of 10
Queenstown is resort town in Otago Region, New Zealand.
- Founded
- 1863
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in September
Highs climb over the month, from about 4°C in the first days to 7°C by the end.
A typical September day in Queenstown reaches about 5°C in the afternoon and slips back to -1°C overnight — a 6°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 2°C and 9°C. Set against its neighbours, September runs about 3°C warmer than August and about 3°C cooler than October.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 |
| Avg low (°C) | -2 | -2 | -1 | -1 | -1 | -1 | -1 | -1 | -1 | -1 | -1 | -1 | -1 | -1 | -1 | -1 | -1 | -1 | -1 | -1 | -1 | -1 | -1 | -1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 4 | -2 |
| 2 | 4 | -2 |
| 3 | 4 | -1 |
| 4 | 4 | -1 |
| 5 | 4 | -1 |
| 6 | 4 | -1 |
| 7 | 4 | -1 |
| 8 | 5 | -1 |
| 9 | 5 | -1 |
| 10 | 5 | -1 |
| 11 | 5 | -1 |
| 12 | 5 | -1 |
| 13 | 5 | -1 |
| 14 | 5 | -1 |
| 15 | 5 | -1 |
| 16 | 5 | -1 |
| 17 | 6 | -1 |
| 18 | 6 | -1 |
| 19 | 6 | -1 |
| 20 | 6 | -1 |
| 21 | 6 | -1 |
| 22 | 6 | -1 |
| 23 | 6 | -1 |
| 24 | 6 | -1 |
| 25 | 6 | 0 |
| 26 | 7 | 0 |
| 27 | 7 | 0 |
| 28 | 7 | 0 |
| 29 | 7 | 0 |
| 30 | 7 | 0 |
How September really feels in Queenstown
Once humidity and wind are folded in, September averages 0 days that feel above 32°C and 30 that feel at or below 0°C — the comfort signal a plain temperature reading hides.
The story in September is cold — wind chill drags the overnight "feels like" below the raw low.
Queenstown weather by month
How September compares with the rest of the year at a glance. September is the 9th-warmest and 6th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Snow days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 16° / 7° | 127 | 12.3 | 0.5 | 15 | 4.6 |
| Feb | 16° / 7° | 92 | 10.3 | 0.3 | 13.9 | 4.8 |
| Mar | 14° / 6° | 108 | 11.8 | 0.5 | 12.4 | 3.8 |
| Apr | 11° / 3° | 101 | 11.3 | 1.8 | 10.8 | 2.4 |
| May | 7° / 1° | 125 | 14.3 | 5.2 | 9.4 | 0.7 |
| Jun | 3° / -3° | 98 | 12.6 | 7.9 | 8.6 | 0.0 |
| Jul | 1° / -4° | 90 | 11.2 | 8.9 | 8.9 | 0.0 |
| Aug | 3° / -2° | 89 | 11.3 | 8.4 | 10.1 | 0.0 |
| Sep | 5° / -1° | 125 | 13.7 | 8.1 | 11.7 | 0.2 |
| Oct | 8° / 1° | 133 | 15.3 | 6.4 | 13.3 | 1.3 |
| Nov | 11° / 3° | 131 | 14.6 | 3.9 | 14.7 | 2.5 |
| Dec | 14° / 6° | 135 | 14.9 | 1 | 15.4 | 3.6 |
Cloud cover in September
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 10% of the time in September.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 15% of September, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 76%.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 25 | 25 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 27 | 27 | 26 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 |
| Cloudier (%) | 78 | 78 | 78 | 78 | 77 | 77 | 77 | 78 | 78 | 78 | 77 | 77 | 77 | 76 | 76 | 76 | 75 | 75 | 74 | 74 | 74 | 74 | 73 | 73 | 74 | 73 | 73 | 73 | 73 | 73 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 22 | 78 |
| 2 | 22 | 78 |
| 3 | 22 | 78 |
| 4 | 22 | 78 |
| 5 | 23 | 77 |
| 6 | 23 | 77 |
| 7 | 23 | 77 |
| 8 | 22 | 78 |
| 9 | 22 | 78 |
| 10 | 22 | 78 |
| 11 | 23 | 77 |
| 12 | 23 | 77 |
| 13 | 23 | 77 |
| 14 | 24 | 76 |
| 15 | 24 | 76 |
| 16 | 24 | 76 |
| 17 | 25 | 75 |
| 18 | 25 | 75 |
| 19 | 26 | 74 |
| 20 | 26 | 74 |
| 21 | 26 | 74 |
| 22 | 26 | 74 |
| 23 | 27 | 73 |
| 24 | 27 | 73 |
| 25 | 26 | 74 |
| 26 | 27 | 73 |
| 27 | 27 | 73 |
| 28 | 27 | 73 |
| 29 | 27 | 73 |
| 30 | 27 | 73 |
Chance of precipitation in September
Queenstown gets around 125 mm of rain and snow over 13.7 wet days in September. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable precipitation averages around 45% and peaks near 46% on the wettest days, and about 8 days bring snow.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 42 | 42 | 43 | 43 | 43 | 44 | 45 | 45 | 45 | 46 | 46 | 46 | 46 | 45 | 45 | 45 | 45 | 45 | 45 | 45 | 45 | 45 | 45 | 45 | 45 | 45 | 45 | 45 | 46 | 46 |
| Snow chance (%) | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 24 | 24 |
| Rain chance (%) | Snow chance (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 42 | 27 |
| 2 | 42 | 27 |
| 3 | 43 | 27 |
| 4 | 43 | 27 |
| 5 | 43 | 27 |
| 6 | 44 | 27 |
| 7 | 45 | 27 |
| 8 | 45 | 27 |
| 9 | 45 | 27 |
| 10 | 46 | 27 |
| 11 | 46 | 27 |
| 12 | 46 | 27 |
| 13 | 46 | 27 |
| 14 | 45 | 27 |
| 15 | 45 | 26 |
| 16 | 45 | 26 |
| 17 | 45 | 26 |
| 18 | 45 | 26 |
| 19 | 45 | 26 |
| 20 | 45 | 25 |
| 21 | 45 | 25 |
| 22 | 45 | 25 |
| 23 | 45 | 25 |
| 24 | 45 | 25 |
| 25 | 45 | 25 |
| 26 | 45 | 25 |
| 27 | 45 | 25 |
| 28 | 45 | 25 |
| 29 | 46 | 24 |
| 30 | 46 | 24 |
Humidity in September
Most of September feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, September lands in the dry band about 100% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| Dry (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 100 |
| 2 | 100 |
| 3 | 100 |
| 4 | 100 |
| 5 | 100 |
| 6 | 100 |
| 7 | 100 |
| 8 | 100 |
| 9 | 100 |
| 10 | 100 |
| 11 | 100 |
| 12 | 100 |
| 13 | 100 |
| 14 | 100 |
| 15 | 100 |
| 16 | 100 |
| 17 | 100 |
| 18 | 100 |
| 19 | 100 |
| 20 | 100 |
| 21 | 100 |
| 22 | 100 |
| 23 | 100 |
| 24 | 100 |
| 25 | 100 |
| 26 | 100 |
| 27 | 100 |
| 28 | 100 |
| 29 | 100 |
| 30 | 100 |
Wind in September
Winds average 5 km/h in September.
Across September, daily wind ranges from about 4 km/h on the calmest days to 6 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 4 | calm |
| 2 | 4 | calm |
| 3 | 4 | calm |
| 4 | 4 | calm |
| 5 | 4 | calm |
| 6 | 4 | calm |
| 7 | 4 | calm |
| 8 | 4 | calm |
| 9 | 4 | calm |
| 10 | 5 | calm |
| 11 | 5 | calm |
| 12 | 5 | calm |
| 13 | 5 | calm |
| 14 | 5 | calm |
| 15 | 5 | calm |
| 16 | 5 | calm |
| 17 | 5 | calm |
| 18 | 5 | calm |
| 19 | 5 | calm |
| 20 | 5 | calm |
| 21 | 5 | calm |
| 22 | 5 | calm |
| 23 | 5 | calm |
| 24 | 5 | calm |
| 25 | 5 | calm |
| 26 | 5 | calm |
| 27 | 6 | calm |
| 28 | 6 | calm |
| 29 | 6 | calm |
| 30 | 6 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in September
Daylight runs from about 10 h 54 min at the start of September to 12 h 24 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days grow by about 90 minutes over September. Sunrise moves from 8:18 AM to 7:21 AM, and sunset from 7:12 PM to 7:48 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 10.9 | 10.9 | 11.0 | 11.1 | 11.1 | 11.2 | 11.2 | 11.3 | 11.3 | 11.4 | 11.4 | 11.5 | 11.5 | 11.6 | 11.6 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.8 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.4 | 12.4 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 8:18 | 8:16 | 8:14 | 8:12 | 8:11 | 8:09 | 8:07 | 8:05 | 8:03 | 8:01 | 7:59 | 7:57 | 7:55 | 7:53 | 7:51 | 7:49 | 7:47 | 7:45 | 7:43 | 7:41 | 7:39 | 7:37 | 7:35 | 7:33 | 7:31 | 7:29 | 7:27 | 7:25 | 7:23 | 7:21 |
| Sunset (PM) | 7:12 | 7:13 | 7:14 | 7:16 | 7:17 | 7:18 | 7:19 | 7:21 | 7:22 | 7:23 | 7:24 | 7:25 | 7:27 | 7:28 | 7:29 | 7:30 | 7:32 | 7:33 | 7:34 | 7:35 | 7:37 | 7:38 | 7:39 | 7:40 | 7:42 | 7:43 | 7:44 | 7:45 | 7:47 | 7:48 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 10.9 | 8:18 | 7:12 |
| 2 | 10.9 | 8:16 | 7:13 |
| 3 | 11.0 | 8:14 | 7:14 |
| 4 | 11.1 | 8:12 | 7:16 |
| 5 | 11.1 | 8:11 | 7:17 |
| 6 | 11.2 | 8:09 | 7:18 |
| 7 | 11.2 | 8:07 | 7:19 |
| 8 | 11.3 | 8:05 | 7:21 |
| 9 | 11.3 | 8:03 | 7:22 |
| 10 | 11.4 | 8:01 | 7:23 |
| 11 | 11.4 | 7:59 | 7:24 |
| 12 | 11.5 | 7:57 | 7:25 |
| 13 | 11.5 | 7:55 | 7:27 |
| 14 | 11.6 | 7:53 | 7:28 |
| 15 | 11.6 | 7:51 | 7:29 |
| 16 | 11.7 | 7:49 | 7:30 |
| 17 | 11.7 | 7:47 | 7:32 |
| 18 | 11.8 | 7:45 | 7:33 |
| 19 | 11.9 | 7:43 | 7:34 |
| 20 | 11.9 | 7:41 | 7:35 |
| 21 | 12.0 | 7:39 | 7:37 |
| 22 | 12.0 | 7:37 | 7:38 |
| 23 | 12.1 | 7:35 | 7:39 |
| 24 | 12.1 | 7:33 | 7:40 |
| 25 | 12.2 | 7:31 | 7:42 |
| 26 | 12.2 | 7:29 | 7:43 |
| 27 | 12.3 | 7:27 | 7:44 |
| 28 | 12.3 | 7:25 | 7:45 |
| 29 | 12.4 | 7:23 | 7:47 |
| 30 | 12.4 | 7:21 | 7:48 |
Solar energy in September
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in September, about 3.71 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 1.18 kWh/m² to a high of 6.48 kWh/m² in January across the year — September's 3.71 kWh/m² falls in the middle.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 3.0 | 3.1 | 3.1 | 3.2 | 3.2 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 3.4 | 3.4 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.6 | 3.6 | 3.7 | 3.7 | 3.8 | 3.8 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.1 | 4.1 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 4.4 |
| Level | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 3.0 | Moderate |
| 2 | 3.1 | Moderate |
| 3 | 3.1 | Moderate |
| 4 | 3.2 | Moderate |
| 5 | 3.2 | Moderate |
| 6 | 3.3 | Moderate |
| 7 | 3.3 | Moderate |
| 8 | 3.4 | Moderate |
| 9 | 3.4 | Moderate |
| 10 | 3.5 | Moderate |
| 11 | 3.5 | Moderate |
| 12 | 3.6 | Moderate |
| 13 | 3.6 | Moderate |
| 14 | 3.7 | Moderate |
| 15 | 3.7 | Moderate |
| 16 | 3.8 | Moderate |
| 17 | 3.8 | Moderate |
| 18 | 3.9 | Moderate |
| 19 | 3.9 | Moderate |
| 20 | 3.9 | Moderate |
| 21 | 4.0 | Moderate |
| 22 | 4.0 | Bright |
| 23 | 4.1 | Bright |
| 24 | 4.1 | Bright |
| 25 | 4.2 | Bright |
| 26 | 4.2 | Bright |
| 27 | 4.2 | Bright |
| 28 | 4.3 | Bright |
| 29 | 4.3 | Bright |
| 30 | 4.4 | Bright |
Is September a good time to visit Queenstown?
Our two travel scores rate September for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
September is a weaker month for outdoor sightseeing in Queenstown.
What to pack for Queenstown in September
From September's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In September, Queenstown sees daytime highs around 5°C and nights near -1°C. Pack a warm layer. Worth having: a heavy coat and rain gear. About 14 days see rain.
UV index in Queenstown in September
Clear-sky midday UV in September peaks around 5 — enough to warrant sun protection. The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Queenstown peaks around January 14 at about 11 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near June 16 at about 1 (low).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — in 8 months of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 11 | 9 | 6 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 5 | 6 | 8 | 10 |
| Level | Extreme | Very high | High | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | Moderate | High | Very high | Very high |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 11 | Extreme |
| Feb | 9 | Very high |
| Mar | 6 | High |
| Apr | 3 | Moderate |
| May | 2 | Low |
| Jun | 1 | Low |
| Jul | 2 | Low |
| Aug | 2 | Moderate |
| Sep | 5 | Moderate |
| Oct | 6 | High |
| Nov | 8 | Very high |
| Dec | 10 | Very high |
Where is Queenstown?
Queenstown sits at 45.0°S, 168.7°E, 0 m above sea level, in New Zealand. The nearest listed city is Wanaka, 53 km away.
Topography around Queenstown
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Queenstown.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Queenstown has large variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 1,008 m around an average of 513 m above sea level; within 16 km, very significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 1,956 m; within 80 km, extreme variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 2,884 m.
The land around Queenstown is covered by trees (42%) and water (32%) within 3 km, grassland (55%) and trees (25%) within 16 km, and grassland (64%) and trees (25%) within 80 km.
New Zealand travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 1
- Exercise Normal Precautions
- Power plugs
- Type I
- 230 V · 50 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 86% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $49,591
- 2025
- Happiness
- 7.0 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 100%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 1.5
- per 100k, 2022
- Road deaths
- 9.6
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- High
- World Bank
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Queenstown (-45.0302°, 168.6627°, elevation 0 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).