Azare weather in February
In February, Azare sees average daytime highs of 33°C and overnight lows near 17°C, with 0 mm of rain across 0 wet days and about 11.6 hours of daylight. It is the 7th-warmest and 10th-wettest month of the year here.
Highs climb over the month, from about 32°C in the first days to 35°C by the end. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 61% of the time in February, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 11 h 30 min at the start of February to 11 h 42 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, February is Azare's 3rd-clearest and 1st-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Azare's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 33°
- 7th warmest
- Overnight low
- 17°
- 3rd coldest
- Rainfall
- 0 mm
- 0 wet days
- Daylight
- 11 h 36 min
- 6:45 AM – 6:22 PM
- Cloud cover
- 32%
- 3rd clearest
- Wind
- 10 km/h
- 1st windiest
- Solar energy
- 6.65 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 4.5
- out of 10
Azare is human settlement in Bauchi State, Nigeria.
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in February
Highs climb over the month, from about 32°C in the first days to 35°C by the end.
A typical February day in Azare reaches about 33°C in the afternoon and slips back to 17°C overnight — a 17°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 29°C and 38°C. Set against its neighbours, February runs about 3°C warmer than January and about 4°C cooler than March.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 33 | 33 | 33 | 33 | 33 | 33 | 33 | 34 | 34 | 34 | 34 | 34 | 35 | 35 | 35 | 35 | 35 |
| Avg low (°C) | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 19 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 32 | 15 |
| 2 | 32 | 15 |
| 3 | 32 | 15 |
| 4 | 32 | 15 |
| 5 | 32 | 15 |
| 6 | 32 | 15 |
| 7 | 32 | 16 |
| 8 | 32 | 16 |
| 9 | 32 | 16 |
| 10 | 32 | 16 |
| 11 | 32 | 16 |
| 12 | 33 | 16 |
| 13 | 33 | 16 |
| 14 | 33 | 16 |
| 15 | 33 | 16 |
| 16 | 33 | 17 |
| 17 | 33 | 17 |
| 18 | 33 | 17 |
| 19 | 34 | 17 |
| 20 | 34 | 17 |
| 21 | 34 | 17 |
| 22 | 34 | 18 |
| 23 | 34 | 18 |
| 24 | 35 | 18 |
| 25 | 35 | 18 |
| 26 | 35 | 18 |
| 27 | 35 | 18 |
| 28 | 35 | 19 |
How February really feels in Azare
Once humidity and wind are folded in, February averages 22 days that feel above 32°C and 0 that feel at or below 0°C — the comfort signal a plain temperature reading hides.
The story in February is heat — humidity pushes the afternoon "feels like" well above the raw temperature.
Azare weather by month
How February compares with the rest of the year at a glance. February is the 7th-warmest and 10th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 30° / 14° | 0 | 0 | 11.4 | 6.7 |
| Feb | 33° / 17° | 0 | 0 | 11.6 | 4.5 |
| Mar | 37° / 21° | 0 | 0.1 | 11.9 | 1.9 |
| Apr | 39° / 24° | 2 | 0.6 | 12.3 | 0.6 |
| May | 38° / 26° | 20 | 4.7 | 12.5 | 1.1 |
| Jun | 35° / 25° | 46 | 10 | 12.7 | 2.4 |
| Jul | 32° / 23° | 139 | 20.1 | 12.6 | 3.1 |
| Aug | 31° / 23° | 211 | 23.2 | 12.4 | 3.2 |
| Sep | 32° / 23° | 91 | 14.1 | 12.1 | 3.5 |
| Oct | 34° / 22° | 18 | 4 | 11.7 | 3.2 |
| Nov | 34° / 18° | 0 | 0.1 | 11.5 | 4.1 |
| Dec | 30° / 15° | 0 | 0 | 11.3 | 6.4 |
Cloud cover in February
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 61% of the time in February.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 14% of February, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 24%.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 77 | 77 | 77 | 77 | 77 | 78 | 78 | 77 | 77 | 77 | 77 | 77 | 77 | 76 | 76 | 76 | 76 | 76 | 75 | 74 | 74 | 74 | 74 | 74 | 73 | 73 | 74 | 74 |
| Cloudier (%) | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 22 | 22 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 27 | 27 | 26 | 26 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 77 | 23 |
| 2 | 77 | 23 |
| 3 | 77 | 23 |
| 4 | 77 | 23 |
| 5 | 77 | 23 |
| 6 | 78 | 22 |
| 7 | 78 | 22 |
| 8 | 77 | 23 |
| 9 | 77 | 23 |
| 10 | 77 | 23 |
| 11 | 77 | 23 |
| 12 | 77 | 23 |
| 13 | 77 | 23 |
| 14 | 76 | 24 |
| 15 | 76 | 24 |
| 16 | 76 | 24 |
| 17 | 76 | 24 |
| 18 | 76 | 24 |
| 19 | 75 | 25 |
| 20 | 74 | 26 |
| 21 | 74 | 26 |
| 22 | 74 | 26 |
| 23 | 74 | 26 |
| 24 | 74 | 26 |
| 25 | 73 | 27 |
| 26 | 73 | 27 |
| 27 | 74 | 26 |
| 28 | 74 | 26 |
Chance of precipitation in February
Azare gets around 0 mm of rain over 0 wet days in February. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable rain averages around 0% and peaks near 0% on the wettest days.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Rain chance (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 0 |
| 2 | 0 |
| 3 | 0 |
| 4 | 0 |
| 5 | 0 |
| 6 | 0 |
| 7 | 0 |
| 8 | 0 |
| 9 | 0 |
| 10 | 0 |
| 11 | 0 |
| 12 | 0 |
| 13 | 0 |
| 14 | 0 |
| 15 | 0 |
| 16 | 0 |
| 17 | 0 |
| 18 | 0 |
| 19 | 0 |
| 20 | 0 |
| 21 | 0 |
| 22 | 0 |
| 23 | 0 |
| 24 | 0 |
| 25 | 0 |
| 26 | 0 |
| 27 | 0 |
| 28 | 0 |
Humidity in February
Most of February feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, February lands in the dry band about 100% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 |
| Comfortable (%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Dry (%) | Comfortable (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 100 | 0 |
| 2 | 100 | 0 |
| 3 | 100 | 0 |
| 4 | 100 | 0 |
| 5 | 100 | 0 |
| 6 | 100 | 0 |
| 7 | 100 | 0 |
| 8 | 100 | 0 |
| 9 | 100 | 0 |
| 10 | 100 | 0 |
| 11 | 100 | 0 |
| 12 | 100 | 0 |
| 13 | 100 | 0 |
| 14 | 100 | 0 |
| 15 | 100 | 0 |
| 16 | 100 | 0 |
| 17 | 100 | 0 |
| 18 | 100 | 0 |
| 19 | 100 | 0 |
| 20 | 100 | 0 |
| 21 | 100 | 0 |
| 22 | 99 | 1 |
| 23 | 99 | 1 |
| 24 | 99 | 1 |
| 25 | 99 | 1 |
| 26 | 99 | 1 |
| 27 | 99 | 1 |
| 28 | 99 | 1 |
Wind in February
Winds average 10 km/h in February, the windiest month of the year.
Across February, daily wind ranges from about 10 km/h on the calmest days to 10 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 10 | calm |
| 2 | 10 | calm |
| 3 | 10 | calm |
| 4 | 10 | calm |
| 5 | 10 | calm |
| 6 | 10 | calm |
| 7 | 10 | calm |
| 8 | 10 | calm |
| 9 | 10 | calm |
| 10 | 10 | calm |
| 11 | 10 | calm |
| 12 | 10 | calm |
| 13 | 10 | calm |
| 14 | 10 | calm |
| 15 | 10 | calm |
| 16 | 10 | calm |
| 17 | 10 | calm |
| 18 | 10 | calm |
| 19 | 10 | calm |
| 20 | 10 | calm |
| 21 | 10 | calm |
| 22 | 10 | calm |
| 23 | 10 | calm |
| 24 | 10 | calm |
| 25 | 10 | calm |
| 26 | 10 | calm |
| 27 | 10 | calm |
| 28 | 10 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in February
Daylight runs from about 11 h 30 min at the start of February to 11 h 42 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days grow by about 12 minutes over February. Sunrise moves from 6:48 AM to 6:40 AM, and sunset from 6:17 PM to 6:25 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 11.5 | 11.5 | 11.5 | 11.5 | 11.5 | 11.5 | 11.5 | 11.6 | 11.6 | 11.6 | 11.6 | 11.6 | 11.6 | 11.6 | 11.6 | 11.6 | 11.6 | 11.6 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.7 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 6:48 | 6:48 | 6:48 | 6:48 | 6:48 | 6:47 | 6:47 | 6:47 | 6:47 | 6:47 | 6:46 | 6:46 | 6:46 | 6:46 | 6:45 | 6:45 | 6:45 | 6:44 | 6:44 | 6:44 | 6:43 | 6:43 | 6:42 | 6:42 | 6:42 | 6:41 | 6:41 | 6:40 |
| Sunset (PM) | 6:17 | 6:18 | 6:18 | 6:19 | 6:19 | 6:19 | 6:20 | 6:20 | 6:20 | 6:21 | 6:21 | 6:21 | 6:22 | 6:22 | 6:22 | 6:23 | 6:23 | 6:23 | 6:23 | 6:24 | 6:24 | 6:24 | 6:24 | 6:24 | 6:25 | 6:25 | 6:25 | 6:25 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 11.5 | 6:48 | 6:17 |
| 2 | 11.5 | 6:48 | 6:18 |
| 3 | 11.5 | 6:48 | 6:18 |
| 4 | 11.5 | 6:48 | 6:19 |
| 5 | 11.5 | 6:48 | 6:19 |
| 6 | 11.5 | 6:47 | 6:19 |
| 7 | 11.5 | 6:47 | 6:20 |
| 8 | 11.6 | 6:47 | 6:20 |
| 9 | 11.6 | 6:47 | 6:20 |
| 10 | 11.6 | 6:47 | 6:21 |
| 11 | 11.6 | 6:46 | 6:21 |
| 12 | 11.6 | 6:46 | 6:21 |
| 13 | 11.6 | 6:46 | 6:22 |
| 14 | 11.6 | 6:46 | 6:22 |
| 15 | 11.6 | 6:45 | 6:22 |
| 16 | 11.6 | 6:45 | 6:23 |
| 17 | 11.6 | 6:45 | 6:23 |
| 18 | 11.6 | 6:44 | 6:23 |
| 19 | 11.7 | 6:44 | 6:23 |
| 20 | 11.7 | 6:44 | 6:24 |
| 21 | 11.7 | 6:43 | 6:24 |
| 22 | 11.7 | 6:43 | 6:24 |
| 23 | 11.7 | 6:42 | 6:24 |
| 24 | 11.7 | 6:42 | 6:24 |
| 25 | 11.7 | 6:42 | 6:25 |
| 26 | 11.7 | 6:41 | 6:25 |
| 27 | 11.7 | 6:41 | 6:25 |
| 28 | 11.7 | 6:40 | 6:25 |
Solar energy in February
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in February, about 6.65 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 5.28 kWh/m² to a high of 7.25 kWh/m² in April across the year — February's 6.65 kWh/m² falls in the middle.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 6.4 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 6.5 | 6.5 | 6.5 | 6.5 | 6.5 | 6.6 | 6.6 | 6.6 | 6.6 | 6.7 | 6.7 | 6.7 | 6.7 | 6.7 | 6.8 | 6.8 | 6.8 | 6.8 | 6.8 | 6.8 | 6.9 | 6.9 | 6.9 | 6.9 |
| Level | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 6.4 | Intense |
| 2 | 6.4 | Intense |
| 3 | 6.4 | Intense |
| 4 | 6.4 | Intense |
| 5 | 6.5 | Intense |
| 6 | 6.5 | Intense |
| 7 | 6.5 | Intense |
| 8 | 6.5 | Intense |
| 9 | 6.5 | Intense |
| 10 | 6.6 | Intense |
| 11 | 6.6 | Intense |
| 12 | 6.6 | Intense |
| 13 | 6.6 | Intense |
| 14 | 6.7 | Intense |
| 15 | 6.7 | Intense |
| 16 | 6.7 | Intense |
| 17 | 6.7 | Intense |
| 18 | 6.7 | Intense |
| 19 | 6.8 | Intense |
| 20 | 6.8 | Intense |
| 21 | 6.8 | Intense |
| 22 | 6.8 | Intense |
| 23 | 6.8 | Intense |
| 24 | 6.8 | Intense |
| 25 | 6.9 | Intense |
| 26 | 6.9 | Intense |
| 27 | 6.9 | Intense |
| 28 | 6.9 | Intense |
Hazard calendar for Azare
In February, Azare sits inside its dust season. The full year is below, with each hazard's peak months called out.
Azare's monsoon runs July–August, when most of the year's rain falls.
Azare sees dust haze year-round, heaviest in April.
Is February a good time to visit Azare?
Our two travel scores rate February for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
February is a reasonable time to visit Azare for sightseeing. The water and warmth also suit a beach or pool day.
What to pack for Azare in February
From February's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In February, Azare sees daytime highs around 33°C and nights near 17°C. Pack light clothes and sun protection.
UV index in Azare in February
Clear-sky midday UV in February peaks around 11 (very high — sun protection essential). The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Azare peaks around August 19 at about 12 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near December 16 at about 7 (very high).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — every month of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 9 | 11 | 10 | 11 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 12 | 11 | 9 | 7 |
| Level | Very high | Extreme | Very high | Extreme | Very high | Very high | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Very high | Very high |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 9 | Very high |
| Feb | 11 | Extreme |
| Mar | 10 | Very high |
| Apr | 11 | Extreme |
| May | 9 | Very high |
| Jun | 10 | Very high |
| Jul | 11 | Extreme |
| Aug | 12 | Extreme |
| Sep | 12 | Extreme |
| Oct | 11 | Extreme |
| Nov | 9 | Very high |
| Dec | 7 | Very high |
Air quality in Azare in February
Average fine-particle pollution (PM2.5) through the year — so you can see where February falls, not just the annual average.
Air quality in Azare is worst in February — around 114 µg/m³ PM2.5 (unhealthy), about 3.4× the cleanest month (August, 33 µg/m³).
Modeled monthly averages (CAMS reanalysis, 2015–2024).
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | 107 | 114 | 107 | 89 | 64 | 54 | 35 | 33 | 41 | 63 | 71 | 99 |
| Level | Unhealthy | Unhealthy | Unhealthy | Unhealthy | Unhealthy | Poor | Poor | Moderate | Poor | Unhealthy | Unhealthy | Unhealthy |
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 107 | Unhealthy |
| Feb | 114 | Unhealthy |
| Mar | 107 | Unhealthy |
| Apr | 89 | Unhealthy |
| May | 64 | Unhealthy |
| Jun | 54 | Poor |
| Jul | 35 | Poor |
| Aug | 33 | Moderate |
| Sep | 41 | Poor |
| Oct | 63 | Unhealthy |
| Nov | 71 | Unhealthy |
| Dec | 99 | Unhealthy |
Where is Azare?
Azare sits at 11.7°N, 10.2°E, 413 m above sea level, in Nigeria. The nearest listed city is Gwaram, 55 km away.
Topography around Azare
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Azare.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Azare has only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 32 m around an average of 409 m above sea level; within 16 km, only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 66 m; within 80 km, significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 415 m.
The land around Azare is covered by artificial surfaces (54%) and cropland (35%) within 3 km, cropland (86%) within 16 km, and cropland (82%) within 80 km.
Nigeria travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 3
- Reconsider Travel
- Power plugs
- Type D / G
- 230 V · 50 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 13% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $1,224
- 2025
- Happiness
- 4.8 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 30%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 15.7
- per 100k, 2023
- Road deaths
- 20.7
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- Lower middle
- World Bank
- English
- High
- EF EPI 569
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Azare (11.6748°, 10.1907°, elevation 413 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Monthly air-quality (PM2.5) seasonality is from the CAMS EAC4 reanalysis (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service), scaled to the WHO annual mean where available. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).