Damboa weather in February
In February, Damboa sees average daytime highs of 35°C and overnight lows near 18°C, with 0 mm of rain across 0 wet days and about 11.6 hours of daylight. It is the 5th-warmest and 10th-wettest month of the year here.
Highs climb over the month, from about 33°C in the first days to 36°C by the end. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 59% of the time in February, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 11 h 30 min at the start of February to 11 h 48 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, February is Damboa's 3rd-clearest and 1st-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Damboa's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 35°
- 5th warmest
- Overnight low
- 18°
- 3rd coldest
- Rainfall
- 0 mm
- 0 wet days
- Daylight
- 11 h 36 min
- 6:35 AM – 6:13 PM
- Cloud cover
- 35%
- 3rd clearest
- Wind
- 12 km/h
- 1st windiest
- Solar energy
- 6.64 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 3.6
- out of 10
Temperature in February
Highs climb over the month, from about 33°C in the first days to 36°C by the end.
A typical February day in Damboa reaches about 35°C in the afternoon and slips back to 18°C overnight — a 16°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 30°C and 39°C. Set against its neighbours, February runs about 3°C warmer than January and about 4°C cooler than March.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 33 | 33 | 33 | 33 | 33 | 33 | 33 | 34 | 34 | 34 | 34 | 34 | 34 | 34 | 34 | 35 | 35 | 35 | 35 | 35 | 35 | 36 | 36 | 36 | 36 | 36 | 36 | 37 |
| Avg low (°C) | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 33 | 17 |
| 2 | 33 | 17 |
| 3 | 33 | 17 |
| 4 | 33 | 17 |
| 5 | 33 | 17 |
| 6 | 33 | 17 |
| 7 | 33 | 17 |
| 8 | 34 | 17 |
| 9 | 34 | 17 |
| 10 | 34 | 18 |
| 11 | 34 | 18 |
| 12 | 34 | 18 |
| 13 | 34 | 18 |
| 14 | 34 | 18 |
| 15 | 34 | 18 |
| 16 | 35 | 18 |
| 17 | 35 | 18 |
| 18 | 35 | 19 |
| 19 | 35 | 19 |
| 20 | 35 | 19 |
| 21 | 35 | 19 |
| 22 | 36 | 19 |
| 23 | 36 | 19 |
| 24 | 36 | 20 |
| 25 | 36 | 20 |
| 26 | 36 | 20 |
| 27 | 36 | 20 |
| 28 | 37 | 20 |
How February really feels in Damboa
Once humidity and wind are folded in, February averages 28 days that feel above 32°C and 0 that feel at or below 0°C — the comfort signal a plain temperature reading hides.
The story in February is heat — humidity pushes the afternoon "feels like" well above the raw temperature.
Damboa weather by month
How February compares with the rest of the year at a glance. February is the 5th-warmest and 10th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 31° / 15° | 0 | 0 | 11.4 | 5.6 |
| Feb | 35° / 18° | 0 | 0 | 11.6 | 3.6 |
| Mar | 38° / 22° | 0 | 0.1 | 11.9 | 1.1 |
| Apr | 40° / 26° | 8 | 2.4 | 12.2 | 0.1 |
| May | 38° / 27° | 33 | 8.3 | 12.5 | 0.9 |
| Jun | 35° / 25° | 54 | 11.5 | 12.6 | 2.4 |
| Jul | 32° / 24° | 117 | 18.4 | 12.6 | 3.3 |
| Aug | 30° / 23° | 195 | 23.1 | 12.4 | 3.4 |
| Sep | 31° / 23° | 104 | 16.2 | 12.1 | 3.6 |
| Oct | 34° / 22° | 24 | 5.4 | 11.7 | 3.2 |
| Nov | 34° / 19° | 0 | 0.1 | 11.5 | 3.6 |
| Dec | 32° / 16° | 0 | 0 | 11.4 | 5.5 |
Cloud cover in February
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 59% of the time in February.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 15% of February, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 26%. Skies tend to cloud over as the month goes on.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 76 | 76 | 76 | 76 | 77 | 77 | 77 | 77 | 76 | 76 | 76 | 75 | 75 | 75 | 74 | 74 | 74 | 73 | 72 | 72 | 72 | 72 | 70 | 70 | 70 | 70 | 69 | 70 |
| Cloudier (%) | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 31 | 30 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 76 | 24 |
| 2 | 76 | 24 |
| 3 | 76 | 24 |
| 4 | 76 | 24 |
| 5 | 77 | 23 |
| 6 | 77 | 23 |
| 7 | 77 | 23 |
| 8 | 77 | 23 |
| 9 | 76 | 24 |
| 10 | 76 | 24 |
| 11 | 76 | 24 |
| 12 | 75 | 25 |
| 13 | 75 | 25 |
| 14 | 75 | 25 |
| 15 | 74 | 26 |
| 16 | 74 | 26 |
| 17 | 74 | 26 |
| 18 | 73 | 27 |
| 19 | 72 | 28 |
| 20 | 72 | 28 |
| 21 | 72 | 28 |
| 22 | 72 | 28 |
| 23 | 70 | 30 |
| 24 | 70 | 30 |
| 25 | 70 | 30 |
| 26 | 70 | 30 |
| 27 | 69 | 31 |
| 28 | 70 | 30 |
Chance of precipitation in February
Damboa gets around 0 mm of rain over 0 wet days in February. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable rain averages around 0% and peaks near 0% on the wettest days.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Rain chance (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 0 |
| 2 | 0 |
| 3 | 0 |
| 4 | 0 |
| 5 | 0 |
| 6 | 0 |
| 7 | 0 |
| 8 | 0 |
| 9 | 0 |
| 10 | 0 |
| 11 | 0 |
| 12 | 0 |
| 13 | 0 |
| 14 | 0 |
| 15 | 0 |
| 16 | 0 |
| 17 | 0 |
| 18 | 0 |
| 19 | 0 |
| 20 | 0 |
| 21 | 0 |
| 22 | 0 |
| 23 | 0 |
| 24 | 0 |
| 25 | 0 |
| 26 | 0 |
| 27 | 0 |
| 28 | 0 |
Humidity in February
Most of February feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, February lands in the dry band about 100% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| Comfortable (%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Dry (%) | Comfortable (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 100 | 0 |
| 2 | 100 | 0 |
| 3 | 100 | 0 |
| 4 | 100 | 0 |
| 5 | 100 | 0 |
| 6 | 100 | 0 |
| 7 | 100 | 0 |
| 8 | 100 | 0 |
| 9 | 100 | 0 |
| 10 | 100 | 0 |
| 11 | 100 | 0 |
| 12 | 100 | 0 |
| 13 | 100 | 0 |
| 14 | 100 | 0 |
| 15 | 100 | 0 |
| 16 | 100 | 0 |
| 17 | 99 | 1 |
| 18 | 99 | 1 |
| 19 | 99 | 1 |
| 20 | 99 | 1 |
| 21 | 99 | 1 |
| 22 | 99 | 1 |
| 23 | 99 | 1 |
| 24 | 99 | 1 |
| 25 | 99 | 1 |
| 26 | 100 | 0 |
| 27 | 100 | 0 |
| 28 | 100 | 0 |
Wind in February
Winds average 12 km/h in February, the windiest month of the year.
Across February, daily wind ranges from about 12 km/h on the calmest days to 12 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 12 | calm |
| 2 | 12 | calm |
| 3 | 12 | calm |
| 4 | 12 | calm |
| 5 | 12 | calm |
| 6 | 12 | calm |
| 7 | 12 | calm |
| 8 | 12 | calm |
| 9 | 12 | calm |
| 10 | 12 | calm |
| 11 | 12 | calm |
| 12 | 12 | calm |
| 13 | 12 | calm |
| 14 | 12 | calm |
| 15 | 12 | calm |
| 16 | 12 | calm |
| 17 | 12 | calm |
| 18 | 12 | calm |
| 19 | 12 | calm |
| 20 | 12 | calm |
| 21 | 12 | calm |
| 22 | 12 | calm |
| 23 | 12 | calm |
| 24 | 12 | calm |
| 25 | 12 | calm |
| 26 | 12 | calm |
| 27 | 12 | calm |
| 28 | 12 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in February
Daylight runs from about 11 h 30 min at the start of February to 11 h 48 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days grow by about 18 minutes over February. Sunrise moves from 6:37 AM to 6:30 AM, and sunset from 6:08 PM to 6:15 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 11.5 | 11.5 | 11.5 | 11.5 | 11.5 | 11.6 | 11.6 | 11.6 | 11.6 | 11.6 | 11.6 | 11.6 | 11.6 | 11.6 | 11.6 | 11.6 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.8 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 6:37 | 6:37 | 6:37 | 6:37 | 6:37 | 6:37 | 6:36 | 6:36 | 6:36 | 6:36 | 6:36 | 6:35 | 6:35 | 6:35 | 6:35 | 6:34 | 6:34 | 6:34 | 6:33 | 6:33 | 6:33 | 6:32 | 6:32 | 6:31 | 6:31 | 6:31 | 6:30 | 6:30 |
| Sunset (PM) | 6:08 | 6:08 | 6:09 | 6:09 | 6:09 | 6:10 | 6:10 | 6:10 | 6:11 | 6:11 | 6:11 | 6:12 | 6:12 | 6:12 | 6:13 | 6:13 | 6:13 | 6:13 | 6:14 | 6:14 | 6:14 | 6:14 | 6:14 | 6:14 | 6:15 | 6:15 | 6:15 | 6:15 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 11.5 | 6:37 | 6:08 |
| 2 | 11.5 | 6:37 | 6:08 |
| 3 | 11.5 | 6:37 | 6:09 |
| 4 | 11.5 | 6:37 | 6:09 |
| 5 | 11.5 | 6:37 | 6:09 |
| 6 | 11.6 | 6:37 | 6:10 |
| 7 | 11.6 | 6:36 | 6:10 |
| 8 | 11.6 | 6:36 | 6:10 |
| 9 | 11.6 | 6:36 | 6:11 |
| 10 | 11.6 | 6:36 | 6:11 |
| 11 | 11.6 | 6:36 | 6:11 |
| 12 | 11.6 | 6:35 | 6:12 |
| 13 | 11.6 | 6:35 | 6:12 |
| 14 | 11.6 | 6:35 | 6:12 |
| 15 | 11.6 | 6:35 | 6:13 |
| 16 | 11.6 | 6:34 | 6:13 |
| 17 | 11.7 | 6:34 | 6:13 |
| 18 | 11.7 | 6:34 | 6:13 |
| 19 | 11.7 | 6:33 | 6:14 |
| 20 | 11.7 | 6:33 | 6:14 |
| 21 | 11.7 | 6:33 | 6:14 |
| 22 | 11.7 | 6:32 | 6:14 |
| 23 | 11.7 | 6:32 | 6:14 |
| 24 | 11.7 | 6:31 | 6:14 |
| 25 | 11.7 | 6:31 | 6:15 |
| 26 | 11.7 | 6:31 | 6:15 |
| 27 | 11.7 | 6:30 | 6:15 |
| 28 | 11.8 | 6:30 | 6:15 |
Solar energy in February
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in February, about 6.64 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 4.98 kWh/m² to a high of 7.14 kWh/m² in March across the year — February's 6.64 kWh/m² sits near the top of that range.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 6.4 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 6.5 | 6.5 | 6.5 | 6.5 | 6.5 | 6.5 | 6.6 | 6.6 | 6.6 | 6.6 | 6.6 | 6.7 | 6.7 | 6.7 | 6.7 | 6.7 | 6.7 | 6.8 | 6.8 | 6.8 | 6.8 | 6.8 | 6.8 | 6.9 | 6.9 |
| Level | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 6.4 | Intense |
| 2 | 6.4 | Intense |
| 3 | 6.4 | Intense |
| 4 | 6.5 | Intense |
| 5 | 6.5 | Intense |
| 6 | 6.5 | Intense |
| 7 | 6.5 | Intense |
| 8 | 6.5 | Intense |
| 9 | 6.5 | Intense |
| 10 | 6.6 | Intense |
| 11 | 6.6 | Intense |
| 12 | 6.6 | Intense |
| 13 | 6.6 | Intense |
| 14 | 6.6 | Intense |
| 15 | 6.7 | Intense |
| 16 | 6.7 | Intense |
| 17 | 6.7 | Intense |
| 18 | 6.7 | Intense |
| 19 | 6.7 | Intense |
| 20 | 6.7 | Intense |
| 21 | 6.8 | Intense |
| 22 | 6.8 | Intense |
| 23 | 6.8 | Intense |
| 24 | 6.8 | Intense |
| 25 | 6.8 | Intense |
| 26 | 6.8 | Intense |
| 27 | 6.9 | Intense |
| 28 | 6.9 | Intense |
Hazard calendar for Damboa
In February, Damboa sits inside its dust season. The full year is below, with each hazard's peak months called out.
Damboa's monsoon runs July–September, when most of the year's rain falls.
Damboa sees seasonal dust haze (January–July), heaviest in March.
Is February a good time to visit Damboa?
Our two travel scores rate February for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
February is a weaker month for outdoor sightseeing in Damboa. The water and warmth also suit a beach or pool day.
What to pack for Damboa in February
From February's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In February, Damboa sees daytime highs around 35°C and nights near 18°C. Pack light clothes and sun protection.
UV index in Damboa in February
Clear-sky midday UV in February peaks around 8 (very high — sun protection essential). The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Damboa peaks around August 17 at about 12 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near December 18 at about 7 (high).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — every month of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 8 | 8 | 12 | 10 | 9 | 9 | 11 | 13 | 11 | 11 | 9 | 7 |
| Level | Very high | Very high | Extreme | Extreme | Very high | Very high | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Very high | High |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 8 | Very high |
| Feb | 8 | Very high |
| Mar | 12 | Extreme |
| Apr | 10 | Extreme |
| May | 9 | Very high |
| Jun | 9 | Very high |
| Jul | 11 | Extreme |
| Aug | 13 | Extreme |
| Sep | 11 | Extreme |
| Oct | 11 | Extreme |
| Nov | 9 | Very high |
| Dec | 7 | High |
Air quality in Damboa in February
Average fine-particle pollution (PM2.5) through the year — so you can see where February falls, not just the annual average.
Air quality in Damboa is worst in February — around 101 µg/m³ PM2.5 (unhealthy), about 4.5× the cleanest month (August, 22 µg/m³).
Modeled monthly averages (CAMS reanalysis, 2015–2024).
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | 94 | 101 | 97 | 70 | 42 | 34 | 23 | 22 | 28 | 55 | 68 | 87 |
| Level | Unhealthy | Unhealthy | Unhealthy | Unhealthy | Poor | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Poor | Unhealthy | Unhealthy |
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 94 | Unhealthy |
| Feb | 101 | Unhealthy |
| Mar | 97 | Unhealthy |
| Apr | 70 | Unhealthy |
| May | 42 | Poor |
| Jun | 34 | Moderate |
| Jul | 23 | Moderate |
| Aug | 22 | Moderate |
| Sep | 28 | Moderate |
| Oct | 55 | Poor |
| Nov | 68 | Unhealthy |
| Dec | 87 | Unhealthy |
Where is Damboa?
Damboa sits at 11.2°N, 12.8°E, 401 m above sea level, in Nigeria. The nearest listed city is Biu, 86 km away.
Topography around Damboa
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Damboa.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Damboa has only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 21 m around an average of 396 m above sea level; within 16 km, only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 90 m; within 80 km, significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 536 m.
The land around Damboa is covered by cropland (65%) within 3 km, grassland (46%), cropland (31%) and shrubs (22%) within 16 km, and grassland (52%), shrubs (26%) and cropland (21%) within 80 km.
Nigeria travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 3
- Reconsider Travel
- Power plugs
- Type D / G
- 230 V · 50 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 13% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $1,224
- 2025
- Happiness
- 4.8 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 30%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 15.7
- per 100k, 2023
- Road deaths
- 20.7
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- Lower middle
- World Bank
- English
- High
- EF EPI 569
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Damboa (11.1553°, 12.7564°, elevation 401 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Monthly air-quality (PM2.5) seasonality is from the CAMS EAC4 reanalysis (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service), scaled to the WHO annual mean where available. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).