Centenario weather in November
In November, Centenario sees average daytime highs of 11°C and overnight lows near 1°C, with 197 mm of precipitation across 25.8 wet days and about 12.4 hours of daylight. It is the 1st-warmest and 6th-wettest month of the year here.
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 11°C through the month. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 3% of the time in November, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 12 h 18 min at the start of November to 12 h 30 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, November is Centenario's 8th-clearest and 9th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Centenario's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 11°
- 1st warmest
- Overnight low
- 1°
- 7th coldest
- Precipitation
- 197 mm
- 25.8 wet days
- Daylight
- 12 h 24 min
- 5:42 AM – 6:09 PM
- Cloud cover
- 85%
- 8th clearest
- Wind
- 4 km/h
- 9th windiest
- Solar energy
- 6.36 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 1.6
- out of 10
Centenario is city in Ancash, Peru.
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in November
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 11°C through the month.
A typical November day in Centenario reaches about 11°C in the afternoon and slips back to 1°C overnight — a 10°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 9°C and 13°C. Set against its neighbours, November runs on par with October and on par with December.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 |
| Avg low (°C) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 11 | 1 |
| 2 | 11 | 1 |
| 3 | 11 | 1 |
| 4 | 11 | 1 |
| 5 | 11 | 1 |
| 6 | 11 | 1 |
| 7 | 11 | 1 |
| 8 | 11 | 1 |
| 9 | 11 | 1 |
| 10 | 11 | 1 |
| 11 | 11 | 1 |
| 12 | 11 | 1 |
| 13 | 11 | 1 |
| 14 | 11 | 1 |
| 15 | 11 | 1 |
| 16 | 11 | 1 |
| 17 | 11 | 1 |
| 18 | 11 | 1 |
| 19 | 11 | 1 |
| 20 | 11 | 1 |
| 21 | 11 | 1 |
| 22 | 11 | 1 |
| 23 | 11 | 1 |
| 24 | 11 | 1 |
| 25 | 11 | 1 |
| 26 | 11 | 1 |
| 27 | 11 | 1 |
| 28 | 11 | 1 |
| 29 | 11 | 1 |
| 30 | 11 | 1 |
How November really feels in Centenario
Once humidity and wind are folded in, November averages 0 days that feel above 32°C and 0 that feel at or below 0°C — the comfort signal a plain temperature reading hides.
November sits comfortably in between — no days that feel dangerously hot or drop to a hard freeze once humidity and wind are folded in.
Centenario weather by month
How November compares with the rest of the year at a glance. November is the 1st-warmest and 6th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Snow days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 11° / 2° | 217 | 29.2 | 4.8 | 12.5 | 1.4 |
| Feb | 11° / 2° | 221 | 26.6 | 4.9 | 12.3 | 1.4 |
| Mar | 11° / 2° | 252 | 30.2 | 4.6 | 12.1 | 1.4 |
| Apr | 11° / 1° | 168 | 27.5 | 1.3 | 11.8 | 1.5 |
| May | 11° / 1° | 114 | 22.4 | 0.7 | 11.6 | 1.9 |
| Jun | 11° / -0° | 62 | 14.8 | 0.7 | 11.5 | 2.3 |
| Jul | 11° / -1° | 56 | 13.2 | 1.3 | 11.5 | 2.5 |
| Aug | 11° / -1° | 82 | 17.1 | 1.7 | 11.7 | 2.3 |
| Sep | 11° / 0° | 163 | 25 | 4.1 | 11.9 | 1.6 |
| Oct | 11° / 1° | 219 | 28.2 | 4.6 | 12.2 | 1.5 |
| Nov | 11° / 1° | 197 | 25.8 | 3.9 | 12.4 | 1.6 |
| Dec | 11° / 1° | 229 | 28.2 | 4.5 | 12.5 | 1.5 |
Cloud cover in November
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 3% of the time in November.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 5% of November, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 91%.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 8 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 |
| Cloudier (%) | 92 | 91 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 89 | 89 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 91 | 91 | 91 | 91 | 91 | 92 | 93 | 93 | 93 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 8 | 92 |
| 2 | 9 | 91 |
| 3 | 10 | 90 |
| 4 | 10 | 90 |
| 5 | 10 | 90 |
| 6 | 11 | 89 |
| 7 | 11 | 89 |
| 8 | 10 | 90 |
| 9 | 10 | 90 |
| 10 | 10 | 90 |
| 11 | 10 | 90 |
| 12 | 10 | 90 |
| 13 | 10 | 90 |
| 14 | 9 | 91 |
| 15 | 9 | 91 |
| 16 | 9 | 91 |
| 17 | 9 | 91 |
| 18 | 9 | 91 |
| 19 | 8 | 92 |
| 20 | 7 | 93 |
| 21 | 7 | 93 |
| 22 | 7 | 93 |
| 23 | 6 | 94 |
| 24 | 6 | 94 |
| 25 | 6 | 94 |
| 26 | 6 | 94 |
| 27 | 6 | 94 |
| 28 | 6 | 94 |
| 29 | 6 | 94 |
| 30 | 6 | 94 |
Chance of precipitation in November
Centenario gets around 197 mm of rain and snow over 25.8 wet days in November. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable precipitation averages around 87% and peaks near 88% on the wettest days, and about 4 days bring snow.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 88 | 87 | 87 | 86 | 86 | 86 | 86 | 86 | 86 | 86 | 87 | 87 | 87 | 88 | 88 | 88 | 88 | 88 | 88 | 88 | 88 | 87 | 87 | 87 | 87 | 87 | 86 | 86 | 86 | 86 |
| Snow chance (%) | 16 | 16 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 |
| Rain chance (%) | Snow chance (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 88 | 16 |
| 2 | 87 | 16 |
| 3 | 87 | 15 |
| 4 | 86 | 15 |
| 5 | 86 | 15 |
| 6 | 86 | 14 |
| 7 | 86 | 14 |
| 8 | 86 | 14 |
| 9 | 86 | 14 |
| 10 | 86 | 14 |
| 11 | 87 | 14 |
| 12 | 87 | 14 |
| 13 | 87 | 14 |
| 14 | 88 | 14 |
| 15 | 88 | 14 |
| 16 | 88 | 14 |
| 17 | 88 | 14 |
| 18 | 88 | 13 |
| 19 | 88 | 13 |
| 20 | 88 | 13 |
| 21 | 88 | 13 |
| 22 | 87 | 13 |
| 23 | 87 | 13 |
| 24 | 87 | 13 |
| 25 | 87 | 13 |
| 26 | 87 | 13 |
| 27 | 86 | 13 |
| 28 | 86 | 13 |
| 29 | 86 | 13 |
| 30 | 86 | 13 |
Humidity in November
Most of November feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, November lands in the dry band about 100% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| Dry (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 100 |
| 2 | 100 |
| 3 | 100 |
| 4 | 100 |
| 5 | 100 |
| 6 | 100 |
| 7 | 100 |
| 8 | 100 |
| 9 | 100 |
| 10 | 100 |
| 11 | 100 |
| 12 | 100 |
| 13 | 100 |
| 14 | 100 |
| 15 | 100 |
| 16 | 100 |
| 17 | 100 |
| 18 | 100 |
| 19 | 100 |
| 20 | 100 |
| 21 | 100 |
| 22 | 100 |
| 23 | 100 |
| 24 | 100 |
| 25 | 100 |
| 26 | 100 |
| 27 | 100 |
| 28 | 100 |
| 29 | 100 |
| 30 | 100 |
Wind in November
Winds average 4 km/h in November.
Across November, daily wind ranges from about 4 km/h on the calmest days to 4 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 4 | calm |
| 2 | 4 | calm |
| 3 | 4 | calm |
| 4 | 4 | calm |
| 5 | 4 | calm |
| 6 | 4 | calm |
| 7 | 4 | calm |
| 8 | 4 | calm |
| 9 | 4 | calm |
| 10 | 4 | calm |
| 11 | 4 | calm |
| 12 | 4 | calm |
| 13 | 4 | calm |
| 14 | 4 | calm |
| 15 | 4 | calm |
| 16 | 4 | calm |
| 17 | 4 | calm |
| 18 | 4 | calm |
| 19 | 4 | calm |
| 20 | 4 | calm |
| 21 | 4 | calm |
| 22 | 4 | calm |
| 23 | 4 | calm |
| 24 | 4 | calm |
| 25 | 4 | calm |
| 26 | 4 | calm |
| 27 | 4 | calm |
| 28 | 4 | calm |
| 29 | 4 | calm |
| 30 | 4 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in November
Daylight runs from about 12 h 18 min at the start of November to 12 h 30 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days grow by about 12 minutes over November. Sunrise moves from 5:43 AM to 5:44 AM, and sunset from 6:04 PM to 6:15 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 12.3 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.5 | 12.5 | 12.5 | 12.5 | 12.5 | 12.5 | 12.5 | 12.5 | 12.5 | 12.5 | 12.5 | 12.5 | 12.5 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 5:43 | 5:43 | 5:43 | 5:43 | 5:43 | 5:43 | 5:42 | 5:42 | 5:42 | 5:42 | 5:42 | 5:42 | 5:42 | 5:42 | 5:42 | 5:42 | 5:42 | 5:42 | 5:42 | 5:42 | 5:42 | 5:43 | 5:43 | 5:43 | 5:43 | 5:43 | 5:43 | 5:44 | 5:44 | 5:44 |
| Sunset (PM) | 6:04 | 6:04 | 6:04 | 6:05 | 6:05 | 6:05 | 6:06 | 6:06 | 6:06 | 6:07 | 6:07 | 6:07 | 6:08 | 6:08 | 6:08 | 6:09 | 6:09 | 6:09 | 6:10 | 6:10 | 6:11 | 6:11 | 6:12 | 6:12 | 6:13 | 6:13 | 6:13 | 6:14 | 6:14 | 6:15 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 12.3 | 5:43 | 6:04 |
| 2 | 12.4 | 5:43 | 6:04 |
| 3 | 12.4 | 5:43 | 6:04 |
| 4 | 12.4 | 5:43 | 6:05 |
| 5 | 12.4 | 5:43 | 6:05 |
| 6 | 12.4 | 5:43 | 6:05 |
| 7 | 12.4 | 5:42 | 6:06 |
| 8 | 12.4 | 5:42 | 6:06 |
| 9 | 12.4 | 5:42 | 6:06 |
| 10 | 12.4 | 5:42 | 6:07 |
| 11 | 12.4 | 5:42 | 6:07 |
| 12 | 12.4 | 5:42 | 6:07 |
| 13 | 12.4 | 5:42 | 6:08 |
| 14 | 12.4 | 5:42 | 6:08 |
| 15 | 12.4 | 5:42 | 6:08 |
| 16 | 12.4 | 5:42 | 6:09 |
| 17 | 12.4 | 5:42 | 6:09 |
| 18 | 12.5 | 5:42 | 6:09 |
| 19 | 12.5 | 5:42 | 6:10 |
| 20 | 12.5 | 5:42 | 6:10 |
| 21 | 12.5 | 5:42 | 6:11 |
| 22 | 12.5 | 5:43 | 6:11 |
| 23 | 12.5 | 5:43 | 6:12 |
| 24 | 12.5 | 5:43 | 6:12 |
| 25 | 12.5 | 5:43 | 6:13 |
| 26 | 12.5 | 5:43 | 6:13 |
| 27 | 12.5 | 5:43 | 6:13 |
| 28 | 12.5 | 5:44 | 6:14 |
| 29 | 12.5 | 5:44 | 6:14 |
| 30 | 12.5 | 5:44 | 6:15 |
Solar energy in November
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in November, about 6.36 kWh/m² — the sunniest month for solar.
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 5.2 kWh/m² to a high of 6.36 kWh/m² in November across the year — November's 6.36 kWh/m² sits near the top of that range.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.2 | 6.2 | 6.2 | 6.2 | 6.2 | 6.2 |
| Level | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 6.3 | Intense |
| 2 | 6.3 | Intense |
| 3 | 6.3 | Intense |
| 4 | 6.3 | Intense |
| 5 | 6.3 | Intense |
| 6 | 6.3 | Intense |
| 7 | 6.4 | Intense |
| 8 | 6.4 | Intense |
| 9 | 6.4 | Intense |
| 10 | 6.4 | Intense |
| 11 | 6.4 | Intense |
| 12 | 6.4 | Intense |
| 13 | 6.4 | Intense |
| 14 | 6.4 | Intense |
| 15 | 6.4 | Intense |
| 16 | 6.3 | Intense |
| 17 | 6.3 | Intense |
| 18 | 6.3 | Intense |
| 19 | 6.3 | Intense |
| 20 | 6.3 | Intense |
| 21 | 6.3 | Intense |
| 22 | 6.3 | Intense |
| 23 | 6.3 | Intense |
| 24 | 6.3 | Intense |
| 25 | 6.2 | Intense |
| 26 | 6.2 | Intense |
| 27 | 6.2 | Intense |
| 28 | 6.2 | Intense |
| 29 | 6.2 | Intense |
| 30 | 6.2 | Intense |
Is November a good time to visit Centenario?
Our two travel scores rate November for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
November is a weaker month for outdoor sightseeing in Centenario.
What to pack for Centenario in November
From November's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In November, Centenario sees daytime highs around 11°C and nights near 1°C. Pack a warm layer, rain gear and sun protection. About 26 days see rain.
UV index in Centenario in November
Clear-sky midday UV in November peaks around 17 (very high — sun protection essential). The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Centenario peaks around February 14 at about 19 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near June 21 at about 11 (extreme).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — every month of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 18 | 20 | 18 | 16 | 14 | 11 | 12 | 14 | 15 | 18 | 17 | 16 |
| Level | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 18 | Extreme |
| Feb | 20 | Extreme |
| Mar | 18 | Extreme |
| Apr | 16 | Extreme |
| May | 14 | Extreme |
| Jun | 11 | Extreme |
| Jul | 12 | Extreme |
| Aug | 14 | Extreme |
| Sep | 15 | Extreme |
| Oct | 18 | Extreme |
| Nov | 17 | Extreme |
| Dec | 16 | Extreme |
Where is Centenario?
Centenario sits at 9.5°S, 77.5°W, 3,039 m above sea level, in Peru. The nearest listed city is Huaraz, 1.0 km away.
Topography around Centenario
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Centenario.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Centenario has significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 463 m around an average of 3,161 m above sea level; within 16 km, extreme variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 3,012 m; within 80 km, extreme variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 6,676 m.
The land around Centenario is covered by artificial surfaces (31%), trees (25%) and grassland (23%) within 3 km, grassland (74%) within 16 km, and grassland (61%) and bare terrain (20%) within 80 km.
Peru travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 2
- Exercise Increased Caution
- Power plugs
- Type A / B / C
- 220 V · 60 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 51% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $9,684
- 2025
- Happiness
- 6.0 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 49%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 8.6
- per 100k, 2021
- Road deaths
- 13.6
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- Upper middle
- World Bank
- English
- Moderate
- EF EPI 519
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Centenario (-9.5166°, -77.5305°, elevation 3,039 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).