Cusco weather in February
In February, Cusco sees average daytime highs of 14°C and overnight lows near 6°C, with 214 mm of precipitation across 26.1 wet days and about 12.5 hours of daylight. It is the 10th-warmest and 2nd-wettest month of the year here.
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 14°C through the month. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 0% of the time in February, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 12 h 36 min at the start of February to 12 h 18 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, February is Cusco's 12th-clearest and 7th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Cusco's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 14°
- 10th warmest
- Overnight low
- 6°
- 10th coldest
- Precipitation
- 214 mm
- 26.1 wet days
- Daylight
- 12 h 24 min
- 5:49 AM – 6:16 PM
- Cloud cover
- 93%
- 12th clearest
- Wind
- 3 km/h
- 7th windiest
- Solar energy
- 5.15 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 2.2
- out of 10
Cusco is historic city of Peru, capital of the Department of Cusco.
- Density
- 1,113/km²
- people per km²
- Founded
- 1534
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in February
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 14°C through the month.
A typical February day in Cusco reaches about 14°C in the afternoon and slips back to 6°C overnight — a 8°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 12°C and 16°C. Set against its neighbours, February runs on par with January and on par with March.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 |
| Avg low (°C) | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 14 | 6 |
| 2 | 14 | 6 |
| 3 | 14 | 6 |
| 4 | 14 | 6 |
| 5 | 14 | 6 |
| 6 | 14 | 6 |
| 7 | 14 | 6 |
| 8 | 14 | 6 |
| 9 | 14 | 6 |
| 10 | 14 | 6 |
| 11 | 14 | 6 |
| 12 | 14 | 6 |
| 13 | 14 | 6 |
| 14 | 14 | 6 |
| 15 | 14 | 6 |
| 16 | 14 | 6 |
| 17 | 14 | 6 |
| 18 | 14 | 6 |
| 19 | 14 | 6 |
| 20 | 14 | 6 |
| 21 | 14 | 6 |
| 22 | 14 | 6 |
| 23 | 14 | 6 |
| 24 | 14 | 6 |
| 25 | 14 | 6 |
| 26 | 14 | 6 |
| 27 | 14 | 6 |
| 28 | 14 | 6 |
Cusco weather by month
How February compares with the rest of the year at a glance. February is the 10th-warmest and 2nd-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Snow days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 14° / 6° | 229 | 28.8 | 0.7 | 12.7 | 2.3 |
| Feb | 14° / 6° | 214 | 26.1 | 0.3 | 12.5 | 2.2 |
| Mar | 14° / 5° | 170 | 27.4 | 0.3 | 12.1 | 2.4 |
| Apr | 14° / 5° | 76 | 18.6 | 0 | 11.7 | 3.2 |
| May | 14° / 3° | 24 | 8.1 | 0 | 11.4 | 4.5 |
| Jun | 14° / 2° | 12 | 3.3 | 0.1 | 11.2 | 4.9 |
| Jul | 14° / 2° | 11 | 3.1 | 0.1 | 11.3 | 5.0 |
| Aug | 15° / 2° | 22 | 6.5 | 0.5 | 11.6 | 4.9 |
| Sep | 15° / 4° | 37 | 13.1 | 0 | 11.9 | 4.3 |
| Oct | 16° / 5° | 84 | 20.3 | 0.1 | 12.3 | 3.5 |
| Nov | 16° / 6° | 116 | 22.8 | 0.3 | 12.6 | 3.1 |
| Dec | 15° / 6° | 197 | 27.5 | 0.5 | 12.8 | 2.5 |
Cloud cover in February
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 0% of the time in February, the cloudiest month of the year.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 2% of February, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 98%.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
| Cloudier (%) | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 3 | 97 |
| 2 | 3 | 97 |
| 3 | 3 | 97 |
| 4 | 3 | 97 |
| 5 | 3 | 97 |
| 6 | 3 | 97 |
| 7 | 3 | 97 |
| 8 | 3 | 97 |
| 9 | 3 | 97 |
| 10 | 2 | 98 |
| 11 | 2 | 98 |
| 12 | 2 | 98 |
| 13 | 2 | 98 |
| 14 | 2 | 98 |
| 15 | 2 | 98 |
| 16 | 2 | 98 |
| 17 | 2 | 98 |
| 18 | 2 | 98 |
| 19 | 2 | 98 |
| 20 | 2 | 98 |
| 21 | 2 | 98 |
| 22 | 2 | 98 |
| 23 | 2 | 98 |
| 24 | 2 | 98 |
| 25 | 2 | 98 |
| 26 | 2 | 98 |
| 27 | 2 | 98 |
| 28 | 2 | 98 |
Chance of precipitation in February
Cusco gets around 214 mm of rain and snow over 26.1 wet days in February. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable precipitation averages around 93% and peaks near 94% on the wettest days, and about 0 day brings snow.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 91 | 91 | 92 | 92 | 92 | 92 | 92 | 93 | 93 | 93 | 93 | 93 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 |
| Snow chance (%) | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Rain chance (%) | Snow chance (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 91 | 2 |
| 2 | 91 | 2 |
| 3 | 92 | 2 |
| 4 | 92 | 1 |
| 5 | 92 | 1 |
| 6 | 92 | 1 |
| 7 | 92 | 1 |
| 8 | 93 | 1 |
| 9 | 93 | 1 |
| 10 | 93 | 1 |
| 11 | 93 | 1 |
| 12 | 93 | 1 |
| 13 | 94 | 1 |
| 14 | 94 | 1 |
| 15 | 94 | 1 |
| 16 | 94 | 1 |
| 17 | 94 | 1 |
| 18 | 94 | 1 |
| 19 | 94 | 1 |
| 20 | 94 | 1 |
| 21 | 94 | 1 |
| 22 | 94 | 1 |
| 23 | 94 | 1 |
| 24 | 94 | 1 |
| 25 | 94 | 1 |
| 26 | 94 | 1 |
| 27 | 94 | 1 |
| 28 | 94 | 1 |
Humidity in February
Most of February feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, February lands in the dry band about 100% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| Dry (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 100 |
| 2 | 100 |
| 3 | 100 |
| 4 | 100 |
| 5 | 100 |
| 6 | 100 |
| 7 | 100 |
| 8 | 100 |
| 9 | 100 |
| 10 | 100 |
| 11 | 100 |
| 12 | 100 |
| 13 | 100 |
| 14 | 100 |
| 15 | 100 |
| 16 | 100 |
| 17 | 100 |
| 18 | 100 |
| 19 | 100 |
| 20 | 100 |
| 21 | 100 |
| 22 | 100 |
| 23 | 100 |
| 24 | 100 |
| 25 | 100 |
| 26 | 100 |
| 27 | 100 |
| 28 | 100 |
Wind in February
Winds average 3 km/h in February.
Across February, daily wind ranges from about 3 km/h on the calmest days to 4 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 4 | calm |
| 2 | 4 | calm |
| 3 | 4 | calm |
| 4 | 4 | calm |
| 5 | 4 | calm |
| 6 | 4 | calm |
| 7 | 4 | calm |
| 8 | 4 | calm |
| 9 | 4 | calm |
| 10 | 4 | calm |
| 11 | 4 | calm |
| 12 | 4 | calm |
| 13 | 4 | calm |
| 14 | 4 | calm |
| 15 | 4 | calm |
| 16 | 4 | calm |
| 17 | 3 | calm |
| 18 | 3 | calm |
| 19 | 3 | calm |
| 20 | 3 | calm |
| 21 | 3 | calm |
| 22 | 3 | calm |
| 23 | 3 | calm |
| 24 | 3 | calm |
| 25 | 3 | calm |
| 26 | 3 | calm |
| 27 | 3 | calm |
| 28 | 3 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in February
Daylight runs from about 12 h 36 min at the start of February to 12 h 18 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days shrink by about 18 minutes over February. Sunrise moves from 5:44 AM to 5:52 AM, and sunset from 6:19 PM to 6:10 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 12.6 | 12.6 | 12.6 | 12.6 | 12.6 | 12.5 | 12.5 | 12.5 | 12.5 | 12.5 | 12.5 | 12.5 | 12.5 | 12.5 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 5:44 | 5:44 | 5:44 | 5:45 | 5:45 | 5:46 | 5:46 | 5:47 | 5:47 | 5:47 | 5:48 | 5:48 | 5:48 | 5:49 | 5:49 | 5:49 | 5:50 | 5:50 | 5:50 | 5:51 | 5:51 | 5:51 | 5:51 | 5:52 | 5:52 | 5:52 | 5:52 | 5:52 |
| Sunset (PM) | 6:19 | 6:19 | 6:19 | 6:19 | 6:19 | 6:18 | 6:18 | 6:18 | 6:18 | 6:17 | 6:17 | 6:17 | 6:17 | 6:16 | 6:16 | 6:16 | 6:15 | 6:15 | 6:14 | 6:14 | 6:14 | 6:13 | 6:13 | 6:12 | 6:12 | 6:11 | 6:11 | 6:10 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 12.6 | 5:44 | 6:19 |
| 2 | 12.6 | 5:44 | 6:19 |
| 3 | 12.6 | 5:44 | 6:19 |
| 4 | 12.6 | 5:45 | 6:19 |
| 5 | 12.6 | 5:45 | 6:19 |
| 6 | 12.5 | 5:46 | 6:18 |
| 7 | 12.5 | 5:46 | 6:18 |
| 8 | 12.5 | 5:47 | 6:18 |
| 9 | 12.5 | 5:47 | 6:18 |
| 10 | 12.5 | 5:47 | 6:17 |
| 11 | 12.5 | 5:48 | 6:17 |
| 12 | 12.5 | 5:48 | 6:17 |
| 13 | 12.5 | 5:48 | 6:17 |
| 14 | 12.5 | 5:49 | 6:16 |
| 15 | 12.4 | 5:49 | 6:16 |
| 16 | 12.4 | 5:49 | 6:16 |
| 17 | 12.4 | 5:50 | 6:15 |
| 18 | 12.4 | 5:50 | 6:15 |
| 19 | 12.4 | 5:50 | 6:14 |
| 20 | 12.4 | 5:51 | 6:14 |
| 21 | 12.4 | 5:51 | 6:14 |
| 22 | 12.4 | 5:51 | 6:13 |
| 23 | 12.4 | 5:51 | 6:13 |
| 24 | 12.3 | 5:52 | 6:12 |
| 25 | 12.3 | 5:52 | 6:12 |
| 26 | 12.3 | 5:52 | 6:11 |
| 27 | 12.3 | 5:52 | 6:11 |
| 28 | 12.3 | 5:52 | 6:10 |
Solar energy in February
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in February, about 5.15 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 4.59 kWh/m² to a high of 6.11 kWh/m² in October across the year — February's 5.15 kWh/m² falls in the middle.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.2 |
| Level | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 5.4 | Bright |
| 2 | 5.4 | Bright |
| 3 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 4 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 5 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 6 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 7 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 8 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 9 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 10 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 11 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 12 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 13 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 14 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 15 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 16 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 17 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 18 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 19 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 20 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 21 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 22 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 23 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 24 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 25 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 26 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 27 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 28 | 5.2 | Bright |
Hazard calendar for Cusco
In February, Cusco sits inside its monsoon season. The full year is below, with each hazard's peak months called out.
Cusco's monsoon runs November–March, when most of the year's rain falls.
Is February a good time to visit Cusco?
Our two travel scores rate February for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
February is a weaker month for outdoor sightseeing in Cusco.
What to pack for Cusco in February
From February's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In February, Cusco sees daytime highs around 14°C and nights near 6°C. Pack rain gear. Worth having: a warm layer and sun protection. About 26 days see rain.
UV index in Cusco in February
Clear-sky midday UV in February peaks around 19 (very high — sun protection essential). The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Cusco peaks around February 10 at about 19 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near June 23 at about 10 (extreme).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — every month of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 19 | 19 | 17 | 15 | 12 | 10 | 10 | 13 | 14 | 16 | 17 | 16 |
| Level | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Very high | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 19 | Extreme |
| Feb | 19 | Extreme |
| Mar | 17 | Extreme |
| Apr | 15 | Extreme |
| May | 12 | Extreme |
| Jun | 10 | Very high |
| Jul | 10 | Extreme |
| Aug | 13 | Extreme |
| Sep | 14 | Extreme |
| Oct | 16 | Extreme |
| Nov | 17 | Extreme |
| Dec | 16 | Extreme |
Air quality in Cusco in February
Average fine-particle pollution (PM2.5) through the year — so you can see where February falls, not just the annual average.
Air quality in Cusco is worst in September — around 16 µg/m³ PM2.5 (moderate), about 2.7× the cleanest month (January, 6 µg/m³).
Modeled monthly averages (CAMS reanalysis, 2015–2024).
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | 6 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 13 | 16 | 10 | 8 | 6 |
| Level | Good | Good | Good | Good | Good | Good | Good | Moderate | Moderate | Good | Good | Good |
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 6 | Good |
| Feb | 7 | Good |
| Mar | 8 | Good |
| Apr | 8 | Good |
| May | 8 | Good |
| Jun | 8 | Good |
| Jul | 8 | Good |
| Aug | 13 | Moderate |
| Sep | 16 | Moderate |
| Oct | 10 | Good |
| Nov | 8 | Good |
| Dec | 6 | Good |
Where is Cusco?
Cusco sits at 13.5°S, 72.0°W, 3,312 m above sea level, in Peru. The nearest listed city is Wanchaq, 1.0 km away.
Topography around Cusco
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Cusco.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Cusco has significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 503 m around an average of 3,446 m above sea level; within 16 km, very significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 1,566 m; within 80 km, extreme variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 5,473 m.
The land around Cusco is covered by artificial surfaces (59%) and grassland (22%) within 3 km, grassland (74%) within 16 km, and grassland (77%) within 80 km.
Peru travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 2
- Exercise Increased Caution
- Power plugs
- Type A / B / C
- 220 V · 60 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 51% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $9,684
- 2025
- Happiness
- 6.0 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 49%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 8.6
- per 100k, 2021
- Road deaths
- 13.6
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- Upper middle
- World Bank
- English
- Moderate
- EF EPI 519
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Cusco (-13.5319°, -71.967°, elevation 3,312 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Monthly air-quality (PM2.5) seasonality is from the CAMS EAC4 reanalysis (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service), scaled to the WHO annual mean where available. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).