Ilave weather in September
In September, Ilave sees average daytime highs of 15°C and overnight lows near 4°C, with 50 mm of precipitation across 10.8 wet days and about 11.9 hours of daylight. It is the 3rd-warmest and 8th-wettest month of the year here.
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 15°C through the month. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 50% of the time in September, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 11 h 42 min at the start of September to 12 h 06 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, September is Ilave's 5th-clearest and 2nd-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Ilave's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 15°
- 3rd warmest
- Overnight low
- 4°
- 5th coldest
- Precipitation
- 50 mm
- 10.8 wet days
- Daylight
- 11 h 54 min
- 5:36 AM – 5:30 PM
- Cloud cover
- 41%
- 5th clearest
- Wind
- 9 km/h
- 2nd windiest
- Solar energy
- 7.32 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 4.7
- out of 10
Ilave is capital city of El Collao, Puno, Peru.
- Founded
- 1782
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in September
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 15°C through the month.
A typical September day in Ilave reaches about 15°C in the afternoon and slips back to 4°C overnight — a 11°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 13°C and 17°C. Set against its neighbours, September runs on par with August and on par with October.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 |
| Avg low (°C) | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 15 | 3 |
| 2 | 15 | 3 |
| 3 | 15 | 3 |
| 4 | 15 | 3 |
| 5 | 15 | 3 |
| 6 | 15 | 3 |
| 7 | 15 | 3 |
| 8 | 15 | 3 |
| 9 | 15 | 3 |
| 10 | 15 | 4 |
| 11 | 15 | 4 |
| 12 | 15 | 4 |
| 13 | 15 | 4 |
| 14 | 15 | 4 |
| 15 | 15 | 4 |
| 16 | 15 | 4 |
| 17 | 15 | 4 |
| 18 | 15 | 4 |
| 19 | 15 | 4 |
| 20 | 15 | 4 |
| 21 | 15 | 4 |
| 22 | 15 | 4 |
| 23 | 15 | 4 |
| 24 | 15 | 5 |
| 25 | 15 | 5 |
| 26 | 15 | 5 |
| 27 | 15 | 5 |
| 28 | 15 | 5 |
| 29 | 15 | 5 |
| 30 | 15 | 5 |
How September really feels in Ilave
Once humidity and wind are folded in, September averages 0 days that feel above 32°C and 0 that feel at or below 0°C — the comfort signal a plain temperature reading hides.
September sits comfortably in between — no days that feel dangerously hot or drop to a hard freeze once humidity and wind are folded in.
Ilave weather by month
How September compares with the rest of the year at a glance. September is the 3rd-warmest and 8th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Snow days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 14° / 7° | 222 | 27.8 | 0.3 | 12.9 | 2.4 |
| Feb | 14° / 7° | 202 | 25.3 | 0.5 | 12.5 | 2.3 |
| Mar | 14° / 6° | 164 | 25.6 | 0.3 | 12.1 | 2.6 |
| Apr | 14° / 5° | 75 | 15.9 | 0.2 | 11.6 | 3.7 |
| May | 15° / 2° | 22 | 6.3 | 0 | 11.3 | 5.0 |
| Jun | 14° / 1° | 12 | 3.3 | 0.2 | 11.1 | 5.1 |
| Jul | 14° / 1° | 12 | 3.2 | 0.5 | 11.1 | 5.1 |
| Aug | 14° / 2° | 24 | 6.1 | 0.7 | 11.5 | 5.0 |
| Sep | 15° / 4° | 50 | 10.8 | 0.7 | 11.9 | 4.7 |
| Oct | 16° / 6° | 76 | 14.7 | 0.9 | 12.4 | 4.3 |
| Nov | 16° / 7° | 77 | 16 | 0.2 | 12.8 | 4.2 |
| Dec | 15° / 7° | 153 | 23.5 | 0.3 | 12.9 | 3.0 |
Cloud cover in September
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 50% of the time in September.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 23% of September, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 27%. Skies tend to cloud over as the month goes on.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 84 | 83 | 83 | 82 | 81 | 81 | 80 | 78 | 78 | 77 | 76 | 75 | 74 | 73 | 72 | 72 | 71 | 71 | 70 | 69 | 69 | 69 | 68 | 68 | 68 | 67 | 67 | 66 | 66 | 65 |
| Cloudier (%) | 16 | 17 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 19 | 20 | 22 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 28 | 29 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 33 | 33 | 34 | 34 | 35 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 84 | 16 |
| 2 | 83 | 17 |
| 3 | 83 | 17 |
| 4 | 82 | 18 |
| 5 | 81 | 19 |
| 6 | 81 | 19 |
| 7 | 80 | 20 |
| 8 | 78 | 22 |
| 9 | 78 | 22 |
| 10 | 77 | 23 |
| 11 | 76 | 24 |
| 12 | 75 | 25 |
| 13 | 74 | 26 |
| 14 | 73 | 27 |
| 15 | 72 | 28 |
| 16 | 72 | 28 |
| 17 | 71 | 29 |
| 18 | 71 | 29 |
| 19 | 70 | 30 |
| 20 | 69 | 31 |
| 21 | 69 | 31 |
| 22 | 69 | 31 |
| 23 | 68 | 32 |
| 24 | 68 | 32 |
| 25 | 68 | 32 |
| 26 | 67 | 33 |
| 27 | 67 | 33 |
| 28 | 66 | 34 |
| 29 | 66 | 34 |
| 30 | 65 | 35 |
Chance of precipitation in September
Ilave gets around 50 mm of rain and snow over 10.8 wet days in September. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable precipitation averages around 36% and peaks near 42% on the wettest days, and about 1 day brings snow. The odds climb toward the end of the month.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 35 | 36 | 37 | 38 | 39 | 39 | 40 | 41 | 41 | 41 | 42 | 42 | 42 | 42 | 42 | 42 | 42 | 42 | 42 |
| Snow chance (%) | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 |
| Rain chance (%) | Snow chance (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 23 | 2 |
| 2 | 24 | 2 |
| 3 | 25 | 2 |
| 4 | 26 | 2 |
| 5 | 27 | 2 |
| 6 | 28 | 2 |
| 7 | 29 | 2 |
| 8 | 30 | 2 |
| 9 | 32 | 2 |
| 10 | 33 | 2 |
| 11 | 34 | 2 |
| 12 | 35 | 2 |
| 13 | 36 | 2 |
| 14 | 37 | 2 |
| 15 | 38 | 2 |
| 16 | 39 | 2 |
| 17 | 39 | 2 |
| 18 | 40 | 2 |
| 19 | 41 | 2 |
| 20 | 41 | 3 |
| 21 | 41 | 3 |
| 22 | 42 | 3 |
| 23 | 42 | 3 |
| 24 | 42 | 3 |
| 25 | 42 | 3 |
| 26 | 42 | 3 |
| 27 | 42 | 3 |
| 28 | 42 | 3 |
| 29 | 42 | 4 |
| 30 | 42 | 4 |
Humidity in September
Most of September feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, September lands in the dry band about 100% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| Dry (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 100 |
| 2 | 100 |
| 3 | 100 |
| 4 | 100 |
| 5 | 100 |
| 6 | 100 |
| 7 | 100 |
| 8 | 100 |
| 9 | 100 |
| 10 | 100 |
| 11 | 100 |
| 12 | 100 |
| 13 | 100 |
| 14 | 100 |
| 15 | 100 |
| 16 | 100 |
| 17 | 100 |
| 18 | 100 |
| 19 | 100 |
| 20 | 100 |
| 21 | 100 |
| 22 | 100 |
| 23 | 100 |
| 24 | 100 |
| 25 | 100 |
| 26 | 100 |
| 27 | 100 |
| 28 | 100 |
| 29 | 100 |
| 30 | 100 |
Wind in September
Winds average 9 km/h in September.
Across September, daily wind ranges from about 9 km/h on the calmest days to 9 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 9 | calm |
| 2 | 9 | calm |
| 3 | 9 | calm |
| 4 | 9 | calm |
| 5 | 9 | calm |
| 6 | 9 | calm |
| 7 | 9 | calm |
| 8 | 9 | calm |
| 9 | 9 | calm |
| 10 | 9 | calm |
| 11 | 9 | calm |
| 12 | 9 | calm |
| 13 | 9 | calm |
| 14 | 9 | calm |
| 15 | 9 | calm |
| 16 | 9 | calm |
| 17 | 9 | calm |
| 18 | 9 | calm |
| 19 | 9 | calm |
| 20 | 9 | calm |
| 21 | 9 | calm |
| 22 | 9 | calm |
| 23 | 9 | calm |
| 24 | 9 | calm |
| 25 | 9 | calm |
| 26 | 9 | calm |
| 27 | 9 | calm |
| 28 | 9 | calm |
| 29 | 9 | calm |
| 30 | 9 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in September
Daylight runs from about 11 h 42 min at the start of September to 12 h 06 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days grow by about 24 minutes over September. Sunrise moves from 5:48 AM to 5:24 AM, and sunset from 5:29 PM to 5:32 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 5:48 | 5:47 | 5:46 | 5:46 | 5:45 | 5:44 | 5:43 | 5:42 | 5:41 | 5:41 | 5:40 | 5:39 | 5:38 | 5:37 | 5:36 | 5:36 | 5:35 | 5:34 | 5:33 | 5:32 | 5:31 | 5:31 | 5:30 | 5:29 | 5:28 | 5:27 | 5:27 | 5:26 | 5:25 | 5:24 |
| Sunset (PM) | 5:29 | 5:29 | 5:29 | 5:29 | 5:29 | 5:29 | 5:29 | 5:30 | 5:30 | 5:30 | 5:30 | 5:30 | 5:30 | 5:30 | 5:30 | 5:30 | 5:30 | 5:31 | 5:31 | 5:31 | 5:31 | 5:31 | 5:31 | 5:31 | 5:31 | 5:31 | 5:31 | 5:32 | 5:32 | 5:32 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 11.7 | 5:48 | 5:29 |
| 2 | 11.7 | 5:47 | 5:29 |
| 3 | 11.7 | 5:46 | 5:29 |
| 4 | 11.7 | 5:46 | 5:29 |
| 5 | 11.7 | 5:45 | 5:29 |
| 6 | 11.8 | 5:44 | 5:29 |
| 7 | 11.8 | 5:43 | 5:29 |
| 8 | 11.8 | 5:42 | 5:30 |
| 9 | 11.8 | 5:41 | 5:30 |
| 10 | 11.8 | 5:41 | 5:30 |
| 11 | 11.8 | 5:40 | 5:30 |
| 12 | 11.8 | 5:39 | 5:30 |
| 13 | 11.9 | 5:38 | 5:30 |
| 14 | 11.9 | 5:37 | 5:30 |
| 15 | 11.9 | 5:36 | 5:30 |
| 16 | 11.9 | 5:36 | 5:30 |
| 17 | 11.9 | 5:35 | 5:30 |
| 18 | 11.9 | 5:34 | 5:31 |
| 19 | 12.0 | 5:33 | 5:31 |
| 20 | 12.0 | 5:32 | 5:31 |
| 21 | 12.0 | 5:31 | 5:31 |
| 22 | 12.0 | 5:31 | 5:31 |
| 23 | 12.0 | 5:30 | 5:31 |
| 24 | 12.0 | 5:29 | 5:31 |
| 25 | 12.1 | 5:28 | 5:31 |
| 26 | 12.1 | 5:27 | 5:31 |
| 27 | 12.1 | 5:27 | 5:31 |
| 28 | 12.1 | 5:26 | 5:32 |
| 29 | 12.1 | 5:25 | 5:32 |
| 30 | 12.1 | 5:24 | 5:32 |
Solar energy in September
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in September, about 7.32 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 5.53 kWh/m² to a high of 8.13 kWh/m² in November across the year — September's 7.32 kWh/m² falls in the middle.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 6.9 | 7.0 | 7.0 | 7.0 | 7.0 | 7.1 | 7.1 | 7.1 | 7.2 | 7.2 | 7.2 | 7.2 | 7.3 | 7.3 | 7.3 | 7.3 | 7.4 | 7.4 | 7.4 | 7.4 | 7.5 | 7.5 | 7.5 | 7.5 | 7.6 | 7.6 | 7.6 | 7.7 | 7.7 | 7.7 |
| Level | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 6.9 | Intense |
| 2 | 7.0 | Intense |
| 3 | 7.0 | Intense |
| 4 | 7.0 | Intense |
| 5 | 7.0 | Intense |
| 6 | 7.1 | Intense |
| 7 | 7.1 | Intense |
| 8 | 7.1 | Intense |
| 9 | 7.2 | Intense |
| 10 | 7.2 | Intense |
| 11 | 7.2 | Intense |
| 12 | 7.2 | Intense |
| 13 | 7.3 | Intense |
| 14 | 7.3 | Intense |
| 15 | 7.3 | Intense |
| 16 | 7.3 | Intense |
| 17 | 7.4 | Intense |
| 18 | 7.4 | Intense |
| 19 | 7.4 | Intense |
| 20 | 7.4 | Intense |
| 21 | 7.5 | Intense |
| 22 | 7.5 | Intense |
| 23 | 7.5 | Intense |
| 24 | 7.5 | Intense |
| 25 | 7.6 | Intense |
| 26 | 7.6 | Intense |
| 27 | 7.6 | Intense |
| 28 | 7.7 | Intense |
| 29 | 7.7 | Intense |
| 30 | 7.7 | Intense |
Hazard calendar for Ilave
None of Ilave's seasonal hazards are active in September. The full-year calendar below shows when the rainy season, cyclone risk and dust haze do peak.
Ilave's monsoon runs December–March, when most of the year's rain falls.
Is September a good time to visit Ilave?
Our two travel scores rate September for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
September is a reasonable time to visit Ilave for sightseeing.
What to pack for Ilave in September
From September's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In September, Ilave sees daytime highs around 15°C and nights near 4°C. Pack sun protection. Worth having: a warm layer and rain gear. About 11 days see rain.
UV index in Ilave in September
Clear-sky midday UV in September peaks around 14 (very high — sun protection essential). The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Ilave peaks around February 9 at about 19 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near June 21 at about 9 (very high).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — every month of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 19 | 19 | 16 | 14 | 11 | 9 | 10 | 13 | 14 | 17 | 17 | 17 |
| Level | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Very high | Very high | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 19 | Extreme |
| Feb | 19 | Extreme |
| Mar | 16 | Extreme |
| Apr | 14 | Extreme |
| May | 11 | Extreme |
| Jun | 9 | Very high |
| Jul | 10 | Very high |
| Aug | 13 | Extreme |
| Sep | 14 | Extreme |
| Oct | 17 | Extreme |
| Nov | 17 | Extreme |
| Dec | 17 | Extreme |
Where is Ilave?
Ilave sits at 16.1°S, 69.7°W, 3,841 m above sea level, in Peru. The nearest listed city is Puno, 47 km away.
Topography around Ilave
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Ilave.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Ilave has only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 135 m around an average of 3,850 m above sea level; within 16 km, large variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 743 m; within 80 km, very significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 1,579 m.
The land around Ilave is covered by grassland (47%) and cropland (40%) within 3 km, grassland (50%) and cropland (44%) within 16 km, and grassland (55%) and water (31%) within 80 km.
Peru travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 2
- Exercise Increased Caution
- Power plugs
- Type A / B / C
- 220 V · 60 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 51% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $9,684
- 2025
- Happiness
- 6.0 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 49%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 8.6
- per 100k, 2021
- Road deaths
- 13.6
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- Upper middle
- World Bank
- English
- Moderate
- EF EPI 519
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Ilave (-16.0833°, -69.6667°, elevation 3,841 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).