Junín weather in September
In September, Junín sees average daytime highs of 10°C and overnight lows near -1°C, with 93 mm of precipitation across 23.7 wet days and about 11.9 hours of daylight. It is the 9th-warmest and 8th-wettest month of the year here.
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 10°C through the month. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 11% of the time in September, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 11 h 48 min at the start of September to 12 h 06 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, September is Junín's 5th-clearest and 3rd-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Junín's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 10°
- 9th warmest
- Overnight low
- -1°
- 4th coldest
- Precipitation
- 93 mm
- 23.7 wet days
- Daylight
- 11 h 54 min
- 6:00 AM – 5:56 PM
- Cloud cover
- 68%
- 5th clearest
- Wind
- 6 km/h
- 3rd windiest
- Solar energy
- 6.4 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 1.4
- out of 10
Junín is capital city of Junín, Peru.
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in September
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 10°C through the month.
A typical September day in Junín reaches about 10°C in the afternoon and slips back to -1°C overnight — a 10°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 8°C and 12°C. Set against its neighbours, September runs on par with August and on par with October.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 |
| Avg low (°C) | -1 | -1 | -1 | -1 | -1 | -1 | -1 | -1 | -1 | -1 | -1 | -1 | -1 | -1 | -1 | -1 | -1 | -1 | -1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 10 | -1 |
| 2 | 10 | -1 |
| 3 | 10 | -1 |
| 4 | 10 | -1 |
| 5 | 10 | -1 |
| 6 | 10 | -1 |
| 7 | 10 | -1 |
| 8 | 10 | -1 |
| 9 | 10 | -1 |
| 10 | 10 | -1 |
| 11 | 10 | -1 |
| 12 | 10 | -1 |
| 13 | 10 | -1 |
| 14 | 10 | -1 |
| 15 | 10 | -1 |
| 16 | 10 | -1 |
| 17 | 10 | -1 |
| 18 | 10 | -1 |
| 19 | 10 | -1 |
| 20 | 10 | 0 |
| 21 | 10 | 0 |
| 22 | 10 | 0 |
| 23 | 10 | 0 |
| 24 | 10 | 0 |
| 25 | 10 | 0 |
| 26 | 10 | 0 |
| 27 | 10 | 0 |
| 28 | 10 | 0 |
| 29 | 10 | 0 |
| 30 | 10 | 0 |
How September really feels in Junín
Once humidity and wind are folded in, September averages 0 days that feel above 32°C and 30 that feel at or below 0°C — the comfort signal a plain temperature reading hides.
The story in September is cold — wind chill drags the overnight "feels like" below the raw low.
Junín weather by month
How September compares with the rest of the year at a glance. September is the 9th-warmest and 8th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Snow days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 10° / 1° | 203 | 28 | 8.5 | 12.6 | 1.4 |
| Feb | 10° / 1° | 206 | 26.6 | 8.2 | 12.4 | 1.3 |
| Mar | 10° / 1° | 200 | 29.3 | 7.2 | 12.1 | 1.3 |
| Apr | 10° / 1° | 110 | 25 | 3 | 11.8 | 1.4 |
| May | 10° / -1° | 62 | 19.5 | 1.8 | 11.5 | 1.8 |
| Jun | 10° / -2° | 33 | 11.6 | 1.5 | 11.4 | 2.0 |
| Jul | 9° / -2° | 32 | 11 | 2.7 | 11.4 | 2.0 |
| Aug | 9° / -2° | 51 | 15.9 | 4 | 11.6 | 1.8 |
| Sep | 10° / -1° | 93 | 23.7 | 5.1 | 11.9 | 1.4 |
| Oct | 10° / 0° | 138 | 26.9 | 6.1 | 12.3 | 1.4 |
| Nov | 11° / 1° | 148 | 24.9 | 5.2 | 12.5 | 1.6 |
| Dec | 11° / 1° | 196 | 27.7 | 8 | 12.6 | 1.5 |
Cloud cover in September
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 11% of the time in September.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 21% of September, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 69%. Skies tend to cloud over as the month goes on.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 51 | 49 | 48 | 48 | 47 | 44 | 43 | 41 | 39 | 37 | 35 | 34 | 32 | 31 | 29 | 28 | 26 | 25 | 23 | 22 | 21 | 21 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 19 |
| Cloudier (%) | 49 | 51 | 52 | 52 | 53 | 56 | 57 | 59 | 61 | 63 | 65 | 66 | 68 | 69 | 71 | 72 | 74 | 75 | 77 | 78 | 79 | 79 | 80 | 80 | 80 | 80 | 80 | 80 | 80 | 81 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 51 | 49 |
| 2 | 49 | 51 |
| 3 | 48 | 52 |
| 4 | 48 | 52 |
| 5 | 47 | 53 |
| 6 | 44 | 56 |
| 7 | 43 | 57 |
| 8 | 41 | 59 |
| 9 | 39 | 61 |
| 10 | 37 | 63 |
| 11 | 35 | 65 |
| 12 | 34 | 66 |
| 13 | 32 | 68 |
| 14 | 31 | 69 |
| 15 | 29 | 71 |
| 16 | 28 | 72 |
| 17 | 26 | 74 |
| 18 | 25 | 75 |
| 19 | 23 | 77 |
| 20 | 22 | 78 |
| 21 | 21 | 79 |
| 22 | 21 | 79 |
| 23 | 20 | 80 |
| 24 | 20 | 80 |
| 25 | 20 | 80 |
| 26 | 20 | 80 |
| 27 | 20 | 80 |
| 28 | 20 | 80 |
| 29 | 20 | 80 |
| 30 | 19 | 81 |
Chance of precipitation in September
Junín gets around 93 mm of rain and snow over 23.7 wet days in September. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable precipitation averages around 78% and peaks near 87% on the wettest days, and about 5 days bring snow. The odds climb toward the end of the month.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 66 | 67 | 67 | 68 | 69 | 70 | 71 | 72 | 73 | 74 | 75 | 76 | 76 | 78 | 79 | 80 | 81 | 82 | 83 | 83 | 84 | 85 | 85 | 85 | 86 | 86 | 86 | 87 | 87 | 87 |
| Snow chance (%) | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 15 | 15 | 16 | 16 | 17 | 17 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 20 | 20 | 20 |
| Rain chance (%) | Snow chance (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 66 | 13 |
| 2 | 67 | 13 |
| 3 | 67 | 13 |
| 4 | 68 | 13 |
| 5 | 69 | 14 |
| 6 | 70 | 14 |
| 7 | 71 | 14 |
| 8 | 72 | 15 |
| 9 | 73 | 15 |
| 10 | 74 | 16 |
| 11 | 75 | 16 |
| 12 | 76 | 17 |
| 13 | 76 | 17 |
| 14 | 78 | 18 |
| 15 | 79 | 18 |
| 16 | 80 | 18 |
| 17 | 81 | 19 |
| 18 | 82 | 19 |
| 19 | 83 | 19 |
| 20 | 83 | 19 |
| 21 | 84 | 20 |
| 22 | 85 | 20 |
| 23 | 85 | 20 |
| 24 | 85 | 20 |
| 25 | 86 | 19 |
| 26 | 86 | 19 |
| 27 | 86 | 19 |
| 28 | 87 | 20 |
| 29 | 87 | 20 |
| 30 | 87 | 20 |
Humidity in September
Most of September feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, September lands in the dry band about 100% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| Dry (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 100 |
| 2 | 100 |
| 3 | 100 |
| 4 | 100 |
| 5 | 100 |
| 6 | 100 |
| 7 | 100 |
| 8 | 100 |
| 9 | 100 |
| 10 | 100 |
| 11 | 100 |
| 12 | 100 |
| 13 | 100 |
| 14 | 100 |
| 15 | 100 |
| 16 | 100 |
| 17 | 100 |
| 18 | 100 |
| 19 | 100 |
| 20 | 100 |
| 21 | 100 |
| 22 | 100 |
| 23 | 100 |
| 24 | 100 |
| 25 | 100 |
| 26 | 100 |
| 27 | 100 |
| 28 | 100 |
| 29 | 100 |
| 30 | 100 |
Wind in September
Winds average 6 km/h in September.
Across September, daily wind ranges from about 6 km/h on the calmest days to 6 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 6 | calm |
| 2 | 6 | calm |
| 3 | 6 | calm |
| 4 | 6 | calm |
| 5 | 6 | calm |
| 6 | 6 | calm |
| 7 | 6 | calm |
| 8 | 6 | calm |
| 9 | 6 | calm |
| 10 | 6 | calm |
| 11 | 6 | calm |
| 12 | 6 | calm |
| 13 | 6 | calm |
| 14 | 6 | calm |
| 15 | 6 | calm |
| 16 | 6 | calm |
| 17 | 6 | calm |
| 18 | 6 | calm |
| 19 | 6 | calm |
| 20 | 6 | calm |
| 21 | 6 | calm |
| 22 | 6 | calm |
| 23 | 6 | calm |
| 24 | 6 | calm |
| 25 | 6 | calm |
| 26 | 6 | calm |
| 27 | 6 | calm |
| 28 | 6 | calm |
| 29 | 6 | calm |
| 30 | 6 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in September
Daylight runs from about 11 h 48 min at the start of September to 12 h 06 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days grow by about 18 minutes over September. Sunrise moves from 6:10 AM to 5:51 AM, and sunset from 5:57 PM to 5:56 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 6:10 | 6:10 | 6:09 | 6:08 | 6:08 | 6:07 | 6:06 | 6:06 | 6:05 | 6:04 | 6:04 | 6:03 | 6:02 | 6:02 | 6:01 | 6:00 | 5:59 | 5:59 | 5:58 | 5:57 | 5:57 | 5:56 | 5:55 | 5:55 | 5:54 | 5:53 | 5:53 | 5:52 | 5:51 | 5:51 |
| Sunset (PM) | 5:57 | 5:57 | 5:57 | 5:57 | 5:57 | 5:57 | 5:57 | 5:57 | 5:57 | 5:57 | 5:57 | 5:57 | 5:57 | 5:57 | 5:57 | 5:56 | 5:56 | 5:56 | 5:56 | 5:56 | 5:56 | 5:56 | 5:56 | 5:56 | 5:56 | 5:56 | 5:56 | 5:56 | 5:56 | 5:56 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 11.8 | 6:10 | 5:57 |
| 2 | 11.8 | 6:10 | 5:57 |
| 3 | 11.8 | 6:09 | 5:57 |
| 4 | 11.8 | 6:08 | 5:57 |
| 5 | 11.8 | 6:08 | 5:57 |
| 6 | 11.8 | 6:07 | 5:57 |
| 7 | 11.8 | 6:06 | 5:57 |
| 8 | 11.9 | 6:06 | 5:57 |
| 9 | 11.9 | 6:05 | 5:57 |
| 10 | 11.9 | 6:04 | 5:57 |
| 11 | 11.9 | 6:04 | 5:57 |
| 12 | 11.9 | 6:03 | 5:57 |
| 13 | 11.9 | 6:02 | 5:57 |
| 14 | 11.9 | 6:02 | 5:57 |
| 15 | 11.9 | 6:01 | 5:57 |
| 16 | 11.9 | 6:00 | 5:56 |
| 17 | 11.9 | 5:59 | 5:56 |
| 18 | 12.0 | 5:59 | 5:56 |
| 19 | 12.0 | 5:58 | 5:56 |
| 20 | 12.0 | 5:57 | 5:56 |
| 21 | 12.0 | 5:57 | 5:56 |
| 22 | 12.0 | 5:56 | 5:56 |
| 23 | 12.0 | 5:55 | 5:56 |
| 24 | 12.0 | 5:55 | 5:56 |
| 25 | 12.0 | 5:54 | 5:56 |
| 26 | 12.0 | 5:53 | 5:56 |
| 27 | 12.1 | 5:53 | 5:56 |
| 28 | 12.1 | 5:52 | 5:56 |
| 29 | 12.1 | 5:51 | 5:56 |
| 30 | 12.1 | 5:51 | 5:56 |
Solar energy in September
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in September, about 6.4 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 5.36 kWh/m² to a high of 6.55 kWh/m² in November across the year — September's 6.4 kWh/m² sits near the top of that range.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 6.4 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 6.5 | 6.5 | 6.5 |
| Level | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 6.4 | Intense |
| 2 | 6.4 | Intense |
| 3 | 6.4 | Intense |
| 4 | 6.4 | Intense |
| 5 | 6.4 | Intense |
| 6 | 6.4 | Intense |
| 7 | 6.4 | Intense |
| 8 | 6.4 | Intense |
| 9 | 6.4 | Intense |
| 10 | 6.4 | Intense |
| 11 | 6.4 | Intense |
| 12 | 6.4 | Intense |
| 13 | 6.4 | Intense |
| 14 | 6.4 | Intense |
| 15 | 6.4 | Intense |
| 16 | 6.4 | Intense |
| 17 | 6.4 | Intense |
| 18 | 6.4 | Intense |
| 19 | 6.4 | Intense |
| 20 | 6.4 | Intense |
| 21 | 6.4 | Intense |
| 22 | 6.4 | Intense |
| 23 | 6.4 | Intense |
| 24 | 6.4 | Intense |
| 25 | 6.4 | Intense |
| 26 | 6.4 | Intense |
| 27 | 6.4 | Intense |
| 28 | 6.5 | Intense |
| 29 | 6.5 | Intense |
| 30 | 6.5 | Intense |
Hazard calendar for Junín
In September, Junín sits inside its rainy season season. The full year is below, with each hazard's peak months called out.
Junín's rainy season runs September–April, when most of the year's rain falls.
Is September a good time to visit Junín?
Our two travel scores rate September for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
September is a weaker month for outdoor sightseeing in Junín.
What to pack for Junín in September
From September's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In September, Junín sees daytime highs around 10°C and nights near -1°C. Pack a warm layer, rain gear and sun protection. About 24 days see rain.
UV index in Junín in September
Clear-sky midday UV in September peaks around 15 (very high — sun protection essential). The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Junín peaks around February 13 at about 19 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near June 23 at about 11 (extreme).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — every month of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 19 | 20 | 18 | 16 | 14 | 11 | 11 | 14 | 15 | 18 | 17 | 18 |
| Level | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 19 | Extreme |
| Feb | 20 | Extreme |
| Mar | 18 | Extreme |
| Apr | 16 | Extreme |
| May | 14 | Extreme |
| Jun | 11 | Extreme |
| Jul | 11 | Extreme |
| Aug | 14 | Extreme |
| Sep | 15 | Extreme |
| Oct | 18 | Extreme |
| Nov | 17 | Extreme |
| Dec | 18 | Extreme |
Where is Junín?
Junín sits at 11.2°S, 76.0°W, 4,117 m above sea level, in Peru. The nearest listed city is La Oroya, 41 km away.
Topography around Junín
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Junín.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Junín has only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 208 m around an average of 4,126 m above sea level; within 16 km, large variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 759 m; within 80 km, extreme variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 4,917 m.
The land around Junín is covered by grassland (47%) and wetland (39%) within 3 km, grassland (77%) within 16 km, and grassland (74%) within 80 km.
Peru travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 2
- Exercise Increased Caution
- Power plugs
- Type A / B / C
- 220 V · 60 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 51% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $9,684
- 2025
- Happiness
- 6.0 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 49%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 8.6
- per 100k, 2021
- Road deaths
- 13.6
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- Upper middle
- World Bank
- English
- Moderate
- EF EPI 519
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Junín (-11.159°, -75.993°, elevation 4,117 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).