Puno weather in July
In July, Puno sees average daytime highs of 15°C and overnight lows near -1°C, with 9 mm of precipitation across 2.8 wet days and about 11.2 hours of daylight. It is the 7th-warmest and 11th-wettest month of the year here.
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 15°C through the month. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 65% of the time in July, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 11 h 06 min at the start of July to 11 h 18 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, July is Puno's 1st-clearest and 1st-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Puno's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 15°
- 7th warmest
- Overnight low
- -1°
- 1st coldest
- Precipitation
- 9 mm
- 2.8 wet days
- Daylight
- 11 h 06 min
- 6:11 AM – 5:20 PM
- Cloud cover
- 30%
- 1st clearest
- Wind
- 9 km/h
- 1st windiest
- Solar energy
- 5.76 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 5.7
- out of 10
Puno is Capital city of Puno, Peru.
- Founded
- 1668
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in July
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 15°C through the month.
A typical July day in Puno reaches about 15°C in the afternoon and slips back to -1°C overnight — a 16°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 13°C and 17°C. Set against its neighbours, July runs on par with June and on par with August.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 |
| Avg low (°C) | -1 | -1 | -1 | -1 | -1 | -1 | -1 | -1 | -1 | -1 | -1 | -1 | -1 | -1 | -1 | -1 | -1 | -1 | -1 | -1 | -1 | -1 | -1 | -1 | -1 | -1 | -1 | -1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 15 | -1 |
| 2 | 15 | -1 |
| 3 | 15 | -1 |
| 4 | 15 | -1 |
| 5 | 15 | -1 |
| 6 | 15 | -1 |
| 7 | 15 | -1 |
| 8 | 15 | -1 |
| 9 | 15 | -1 |
| 10 | 15 | -1 |
| 11 | 15 | -1 |
| 12 | 15 | -1 |
| 13 | 15 | -1 |
| 14 | 15 | -1 |
| 15 | 15 | -1 |
| 16 | 15 | -1 |
| 17 | 15 | -1 |
| 18 | 15 | -1 |
| 19 | 15 | -1 |
| 20 | 15 | -1 |
| 21 | 15 | -1 |
| 22 | 15 | -1 |
| 23 | 15 | -1 |
| 24 | 15 | -1 |
| 25 | 15 | -1 |
| 26 | 15 | -1 |
| 27 | 15 | -1 |
| 28 | 15 | -1 |
| 29 | 15 | 0 |
| 30 | 15 | 0 |
| 31 | 15 | 0 |
How July really feels in Puno
Once humidity and wind are folded in, July averages 0 days that feel above 32°C and 31 that feel at or below 0°C — the comfort signal a plain temperature reading hides.
The story in July is cold — wind chill drags the overnight "feels like" below the raw low.
Puno weather by month
How July compares with the rest of the year at a glance. July is the 7th-warmest and 11th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Snow days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 14° / 6° | 224 | 27.7 | 0.9 | 12.8 | 2.4 |
| Feb | 14° / 6° | 205 | 25 | 0.5 | 12.5 | 2.4 |
| Mar | 14° / 5° | 174 | 26.1 | 0.4 | 12.1 | 2.6 |
| Apr | 15° / 4° | 79 | 17.2 | 0.3 | 11.7 | 3.6 |
| May | 15° / 1° | 20 | 5.6 | 0 | 11.3 | 5.4 |
| Jun | 15° / -1° | 8 | 2.2 | 0.1 | 11.1 | 5.8 |
| Jul | 15° / -1° | 9 | 2.8 | 0.3 | 11.2 | 5.7 |
| Aug | 16° / 0° | 20 | 5.2 | 0.6 | 11.5 | 5.7 |
| Sep | 16° / 3° | 51 | 11.4 | 0.8 | 11.9 | 5.1 |
| Oct | 16° / 4° | 81 | 15.9 | 1.1 | 12.4 | 4.5 |
| Nov | 17° / 5° | 85 | 16.1 | 0.3 | 12.7 | 4.4 |
| Dec | 15° / 6° | 155 | 23.5 | 0.5 | 12.9 | 3.1 |
Cloud cover in July
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 65% of the time in July, the clearest month of the year.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 20% of July, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 15%.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 85 | 85 | 85 | 86 | 87 | 87 | 86 | 86 | 86 | 86 | 85 | 85 | 85 | 86 | 85 | 85 | 85 | 85 | 85 | 85 | 84 | 84 | 84 | 84 | 84 | 84 | 84 | 84 | 84 | 84 | 83 |
| Cloudier (%) | 15 | 15 | 15 | 14 | 13 | 13 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 14 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 17 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 85 | 15 |
| 2 | 85 | 15 |
| 3 | 85 | 15 |
| 4 | 86 | 14 |
| 5 | 87 | 13 |
| 6 | 87 | 13 |
| 7 | 86 | 14 |
| 8 | 86 | 14 |
| 9 | 86 | 14 |
| 10 | 86 | 14 |
| 11 | 85 | 15 |
| 12 | 85 | 15 |
| 13 | 85 | 15 |
| 14 | 86 | 14 |
| 15 | 85 | 15 |
| 16 | 85 | 15 |
| 17 | 85 | 15 |
| 18 | 85 | 15 |
| 19 | 85 | 15 |
| 20 | 85 | 15 |
| 21 | 84 | 16 |
| 22 | 84 | 16 |
| 23 | 84 | 16 |
| 24 | 84 | 16 |
| 25 | 84 | 16 |
| 26 | 84 | 16 |
| 27 | 84 | 16 |
| 28 | 84 | 16 |
| 29 | 84 | 16 |
| 30 | 84 | 16 |
| 31 | 83 | 17 |
Chance of precipitation in July
Puno gets around 9 mm of rain and snow over 2.8 wet days in July. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable precipitation averages around 9% and peaks near 9% on the wettest days, and about 0 day brings snow.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 8 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 |
| Rain chance (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 8 |
| 2 | 9 |
| 3 | 9 |
| 4 | 9 |
| 5 | 9 |
| 6 | 9 |
| 7 | 9 |
| 8 | 9 |
| 9 | 9 |
| 10 | 9 |
| 11 | 9 |
| 12 | 9 |
| 13 | 9 |
| 14 | 9 |
| 15 | 9 |
| 16 | 9 |
| 17 | 9 |
| 18 | 9 |
| 19 | 9 |
| 20 | 9 |
| 21 | 9 |
| 22 | 9 |
| 23 | 9 |
| 24 | 9 |
| 25 | 8 |
| 26 | 8 |
| 27 | 8 |
| 28 | 8 |
| 29 | 8 |
| 30 | 8 |
| 31 | 8 |
Humidity in July
Most of July feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, July lands in the dry band about 100% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| Dry (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 100 |
| 2 | 100 |
| 3 | 100 |
| 4 | 100 |
| 5 | 100 |
| 6 | 100 |
| 7 | 100 |
| 8 | 100 |
| 9 | 100 |
| 10 | 100 |
| 11 | 100 |
| 12 | 100 |
| 13 | 100 |
| 14 | 100 |
| 15 | 100 |
| 16 | 100 |
| 17 | 100 |
| 18 | 100 |
| 19 | 100 |
| 20 | 100 |
| 21 | 100 |
| 22 | 100 |
| 23 | 100 |
| 24 | 100 |
| 25 | 100 |
| 26 | 100 |
| 27 | 100 |
| 28 | 100 |
| 29 | 100 |
| 30 | 100 |
| 31 | 100 |
Wind in July
Winds average 9 km/h in July, the windiest month of the year.
Across July, daily wind ranges from about 9 km/h on the calmest days to 10 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 9 | calm |
| 2 | 9 | calm |
| 3 | 9 | calm |
| 4 | 9 | calm |
| 5 | 9 | calm |
| 6 | 9 | calm |
| 7 | 9 | calm |
| 8 | 9 | calm |
| 9 | 9 | calm |
| 10 | 9 | calm |
| 11 | 9 | calm |
| 12 | 9 | calm |
| 13 | 9 | calm |
| 14 | 9 | calm |
| 15 | 9 | calm |
| 16 | 9 | calm |
| 17 | 9 | calm |
| 18 | 9 | calm |
| 19 | 9 | calm |
| 20 | 10 | calm |
| 21 | 10 | calm |
| 22 | 10 | calm |
| 23 | 9 | calm |
| 24 | 9 | calm |
| 25 | 9 | calm |
| 26 | 9 | calm |
| 27 | 9 | calm |
| 28 | 9 | calm |
| 29 | 9 | calm |
| 30 | 9 | calm |
| 31 | 9 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in July
Daylight runs from about 11 h 06 min at the start of July to 11 h 18 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days grow by about 12 minutes over July. Sunrise moves from 6:11 AM to 6:08 AM, and sunset from 5:15 PM to 5:24 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 11.1 | 11.1 | 11.1 | 11.1 | 11.1 | 11.1 | 11.1 | 11.1 | 11.1 | 11.1 | 11.1 | 11.1 | 11.1 | 11.1 | 11.1 | 11.1 | 11.1 | 11.2 | 11.2 | 11.2 | 11.2 | 11.2 | 11.2 | 11.2 | 11.2 | 11.2 | 11.2 | 11.2 | 11.3 | 11.3 | 11.3 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 6:11 | 6:11 | 6:12 | 6:12 | 6:12 | 6:12 | 6:12 | 6:12 | 6:12 | 6:12 | 6:12 | 6:12 | 6:12 | 6:12 | 6:12 | 6:11 | 6:11 | 6:11 | 6:11 | 6:11 | 6:11 | 6:10 | 6:10 | 6:10 | 6:10 | 6:10 | 6:09 | 6:09 | 6:09 | 6:08 | 6:08 |
| Sunset (PM) | 5:15 | 5:16 | 5:16 | 5:16 | 5:17 | 5:17 | 5:17 | 5:18 | 5:18 | 5:18 | 5:18 | 5:19 | 5:19 | 5:19 | 5:20 | 5:20 | 5:20 | 5:21 | 5:21 | 5:21 | 5:22 | 5:22 | 5:22 | 5:22 | 5:23 | 5:23 | 5:23 | 5:24 | 5:24 | 5:24 | 5:24 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 11.1 | 6:11 | 5:15 |
| 2 | 11.1 | 6:11 | 5:16 |
| 3 | 11.1 | 6:12 | 5:16 |
| 4 | 11.1 | 6:12 | 5:16 |
| 5 | 11.1 | 6:12 | 5:17 |
| 6 | 11.1 | 6:12 | 5:17 |
| 7 | 11.1 | 6:12 | 5:17 |
| 8 | 11.1 | 6:12 | 5:18 |
| 9 | 11.1 | 6:12 | 5:18 |
| 10 | 11.1 | 6:12 | 5:18 |
| 11 | 11.1 | 6:12 | 5:18 |
| 12 | 11.1 | 6:12 | 5:19 |
| 13 | 11.1 | 6:12 | 5:19 |
| 14 | 11.1 | 6:12 | 5:19 |
| 15 | 11.1 | 6:12 | 5:20 |
| 16 | 11.1 | 6:11 | 5:20 |
| 17 | 11.1 | 6:11 | 5:20 |
| 18 | 11.2 | 6:11 | 5:21 |
| 19 | 11.2 | 6:11 | 5:21 |
| 20 | 11.2 | 6:11 | 5:21 |
| 21 | 11.2 | 6:11 | 5:22 |
| 22 | 11.2 | 6:10 | 5:22 |
| 23 | 11.2 | 6:10 | 5:22 |
| 24 | 11.2 | 6:10 | 5:22 |
| 25 | 11.2 | 6:10 | 5:23 |
| 26 | 11.2 | 6:10 | 5:23 |
| 27 | 11.2 | 6:09 | 5:23 |
| 28 | 11.2 | 6:09 | 5:24 |
| 29 | 11.3 | 6:09 | 5:24 |
| 30 | 11.3 | 6:08 | 5:24 |
| 31 | 11.3 | 6:08 | 5:24 |
Solar energy in July
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in July, about 5.76 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 5.56 kWh/m² to a high of 8.12 kWh/m² in November across the year — July's 5.76 kWh/m² sits near the bottom.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 5.6 | 5.6 | 5.6 | 5.6 | 5.6 | 5.6 | 5.6 | 5.6 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 6.1 |
| Level | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 5.6 | Bright |
| 2 | 5.6 | Bright |
| 3 | 5.6 | Bright |
| 4 | 5.6 | Bright |
| 5 | 5.6 | Bright |
| 6 | 5.6 | Bright |
| 7 | 5.6 | Bright |
| 8 | 5.6 | Bright |
| 9 | 5.7 | Bright |
| 10 | 5.7 | Bright |
| 11 | 5.7 | Bright |
| 12 | 5.7 | Bright |
| 13 | 5.7 | Bright |
| 14 | 5.7 | Bright |
| 15 | 5.7 | Bright |
| 16 | 5.8 | Bright |
| 17 | 5.8 | Bright |
| 18 | 5.8 | Bright |
| 19 | 5.8 | Bright |
| 20 | 5.8 | Bright |
| 21 | 5.8 | Bright |
| 22 | 5.9 | Bright |
| 23 | 5.9 | Bright |
| 24 | 5.9 | Bright |
| 25 | 5.9 | Bright |
| 26 | 6.0 | Bright |
| 27 | 6.0 | Bright |
| 28 | 6.0 | Intense |
| 29 | 6.0 | Intense |
| 30 | 6.0 | Intense |
| 31 | 6.1 | Intense |
Hazard calendar for Puno
None of Puno's seasonal hazards are active in July. The full-year calendar below shows when the rainy season, cyclone risk and dust haze do peak.
Puno's monsoon runs December–March, when most of the year's rain falls.
Is July a good time to visit Puno?
Our two travel scores rate July for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
July is a reasonable time to visit Puno for sightseeing.
What to pack for Puno in July
From July's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In July, Puno sees daytime highs around 15°C and nights near -1°C. Worth packing: a warm layer and sun protection.
UV index in Puno in July
Clear-sky midday UV in July peaks around 10 (very high — sun protection essential). The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Puno peaks around February 9 at about 19 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near June 21 at about 10 (very high).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — every month of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 19 | 19 | 17 | 15 | 11 | 10 | 10 | 13 | 15 | 17 | 17 | 17 |
| Level | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Very high | Very high | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 19 | Extreme |
| Feb | 19 | Extreme |
| Mar | 17 | Extreme |
| Apr | 15 | Extreme |
| May | 11 | Extreme |
| Jun | 10 | Very high |
| Jul | 10 | Very high |
| Aug | 13 | Extreme |
| Sep | 15 | Extreme |
| Oct | 17 | Extreme |
| Nov | 17 | Extreme |
| Dec | 17 | Extreme |
Where is Puno?
Puno sits at 15.8°S, 70.0°W, 3,792 m above sea level, in Peru. The nearest listed city is Juliaca, 40 km away.
Topography around Puno
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Puno.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Puno has significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 452 m around an average of 3,930 m above sea level; within 16 km, large variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 695 m; within 80 km, very significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 1,785 m.
The land around Puno is covered by grassland (47%) and artificial surfaces (31%) within 3 km, grassland (69%) within 16 km, and grassland (60%) and water (22%) within 80 km.
Peru travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 2
- Exercise Increased Caution
- Power plugs
- Type A / B / C
- 220 V · 60 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 51% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $9,684
- 2025
- Happiness
- 6.0 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 49%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 8.6
- per 100k, 2021
- Road deaths
- 13.6
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- Upper middle
- World Bank
- English
- Moderate
- EF EPI 519
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Puno (-15.84°, -70.022°, elevation 3,792 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).