Santiago weather in November
In November, Santiago sees average daytime highs of 16°C and overnight lows near 6°C, with 116 mm of precipitation across 22.8 wet days and about 12.6 hours of daylight. It is the 1st-warmest and 5th-wettest month of the year here.
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 16°C through the month. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 2% of the time in November, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 12 h 30 min at the start of November to 12 h 42 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, November is Santiago's 8th-clearest and 5th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Santiago's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 16°
- 1st warmest
- Overnight low
- 6°
- 12th coldest
- Precipitation
- 116 mm
- 22.8 wet days
- Daylight
- 12 h 36 min
- 5:14 AM – 5:52 PM
- Cloud cover
- 87%
- 8th clearest
- Wind
- 4 km/h
- 5th windiest
- Solar energy
- 5.94 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 3.1
- out of 10
Santiago is city in Cusco, Peru.
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in November
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 16°C through the month.
A typical November day in Santiago reaches about 16°C in the afternoon and slips back to 6°C overnight — a 10°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 13°C and 18°C. Set against its neighbours, November runs on par with October and about 1°C warmer than December.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 |
| Avg low (°C) | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 16 | 6 |
| 2 | 16 | 6 |
| 3 | 16 | 6 |
| 4 | 16 | 6 |
| 5 | 16 | 6 |
| 6 | 16 | 6 |
| 7 | 16 | 6 |
| 8 | 16 | 6 |
| 9 | 16 | 6 |
| 10 | 16 | 6 |
| 11 | 16 | 6 |
| 12 | 16 | 6 |
| 13 | 16 | 6 |
| 14 | 16 | 6 |
| 15 | 16 | 6 |
| 16 | 16 | 6 |
| 17 | 16 | 6 |
| 18 | 16 | 6 |
| 19 | 16 | 6 |
| 20 | 16 | 6 |
| 21 | 16 | 6 |
| 22 | 16 | 6 |
| 23 | 16 | 6 |
| 24 | 16 | 6 |
| 25 | 15 | 6 |
| 26 | 15 | 6 |
| 27 | 15 | 6 |
| 28 | 15 | 6 |
| 29 | 15 | 6 |
| 30 | 15 | 6 |
Santiago weather by month
How November compares with the rest of the year at a glance. November is the 1st-warmest and 5th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Snow days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 14° / 6° | 229 | 28.8 | 0.7 | 12.7 | 2.3 |
| Feb | 14° / 6° | 214 | 26.1 | 0.3 | 12.5 | 2.2 |
| Mar | 14° / 5° | 170 | 27.4 | 0.3 | 12.1 | 2.4 |
| Apr | 14° / 5° | 76 | 18.6 | 0 | 11.7 | 3.2 |
| May | 14° / 3° | 24 | 8.1 | 0 | 11.4 | 4.5 |
| Jun | 14° / 2° | 12 | 3.3 | 0.1 | 11.2 | 4.9 |
| Jul | 14° / 2° | 11 | 3.1 | 0.1 | 11.3 | 5.0 |
| Aug | 15° / 2° | 22 | 6.5 | 0.5 | 11.6 | 4.9 |
| Sep | 15° / 4° | 37 | 13.1 | 0 | 11.9 | 4.3 |
| Oct | 16° / 5° | 84 | 20.3 | 0.1 | 12.3 | 3.5 |
| Nov | 16° / 6° | 116 | 22.8 | 0.3 | 12.6 | 3.1 |
| Dec | 15° / 6° | 197 | 27.5 | 0.5 | 12.8 | 2.5 |
Cloud cover in November
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 2% of the time in November.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 5% of November, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 93%.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
| Cloudier (%) | 90 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 91 | 91 | 91 | 92 | 92 | 92 | 93 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 95 | 95 | 95 | 96 | 96 | 97 | 97 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 10 | 90 |
| 2 | 10 | 90 |
| 3 | 10 | 90 |
| 4 | 10 | 90 |
| 5 | 10 | 90 |
| 6 | 10 | 90 |
| 7 | 10 | 90 |
| 8 | 10 | 90 |
| 9 | 10 | 90 |
| 10 | 9 | 91 |
| 11 | 9 | 91 |
| 12 | 9 | 91 |
| 13 | 8 | 92 |
| 14 | 8 | 92 |
| 15 | 8 | 92 |
| 16 | 7 | 93 |
| 17 | 6 | 94 |
| 18 | 6 | 94 |
| 19 | 6 | 94 |
| 20 | 5 | 95 |
| 21 | 5 | 95 |
| 22 | 5 | 95 |
| 23 | 4 | 96 |
| 24 | 4 | 96 |
| 25 | 3 | 97 |
| 26 | 3 | 97 |
| 27 | 2 | 98 |
| 28 | 2 | 98 |
| 29 | 2 | 98 |
| 30 | 2 | 98 |
Chance of precipitation in November
Santiago gets around 116 mm of rain and snow over 22.8 wet days in November. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable precipitation averages around 76% and peaks near 84% on the wettest days, and about 0 day brings snow. The odds climb toward the end of the month.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 72 | 71 | 71 | 71 | 71 | 71 | 71 | 71 | 72 | 72 | 72 | 73 | 73 | 74 | 75 | 75 | 76 | 77 | 78 | 79 | 79 | 80 | 80 | 81 | 81 | 82 | 82 | 83 | 83 | 84 |
| Rain chance (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 72 |
| 2 | 71 |
| 3 | 71 |
| 4 | 71 |
| 5 | 71 |
| 6 | 71 |
| 7 | 71 |
| 8 | 71 |
| 9 | 72 |
| 10 | 72 |
| 11 | 72 |
| 12 | 73 |
| 13 | 73 |
| 14 | 74 |
| 15 | 75 |
| 16 | 75 |
| 17 | 76 |
| 18 | 77 |
| 19 | 78 |
| 20 | 79 |
| 21 | 79 |
| 22 | 80 |
| 23 | 80 |
| 24 | 81 |
| 25 | 81 |
| 26 | 82 |
| 27 | 82 |
| 28 | 83 |
| 29 | 83 |
| 30 | 84 |
Humidity in November
Most of November feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, November lands in the dry band about 100% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| Dry (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 100 |
| 2 | 100 |
| 3 | 100 |
| 4 | 100 |
| 5 | 100 |
| 6 | 100 |
| 7 | 100 |
| 8 | 100 |
| 9 | 100 |
| 10 | 100 |
| 11 | 100 |
| 12 | 100 |
| 13 | 100 |
| 14 | 100 |
| 15 | 100 |
| 16 | 100 |
| 17 | 100 |
| 18 | 100 |
| 19 | 100 |
| 20 | 100 |
| 21 | 100 |
| 22 | 100 |
| 23 | 100 |
| 24 | 100 |
| 25 | 100 |
| 26 | 100 |
| 27 | 100 |
| 28 | 100 |
| 29 | 100 |
| 30 | 100 |
Wind in November
Winds average 4 km/h in November.
Across November, daily wind ranges from about 3 km/h on the calmest days to 4 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 4 | calm |
| 2 | 4 | calm |
| 3 | 4 | calm |
| 4 | 4 | calm |
| 5 | 4 | calm |
| 6 | 4 | calm |
| 7 | 4 | calm |
| 8 | 4 | calm |
| 9 | 4 | calm |
| 10 | 4 | calm |
| 11 | 4 | calm |
| 12 | 4 | calm |
| 13 | 4 | calm |
| 14 | 4 | calm |
| 15 | 4 | calm |
| 16 | 4 | calm |
| 17 | 4 | calm |
| 18 | 4 | calm |
| 19 | 4 | calm |
| 20 | 4 | calm |
| 21 | 4 | calm |
| 22 | 4 | calm |
| 23 | 4 | calm |
| 24 | 4 | calm |
| 25 | 4 | calm |
| 26 | 4 | calm |
| 27 | 3 | calm |
| 28 | 3 | calm |
| 29 | 3 | calm |
| 30 | 3 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in November
Daylight runs from about 12 h 30 min at the start of November to 12 h 42 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days grow by about 12 minutes over November. Sunrise moves from 5:17 AM to 5:15 AM, and sunset from 5:46 PM to 5:59 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 12.5 | 12.5 | 12.5 | 12.5 | 12.5 | 12.5 | 12.6 | 12.6 | 12.6 | 12.6 | 12.6 | 12.6 | 12.6 | 12.6 | 12.6 | 12.6 | 12.6 | 12.7 | 12.7 | 12.7 | 12.7 | 12.7 | 12.7 | 12.7 | 12.7 | 12.7 | 12.7 | 12.7 | 12.7 | 12.7 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 5:17 | 5:16 | 5:16 | 5:16 | 5:16 | 5:15 | 5:15 | 5:15 | 5:15 | 5:15 | 5:15 | 5:14 | 5:14 | 5:14 | 5:14 | 5:14 | 5:14 | 5:14 | 5:14 | 5:14 | 5:14 | 5:14 | 5:14 | 5:14 | 5:14 | 5:15 | 5:15 | 5:15 | 5:15 | 5:15 |
| Sunset (PM) | 5:46 | 5:47 | 5:47 | 5:47 | 5:48 | 5:48 | 5:48 | 5:49 | 5:49 | 5:50 | 5:50 | 5:50 | 5:51 | 5:51 | 5:52 | 5:52 | 5:53 | 5:53 | 5:54 | 5:54 | 5:55 | 5:55 | 5:56 | 5:56 | 5:57 | 5:57 | 5:58 | 5:58 | 5:59 | 5:59 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 12.5 | 5:17 | 5:46 |
| 2 | 12.5 | 5:16 | 5:47 |
| 3 | 12.5 | 5:16 | 5:47 |
| 4 | 12.5 | 5:16 | 5:47 |
| 5 | 12.5 | 5:16 | 5:48 |
| 6 | 12.5 | 5:15 | 5:48 |
| 7 | 12.6 | 5:15 | 5:48 |
| 8 | 12.6 | 5:15 | 5:49 |
| 9 | 12.6 | 5:15 | 5:49 |
| 10 | 12.6 | 5:15 | 5:50 |
| 11 | 12.6 | 5:15 | 5:50 |
| 12 | 12.6 | 5:14 | 5:50 |
| 13 | 12.6 | 5:14 | 5:51 |
| 14 | 12.6 | 5:14 | 5:51 |
| 15 | 12.6 | 5:14 | 5:52 |
| 16 | 12.6 | 5:14 | 5:52 |
| 17 | 12.6 | 5:14 | 5:53 |
| 18 | 12.7 | 5:14 | 5:53 |
| 19 | 12.7 | 5:14 | 5:54 |
| 20 | 12.7 | 5:14 | 5:54 |
| 21 | 12.7 | 5:14 | 5:55 |
| 22 | 12.7 | 5:14 | 5:55 |
| 23 | 12.7 | 5:14 | 5:56 |
| 24 | 12.7 | 5:14 | 5:56 |
| 25 | 12.7 | 5:14 | 5:57 |
| 26 | 12.7 | 5:15 | 5:57 |
| 27 | 12.7 | 5:15 | 5:58 |
| 28 | 12.7 | 5:15 | 5:58 |
| 29 | 12.7 | 5:15 | 5:59 |
| 30 | 12.7 | 5:15 | 5:59 |
Solar energy in November
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in November, about 5.94 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 4.59 kWh/m² to a high of 6.11 kWh/m² in October across the year — November's 5.94 kWh/m² sits near the top of that range.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 6.0 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 5.7 |
| Level | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 6.0 | Intense |
| 2 | 6.0 | Intense |
| 3 | 6.0 | Intense |
| 4 | 6.0 | Intense |
| 5 | 6.0 | Intense |
| 6 | 6.0 | Intense |
| 7 | 6.0 | Intense |
| 8 | 6.0 | Intense |
| 9 | 6.0 | Intense |
| 10 | 6.0 | Bright |
| 11 | 6.0 | Bright |
| 12 | 6.0 | Bright |
| 13 | 6.0 | Bright |
| 14 | 6.0 | Bright |
| 15 | 5.9 | Bright |
| 16 | 5.9 | Bright |
| 17 | 5.9 | Bright |
| 18 | 5.9 | Bright |
| 19 | 5.9 | Bright |
| 20 | 5.9 | Bright |
| 21 | 5.8 | Bright |
| 22 | 5.8 | Bright |
| 23 | 5.8 | Bright |
| 24 | 5.8 | Bright |
| 25 | 5.8 | Bright |
| 26 | 5.8 | Bright |
| 27 | 5.7 | Bright |
| 28 | 5.7 | Bright |
| 29 | 5.7 | Bright |
| 30 | 5.7 | Bright |
Hazard calendar for Santiago
In November, Santiago sits inside its monsoon season. The full year is below, with each hazard's peak months called out.
Santiago's monsoon runs November–March, when most of the year's rain falls.
Is November a good time to visit Santiago?
Our two travel scores rate November for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
November is a weaker month for outdoor sightseeing in Santiago.
What to pack for Santiago in November
From November's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In November, Santiago sees daytime highs around 16°C and nights near 6°C. Pack rain gear. Worth having: a warm layer and sun protection. About 23 days see rain.
UV index in Santiago in November
Clear-sky midday UV in November peaks around 17 (very high — sun protection essential). The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Santiago peaks around February 10 at about 19 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near June 23 at about 10 (extreme).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — every month of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 19 | 19 | 17 | 15 | 12 | 10 | 10 | 13 | 14 | 16 | 17 | 16 |
| Level | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Very high | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 19 | Extreme |
| Feb | 19 | Extreme |
| Mar | 17 | Extreme |
| Apr | 15 | Extreme |
| May | 12 | Extreme |
| Jun | 10 | Very high |
| Jul | 10 | Extreme |
| Aug | 13 | Extreme |
| Sep | 14 | Extreme |
| Oct | 16 | Extreme |
| Nov | 17 | Extreme |
| Dec | 16 | Extreme |
Air quality in Santiago in November
Average fine-particle pollution (PM2.5) through the year — so you can see where November falls, not just the annual average.
Air quality in Santiago is worst in September — around 16 µg/m³ PM2.5 (moderate), about 2.7× the cleanest month (January, 6 µg/m³).
Modeled monthly averages (CAMS reanalysis, 2015–2024).
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | 6 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 13 | 16 | 10 | 8 | 6 |
| Level | Good | Good | Good | Good | Good | Good | Good | Moderate | Moderate | Good | Good | Good |
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 6 | Good |
| Feb | 7 | Good |
| Mar | 8 | Good |
| Apr | 8 | Good |
| May | 8 | Good |
| Jun | 8 | Good |
| Jul | 8 | Good |
| Aug | 13 | Moderate |
| Sep | 16 | Moderate |
| Oct | 10 | Good |
| Nov | 8 | Good |
| Dec | 6 | Good |
Where is Santiago?
Santiago sits at 13.5°S, 72.0°W, 3,420 m above sea level, in Peru. The nearest listed city is Cusco, 2.0 km away.
Topography around Santiago
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Santiago.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Santiago has large variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 647 m around an average of 3,548 m above sea level; within 16 km, very significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 1,570 m; within 80 km, extreme variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 5,458 m.
The land around Santiago is covered by artificial surfaces (51%) and grassland (30%) within 3 km, grassland (73%) within 16 km, and grassland (77%) within 80 km.
Peru travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 2
- Exercise Increased Caution
- Power plugs
- Type A / B / C
- 220 V · 60 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 51% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $9,684
- 2025
- Happiness
- 6.0 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 49%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 8.6
- per 100k, 2021
- Road deaths
- 13.6
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- Upper middle
- World Bank
- English
- Moderate
- EF EPI 519
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Santiago (-13.5273°, -71.9843°, elevation 3,420 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Monthly air-quality (PM2.5) seasonality is from the CAMS EAC4 reanalysis (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service), scaled to the WHO annual mean where available. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).