Tocache weather in February
In February, Tocache sees average daytime highs of 28°C and overnight lows near 20°C, with 264 mm of rain across 22.2 wet days and about 12.3 hours of daylight. It is the 12th-warmest and 3rd-wettest month of the year here.
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 28°C through the month. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 0% of the time in February, and the air most often feels muggy.
Daylight stretches from about 12 h 24 min at the start of February to 12 h 12 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, February is Tocache's 11th-clearest and 4th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Tocache's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 28°
- 12th warmest
- Overnight low
- 20°
- 10th coldest
- Rainfall
- 264 mm
- 22.2 wet days
- Daylight
- 12 h 18 min
- 6:13 AM – 6:29 PM
- Cloud cover
- 89%
- 11th clearest
- Wind
- 3 km/h
- 4th windiest
- Solar energy
- 4.42 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 4.0
- out of 10
Tocache is city in San Martín, Peru.
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in February
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 28°C through the month.
A typical February day in Tocache reaches about 28°C in the afternoon and slips back to 20°C overnight — a 8°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 25°C and 30°C. Set against its neighbours, February runs on par with January and on par with March.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 |
| Avg low (°C) | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 19 | 19 | 19 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 28 | 20 |
| 2 | 28 | 20 |
| 3 | 28 | 20 |
| 4 | 28 | 20 |
| 5 | 28 | 20 |
| 6 | 28 | 20 |
| 7 | 28 | 20 |
| 8 | 28 | 20 |
| 9 | 28 | 20 |
| 10 | 28 | 20 |
| 11 | 28 | 20 |
| 12 | 28 | 20 |
| 13 | 28 | 20 |
| 14 | 28 | 20 |
| 15 | 28 | 20 |
| 16 | 28 | 20 |
| 17 | 28 | 20 |
| 18 | 28 | 20 |
| 19 | 28 | 20 |
| 20 | 28 | 20 |
| 21 | 28 | 20 |
| 22 | 28 | 20 |
| 23 | 28 | 20 |
| 24 | 28 | 20 |
| 25 | 28 | 20 |
| 26 | 28 | 19 |
| 27 | 28 | 19 |
| 28 | 28 | 19 |
Tocache weather by month
How February compares with the rest of the year at a glance. February is the 12th-warmest and 3rd-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 28° / 20° | 291 | 23.7 | 12.4 | 4.1 |
| Feb | 28° / 20° | 264 | 22.2 | 12.3 | 4.0 |
| Mar | 28° / 19° | 261 | 24.5 | 12.1 | 4.0 |
| Apr | 28° / 19° | 166 | 20.8 | 11.8 | 4.3 |
| May | 28° / 19° | 132 | 18.2 | 11.6 | 4.9 |
| Jun | 28° / 18° | 78 | 13 | 11.5 | 6.0 |
| Jul | 28° / 18° | 67 | 11.3 | 11.6 | 6.4 |
| Aug | 28° / 18° | 55 | 10.8 | 11.7 | 5.9 |
| Sep | 29° / 18° | 86 | 14.4 | 12 | 4.9 |
| Oct | 29° / 19° | 164 | 21 | 12.2 | 4.1 |
| Nov | 28° / 20° | 256 | 22.9 | 12.4 | 3.8 |
| Dec | 28° / 20° | 305 | 24.8 | 12.5 | 3.8 |
Cloud cover in February
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 0% of the time in February.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 5% of February, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 95%.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 10 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 |
| Cloudier (%) | 90 | 91 | 91 | 91 | 92 | 92 | 92 | 93 | 94 | 95 | 95 | 95 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 96 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 10 | 90 |
| 2 | 9 | 91 |
| 3 | 9 | 91 |
| 4 | 9 | 91 |
| 5 | 8 | 92 |
| 6 | 8 | 92 |
| 7 | 8 | 92 |
| 8 | 7 | 93 |
| 9 | 6 | 94 |
| 10 | 5 | 95 |
| 11 | 5 | 95 |
| 12 | 5 | 95 |
| 13 | 4 | 96 |
| 14 | 4 | 96 |
| 15 | 4 | 96 |
| 16 | 4 | 96 |
| 17 | 4 | 96 |
| 18 | 4 | 96 |
| 19 | 4 | 96 |
| 20 | 3 | 97 |
| 21 | 3 | 97 |
| 22 | 3 | 97 |
| 23 | 3 | 97 |
| 24 | 3 | 97 |
| 25 | 3 | 97 |
| 26 | 3 | 97 |
| 27 | 3 | 97 |
| 28 | 4 | 96 |
Chance of precipitation in February
Tocache gets around 264 mm of rain over 22.2 wet days in February. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable rain averages around 80% and peaks near 82% on the wettest days. The odds climb toward the end of the month.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 74 | 74 | 74 | 75 | 75 | 76 | 77 | 77 | 78 | 79 | 79 | 80 | 81 | 81 | 81 | 82 | 82 | 82 | 82 | 82 | 82 | 82 | 82 | 82 | 82 | 82 | 82 | 82 |
| Rain chance (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 74 |
| 2 | 74 |
| 3 | 74 |
| 4 | 75 |
| 5 | 75 |
| 6 | 76 |
| 7 | 77 |
| 8 | 77 |
| 9 | 78 |
| 10 | 79 |
| 11 | 79 |
| 12 | 80 |
| 13 | 81 |
| 14 | 81 |
| 15 | 81 |
| 16 | 82 |
| 17 | 82 |
| 18 | 82 |
| 19 | 82 |
| 20 | 82 |
| 21 | 82 |
| 22 | 82 |
| 23 | 82 |
| 24 | 82 |
| 25 | 82 |
| 26 | 82 |
| 27 | 82 |
| 28 | 82 |
Humidity in February
Most of February feels muggy — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, February lands in the muggy band about 85% of days. Sticky, muggy-or-worse air turns up on roughly 100% of them.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Muggy (%) | 84 | 84 | 84 | 84 | 84 | 84 | 84 | 84 | 84 | 84 | 85 | 85 | 85 | 85 | 85 | 85 | 85 | 85 | 85 | 85 | 85 | 85 | 85 | 85 | 85 | 85 | 85 | 86 |
| Oppressive (%) | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 14 |
| Muggy (%) | Oppressive (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 84 | 16 |
| 2 | 84 | 16 |
| 3 | 84 | 16 |
| 4 | 84 | 16 |
| 5 | 84 | 16 |
| 6 | 84 | 16 |
| 7 | 84 | 16 |
| 8 | 84 | 16 |
| 9 | 84 | 16 |
| 10 | 84 | 16 |
| 11 | 85 | 15 |
| 12 | 85 | 15 |
| 13 | 85 | 15 |
| 14 | 85 | 15 |
| 15 | 85 | 15 |
| 16 | 85 | 15 |
| 17 | 85 | 15 |
| 18 | 85 | 15 |
| 19 | 85 | 15 |
| 20 | 85 | 15 |
| 21 | 85 | 15 |
| 22 | 85 | 15 |
| 23 | 85 | 15 |
| 24 | 85 | 15 |
| 25 | 85 | 15 |
| 26 | 85 | 15 |
| 27 | 85 | 15 |
| 28 | 86 | 14 |
Wind in February
Winds average 3 km/h in February.
Across February, daily wind ranges from about 3 km/h on the calmest days to 3 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 3 | calm |
| 2 | 3 | calm |
| 3 | 3 | calm |
| 4 | 3 | calm |
| 5 | 3 | calm |
| 6 | 3 | calm |
| 7 | 3 | calm |
| 8 | 3 | calm |
| 9 | 3 | calm |
| 10 | 3 | calm |
| 11 | 3 | calm |
| 12 | 3 | calm |
| 13 | 3 | calm |
| 14 | 3 | calm |
| 15 | 3 | calm |
| 16 | 3 | calm |
| 17 | 3 | calm |
| 18 | 3 | calm |
| 19 | 3 | calm |
| 20 | 3 | calm |
| 21 | 3 | calm |
| 22 | 3 | calm |
| 23 | 3 | calm |
| 24 | 3 | calm |
| 25 | 3 | calm |
| 26 | 3 | calm |
| 27 | 3 | calm |
| 28 | 3 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in February
Daylight runs from about 12 h 24 min at the start of February to 12 h 12 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days shrink by about 12 minutes over February. Sunrise moves from 6:09 AM to 6:14 AM, and sunset from 6:30 PM to 6:25 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 12.4 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 6:09 | 6:09 | 6:10 | 6:10 | 6:10 | 6:11 | 6:11 | 6:11 | 6:11 | 6:12 | 6:12 | 6:12 | 6:12 | 6:12 | 6:13 | 6:13 | 6:13 | 6:13 | 6:13 | 6:13 | 6:14 | 6:14 | 6:14 | 6:14 | 6:14 | 6:14 | 6:14 | 6:14 |
| Sunset (PM) | 6:30 | 6:30 | 6:30 | 6:30 | 6:30 | 6:30 | 6:30 | 6:30 | 6:30 | 6:30 | 6:29 | 6:29 | 6:29 | 6:29 | 6:29 | 6:28 | 6:28 | 6:28 | 6:28 | 6:27 | 6:27 | 6:27 | 6:27 | 6:26 | 6:26 | 6:26 | 6:25 | 6:25 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 12.4 | 6:09 | 6:30 |
| 2 | 12.3 | 6:09 | 6:30 |
| 3 | 12.3 | 6:10 | 6:30 |
| 4 | 12.3 | 6:10 | 6:30 |
| 5 | 12.3 | 6:10 | 6:30 |
| 6 | 12.3 | 6:11 | 6:30 |
| 7 | 12.3 | 6:11 | 6:30 |
| 8 | 12.3 | 6:11 | 6:30 |
| 9 | 12.3 | 6:11 | 6:30 |
| 10 | 12.3 | 6:12 | 6:30 |
| 11 | 12.3 | 6:12 | 6:29 |
| 12 | 12.3 | 6:12 | 6:29 |
| 13 | 12.3 | 6:12 | 6:29 |
| 14 | 12.3 | 6:12 | 6:29 |
| 15 | 12.3 | 6:13 | 6:29 |
| 16 | 12.3 | 6:13 | 6:28 |
| 17 | 12.3 | 6:13 | 6:28 |
| 18 | 12.2 | 6:13 | 6:28 |
| 19 | 12.2 | 6:13 | 6:28 |
| 20 | 12.2 | 6:13 | 6:27 |
| 21 | 12.2 | 6:14 | 6:27 |
| 22 | 12.2 | 6:14 | 6:27 |
| 23 | 12.2 | 6:14 | 6:27 |
| 24 | 12.2 | 6:14 | 6:26 |
| 25 | 12.2 | 6:14 | 6:26 |
| 26 | 12.2 | 6:14 | 6:26 |
| 27 | 12.2 | 6:14 | 6:25 |
| 28 | 12.2 | 6:14 | 6:25 |
Solar energy in February
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in February, about 4.42 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 4.4 kWh/m² to a high of 5.43 kWh/m² in September across the year — February's 4.42 kWh/m² sits near the bottom.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 4.3 |
| Level | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 4.6 | Bright |
| 2 | 4.6 | Bright |
| 3 | 4.6 | Bright |
| 4 | 4.6 | Bright |
| 5 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 6 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 7 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 8 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 9 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 10 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 11 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 12 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 13 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 14 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 15 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 16 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 17 | 4.3 | Bright |
| 18 | 4.3 | Bright |
| 19 | 4.3 | Bright |
| 20 | 4.3 | Bright |
| 21 | 4.3 | Bright |
| 22 | 4.3 | Bright |
| 23 | 4.3 | Bright |
| 24 | 4.3 | Bright |
| 25 | 4.3 | Bright |
| 26 | 4.3 | Bright |
| 27 | 4.3 | Bright |
| 28 | 4.3 | Bright |
Hazard calendar for Tocache
In February, Tocache sits inside its rainy season season. The full year is below, with each hazard's peak months called out.
Tocache's rainy season runs October–April, when most of the year's rain falls.
Is February a good time to visit Tocache?
Our two travel scores rate February for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
February is a reasonable time to visit Tocache for sightseeing.
What to pack for Tocache in February
From February's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In February, Tocache sees daytime highs around 28°C and nights near 20°C. Pack light clothes and rain gear. About 22 days see rain.
UV index in Tocache in February
Clear-sky midday UV in February peaks around 17 (very high — sun protection essential). The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Tocache peaks around February 13 at about 17 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near June 23 at about 10 (extreme).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — every month of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 16 | 17 | 16 | 12 | 12 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 14 | 14 | 14 |
| Level | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 16 | Extreme |
| Feb | 17 | Extreme |
| Mar | 16 | Extreme |
| Apr | 12 | Extreme |
| May | 12 | Extreme |
| Jun | 10 | Extreme |
| Jul | 10 | Extreme |
| Aug | 11 | Extreme |
| Sep | 12 | Extreme |
| Oct | 14 | Extreme |
| Nov | 14 | Extreme |
| Dec | 14 | Extreme |
Air quality in Tocache in February
Average fine-particle pollution (PM2.5) through the year — so you can see where February falls, not just the annual average.
Air quality in Tocache is worst in September — around 26 µg/m³ PM2.5 (moderate), about 3.0× the cleanest month (June, 9 µg/m³).
Modeled monthly averages (CAMS reanalysis, 2015–2024).
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | 12 | 14 | 13 | 11 | 9 | 9 | 11 | 23 | 26 | 12 | 12 | 11 |
| Level | Good | Moderate | Moderate | Good | Good | Good | Good | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Good | Good |
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 12 | Good |
| Feb | 14 | Moderate |
| Mar | 13 | Moderate |
| Apr | 11 | Good |
| May | 9 | Good |
| Jun | 9 | Good |
| Jul | 11 | Good |
| Aug | 23 | Moderate |
| Sep | 26 | Moderate |
| Oct | 12 | Moderate |
| Nov | 12 | Good |
| Dec | 11 | Good |
Where is Tocache?
Tocache sits at 8.2°S, 76.5°W, 498 m above sea level, in Peru. The nearest listed city is Uchiza, 31 km away.
Topography around Tocache
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Tocache.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Tocache has only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 174 m around an average of 494 m above sea level; within 16 km, large variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 1,176 m; within 80 km, extreme variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 4,236 m.
The land around Tocache is covered by trees (55%) and grassland (26%) within 3 km, trees (86%) within 16 km, and trees (89%) within 80 km.
Peru travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 2
- Exercise Increased Caution
- Power plugs
- Type A / B / C
- 220 V · 60 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 51% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $9,684
- 2025
- Happiness
- 6.0 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 49%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 8.6
- per 100k, 2021
- Road deaths
- 13.6
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- Upper middle
- World Bank
- English
- Moderate
- EF EPI 519
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Tocache (-8.1877°, -76.5205°, elevation 498 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Monthly air-quality (PM2.5) seasonality is from the CAMS EAC4 reanalysis (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service), scaled to the WHO annual mean where available. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).