Radom weather in September

In September, Radom sees average daytime highs of 19°C and overnight lows near 9°C, with 59 mm of rain across 10 wet days and about 12.4 hours of daylight. It is the 5th-warmest and 5th-wettest month of the year here.

Highs ease over the month, from about 21°C in the first days to 16°C by the end. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 24% of the time in September, and the air most often feels dry.

Daylight stretches from about 13 h 24 min at the start of September to 11 h 24 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, September is Radom's 6th-clearest and 8th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Radom's year-round climate.

Daytime high: 19°; 5th warmest
Overnight low: 9°; 9th coldest
Rainfall: 59 mm; 10 wet days
Daylight: 12 h 24 min; 5:18 AM – 5:41 PM
Cloud cover: 63%; 6th clearest
Wind: 12 km/h; 8th windiest
Solar energy: 3.04 kWh/m²
Travel score: 5.9; out of 10

Radom is city in east-central Poland (Masovian Voivodeship).

Air quality: Elevated; PM2.5 20.9 µg/m³ · 2019
Density: 2,025/km²; people per km²
Founded: 1155

Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.

← August Radom year-round climate October →Best places to visit in September

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Temperature in September

Average highAverage lowShaded bands: 10–90% of days

Highs ease over the month, from about 21°C in the first days to 16°C by the end.

A typical September day in Radom reaches about 19°C in the afternoon and slips back to 9°C overnight — a 9°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 13°C and 25°C. Set against its neighbours, September runs about 5°C cooler than August and about 6°C warmer than October.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30
Avg high (°C)	22	21	21	21	21	21	20	20	20	20	20	20	19	19	19	19	19	18	18	18	18	18	17	17	17	17	17	17	16	16
Avg low (°C)	12	11	11	11	11	11	11	11	10	10	10	10	10	10	9	9	9	9	9	9	9	8	8	8	8	8	8	8	8	7

	Avg high (°C)	Avg low (°C)
1	22	12
2	21	11
3	21	11
4	21	11
5	21	11
6	21	11
7	20	11
8	20	11
9	20	10
10	20	10
11	20	10
12	20	10
13	19	10
14	19	10
15	19	9
16	19	9
17	19	9
18	18	9
19	18	9
20	18	9
21	18	9
22	18	8
23	17	8
24	17	8
25	17	8
26	17	8
27	17	8
28	17	8
29	16	8
30	16	7

How September really feels in Radom

Once humidity and wind are folded in, September averages 0 days that feel above 32°C and 0 that feel at or below 0°C — the comfort signal a plain temperature reading hides.

Days feeling ≥ 32°C

heat index over the day's high

Days feeling ≤ 0°C

wind chill below the day's low

September sits comfortably in between — no days that feel dangerously hot or drop to a hard freeze once humidity and wind are folded in.

Radom weather by month

How September compares with the rest of the year at a glance. September is the 5th-warmest and 5th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.

Month	High / Low (°C)	Rainfall (mm)	Wet days	Snow days	Daylight (hours)	Travel score
Jan	1° / -4°	37	10.1	5.8	8.1	0.0
Feb	3° / -3°	37	9.9	5.7	9.6	0.0
Mar	7° / -0°	42	10.3	3.2	11.5	1.0
Apr	14° / 4°	47	9.8	0.9	13.5	4.0
May	19° / 9°	71	12.2	0	15.3	5.8
Jun	22° / 12°	69	11.8	0	16.3	6.3
Jul	24° / 14°	82	12.3	0	15.9	6.5
Aug	24° / 14°	63	9.9	0	14.4	6.9
Sep	19° / 9°	59	10	0	12.4	5.9
Oct	13° / 5°	46	9.4	0.3	10.4	3.5
Nov	7° / 2°	38	9.1	2.4	8.6	0.8
Dec	2° / -2°	39	9.4	4.4	7.7	0.0

Cloud cover in September

ClearMostly clearPartly cloudyMostly cloudyOvercast

The sky is clear or mostly clear about 24% of the time in September.

Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 17% of September, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 59%.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30
Clearer (%)	44	44	43	42	42	43	42	42	41	41	42	42	41	41	41	40	40	40	40	40	40	40	39	39	39	39	39	38	38	37
Cloudier (%)	56	56	57	58	58	57	58	58	59	59	58	58	59	59	59	60	60	60	60	60	60	60	61	61	61	61	61	62	62	63

	Clearer (%)	Cloudier (%)
1	44	56
2	44	56
3	43	57
4	42	58
5	42	58
6	43	57
7	42	58
8	42	58
9	41	59
10	41	59
11	42	58
12	42	58
13	41	59
14	41	59
15	41	59
16	40	60
17	40	60
18	40	60
19	40	60
20	40	60
21	40	60
22	40	60
23	39	61
24	39	61
25	39	61
26	39	61
27	39	61
28	38	62
29	38	62
30	37	63

Chance of precipitation in September

Any precipitation

Radom gets around 59 mm of rain over 10 wet days in September. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.

Day to day, the chance of measurable rain averages around 33% and peaks near 35% on the wettest days.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30
Rain chance (%)	35	35	35	35	35	35	35	35	34	34	34	33	33	33	32	32	32	31	31	31	32	32	32	32	32	32	33	33	33	33

	Rain chance (%)
1	35
2	35
3	35
4	35
5	35
6	35
7	35
8	35
9	34
10	34
11	34
12	33
13	33
14	33
15	32
16	32
17	32
18	31
19	31
20	31
21	32
22	32
23	32
24	32
25	32
26	32
27	33
28	33
29	33
30	33

Humidity in September

DryComfortableHumidMuggyOppressiveMiserable

Most of September feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.

By dew point, September lands in the dry band about 81% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30
Dry (%)	68	70	70	71	72	72	74	74	75	76	76	78	79	80	81	82	83	85	86	87	88	88	89	91	91	92	92	92	92	92
Comfortable (%)	26	25	25	25	24	24	23	23	22	21	21	20	19	18	17	16	15	14	13	12	11	11	10	9	9	8	8	8	8	8
Humid (%)	6	5	5	4	4	4	3	3	3	3	3	2	2	2	2	2	2	1	1	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0

	Dry (%)	Comfortable (%)	Humid (%)
1	68	26	6
2	70	25	5
3	70	25	5
4	71	25	4
5	72	24	4
6	72	24	4
7	74	23	3
8	74	23	3
9	75	22	3
10	76	21	3
11	76	21	3
12	78	20	2
13	79	19	2
14	80	18	2
15	81	17	2
16	82	16	2
17	83	15	2
18	85	14	1
19	86	13	1
20	87	12	1
21	88	11	1
22	88	11	1
23	89	10	1
24	91	9	0
25	91	9	0
26	92	8	0
27	92	8	0
28	92	8	0
29	92	8	0
30	92	8	0

Wind in September

Winds average 12 km/h in September.

Across September, daily wind ranges from about 11 km/h on the calmest days to 12 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30
Wind speed (km/h)	11	11	11	11	11	11	11	11	11	11	11	11	11	11	11	11	12	12	12	12	12	12	12	12	12	12	12	12	12	12
Feels	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm

	Wind speed (km/h)	Feels
1	11	calm
2	11	calm
3	11	calm
4	11	calm
5	11	calm
6	11	calm
7	11	calm
8	11	calm
9	11	calm
10	11	calm
11	11	calm
12	11	calm
13	11	calm
14	11	calm
15	11	calm
16	11	calm
17	12	calm
18	12	calm
19	12	calm
20	12	calm
21	12	calm
22	12	calm
23	12	calm
24	12	calm
25	12	calm
26	12	calm
27	12	calm
28	12	calm
29	12	calm
30	12	calm

Sunrise & sunset in September

DaylightNight

Daylight runs from about 13 h 24 min at the start of September to 11 h 24 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.

Days shrink by about 120 minutes over September. Sunrise moves from 4:54 AM to 5:41 AM, and sunset from 6:17 PM to 5:08 PM.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30
Daylight (h)	13.4	13.3	13.3	13.2	13.1	13.1	13.0	12.9	12.9	12.8	12.7	12.7	12.6	12.5	12.5	12.4	12.3	12.3	12.2	12.1	12.1	12.0	11.9	11.8	11.8	11.7	11.6	11.6	11.5	11.4
Sunrise (AM)	4:54	4:55	4:57	4:58	5:00	5:02	5:03	5:05	5:07	5:08	5:10	5:12	5:13	5:15	5:16	5:18	5:20	5:21	5:23	5:25	5:26	5:28	5:30	5:31	5:33	5:35	5:36	5:38	5:40	5:41
Sunset (PM)	6:17	6:14	6:12	6:10	6:07	6:05	6:03	6:00	5:58	5:56	5:53	5:51	5:49	5:46	5:44	5:41	5:39	5:37	5:34	5:32	5:29	5:27	5:25	5:22	5:20	5:17	5:15	5:13	5:10	5:08

	Daylight (h)	Sunrise (AM)	Sunset (PM)
1	13.4	4:54	6:17
2	13.3	4:55	6:14
3	13.3	4:57	6:12
4	13.2	4:58	6:10
5	13.1	5:00	6:07
6	13.1	5:02	6:05
7	13.0	5:03	6:03
8	12.9	5:05	6:00
9	12.9	5:07	5:58
10	12.8	5:08	5:56
11	12.7	5:10	5:53
12	12.7	5:12	5:51
13	12.6	5:13	5:49
14	12.5	5:15	5:46
15	12.5	5:16	5:44
16	12.4	5:18	5:41
17	12.3	5:20	5:39
18	12.3	5:21	5:37
19	12.2	5:23	5:34
20	12.1	5:25	5:32
21	12.1	5:26	5:29
22	12.0	5:28	5:27
23	11.9	5:30	5:25
24	11.8	5:31	5:22
25	11.8	5:33	5:20
26	11.7	5:35	5:17
27	11.6	5:36	5:15
28	11.6	5:38	5:13
29	11.5	5:40	5:10
30	11.4	5:41	5:08

Solar energy in September

Daily solar energy (kWh/m²)

Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in September, about 3.04 kWh/m².

For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 0.58 kWh/m² to a high of 5.5 kWh/m² in June across the year — September's 3.04 kWh/m² falls in the middle.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30
Solar energy (kWh/m²)	3.7	3.7	3.6	3.6	3.5	3.5	3.4	3.4	3.3	3.3	3.3	3.2	3.2	3.1	3.1	3.0	3.0	3.0	2.9	2.9	2.8	2.8	2.7	2.7	2.6	2.6	2.6	2.5	2.5	2.4
Level	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate

	Solar energy (kWh/m²)	Level
1	3.7	Moderate
2	3.7	Moderate
3	3.6	Moderate
4	3.6	Moderate
5	3.5	Moderate
6	3.5	Moderate
7	3.4	Moderate
8	3.4	Moderate
9	3.3	Moderate
10	3.3	Moderate
11	3.3	Moderate
12	3.2	Moderate
13	3.2	Moderate
14	3.1	Moderate
15	3.1	Moderate
16	3.0	Moderate
17	3.0	Moderate
18	3.0	Moderate
19	2.9	Moderate
20	2.9	Moderate
21	2.8	Moderate
22	2.8	Moderate
23	2.7	Moderate
24	2.7	Moderate
25	2.6	Moderate
26	2.6	Moderate
27	2.6	Moderate
28	2.5	Moderate
29	2.5	Moderate
30	2.4	Moderate

Planning a trip in September

Is September a good time to visit Radom?

Our two travel scores rate September for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).

5.9

Sightseeing

4th-best month of the year

2.5

Beach & pool

5th-best month of the year

September is a reasonable time to visit Radom for sightseeing.

What to pack for Radom in September

From September's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.

In September, Radom sees daytime highs around 19°C and nights near 9°C. Worth packing: rain gear. About 10 days see rain.

rain gear

UV index in Radom in September

LowModerateHighVery highExtreme

Clear-sky midday UV in September peaks around 4 — enough to warrant sun protection. The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.

Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Radom peaks around June 22 at about 6 (high) — sunscreen and a hat are worth it in the middle of the day. It bottoms out near December 20 at about 1 (low).

The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — in 7 months of the year.

	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec
UV index (midday)	1	1	3	4	5	6	6	6	4	2	1	1
Level	Low	Low	Moderate	Moderate	High	High	High	High	Moderate	Low	Low	Low

	UV index (midday)	Level
Jan	1	Low
Feb	1	Low
Mar	3	Moderate
Apr	4	Moderate
May	5	High
Jun	6	High
Jul	6	High
Aug	6	High
Sep	4	Moderate
Oct	2	Low
Nov	1	Low
Dec	1	Low

Air quality in Radom in September

GoodModeratePoorUnhealthyVery unhealthy

Average fine-particle pollution (PM2.5) through the year — so you can see where September falls, not just the annual average.

Air quality in Radom is worst in June — around 26 µg/m³ PM2.5 (moderate), about 1.8× the cleanest month (December, 14 µg/m³).

Seasonal pattern from CAMS reanalysis, scaled to Radom's WHO annual average of 20.9 µg/m³.

	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec
PM2.5 (µg/m³)	17	19	25	24	24	26	24	23	21	17	17	14
Level	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate

	PM2.5 (µg/m³)	Level
Jan	17	Moderate
Feb	19	Moderate
Mar	25	Moderate
Apr	24	Moderate
May	24	Moderate
Jun	26	Moderate
Jul	24	Moderate
Aug	23	Moderate
Sep	21	Moderate
Oct	17	Moderate
Nov	17	Moderate
Dec	14	Moderate

Location & terrain

Where is Radom?

Radom sits at 51.4°N, 21.1°E, 159 m above sea level, in Poland. The nearest listed city is Pionki, 23 km away.

Topography around Radom

How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Radom.

Within 3 km, the terrain around Radom has only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 45 m around an average of 167 m above sea level; within 16 km, only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 133 m; within 80 km, significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 540 m.

The land around Radom is covered by artificial surfaces (54%) and trees (30%) within 3 km, trees (33%), cropland (31%) and grassland (29%) within 16 km, and trees (46%), cropland (28%) and grassland (23%) within 80 km.

3 km

45 m

artificial surfaces 54%

16 km

133 m

trees 33%

80 km

540 m

trees 46%

treesgrasslandcroplandartificial surfaceswater

← August Radom year-round climate October →Best places to visit in September

September weather nearby: Pionki 23 km · Kozienice 34 km · Skarżysko-Kamienna 37 km · Starachowice 41 km · Dęblin 52 km · Ostrowiec Świętokrzyski 55 km · Końskie 57 km · Puławy 57 km

Poland travel facts

Travel advisory: Level 1; Exercise Normal Precautions
Power plugs: Type C / E; 230 V · 50 Hz
Prices: ≈ 52% of US; price level, 2025
GDP per capita: $28,420; 2025
Happiness: 6.8 / 10; World Happiness, 2025
Safe drinking water: 89%; of population, 2024
Homicide rate: 0.8; per 100k, 2023
Road deaths: 9.4; per 100k/yr, 2019
Income group: High; World Bank
English: Very high; EF EPI 600
Religion

Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.

Data sources

Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Radom (51.4025°, 21.1471°, elevation 159 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Monthly air-quality (PM2.5) seasonality is from the CAMS EAC4 reanalysis (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service), scaled to the WHO annual mean where available. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).

	Avg high (°C)	Avg low (°C)
1	22	12
2	21	11
3	21	11
4	21	11
5	21	11
6	21	11
7	20	11
8	20	11
9	20	10
10	20	10
11	20	10
12	20	10
13	19	10
14	19	10
15	19	9
16	19	9
17	19	9
18	18	9
19	18	9
20	18	9
21	18	9
22	18	8
23	17	8
24	17	8
25	17	8
26	17	8
27	17	8
28	17	8
29	16	8
30	16	7

	Clearer (%)	Cloudier (%)
1	44	56
2	44	56
3	43	57
4	42	58
5	42	58
6	43	57
7	42	58
8	42	58
9	41	59
10	41	59
11	42	58
12	42	58
13	41	59
14	41	59
15	41	59
16	40	60
17	40	60
18	40	60
19	40	60
20	40	60
21	40	60
22	40	60
23	39	61
24	39	61
25	39	61
26	39	61
27	39	61
28	38	62
29	38	62
30	37	63

	Rain chance (%)
1	35
2	35
3	35
4	35
5	35
6	35
7	35
8	35
9	34
10	34
11	34
12	33
13	33
14	33
15	32
16	32
17	32
18	31
19	31
20	31
21	32
22	32
23	32
24	32
25	32
26	32
27	33
28	33
29	33
30	33

	Dry (%)	Comfortable (%)	Humid (%)
1	68	26	6
2	70	25	5
3	70	25	5
4	71	25	4
5	72	24	4
6	72	24	4
7	74	23	3
8	74	23	3
9	75	22	3
10	76	21	3
11	76	21	3
12	78	20	2
13	79	19	2
14	80	18	2
15	81	17	2
16	82	16	2
17	83	15	2
18	85	14	1
19	86	13	1
20	87	12	1
21	88	11	1
22	88	11	1
23	89	10	1
24	91	9	0
25	91	9	0
26	92	8	0
27	92	8	0
28	92	8	0
29	92	8	0
30	92	8	0

	Avg high (°C)	Avg low (°C)
1	22	12
2	21	11
3	21	11
4	21	11
5	21	11
6	21	11
7	20	11
8	20	11
9	20	10
10	20	10
11	20	10
12	20	10
13	19	10
14	19	10
15	19	9
16	19	9
17	19	9
18	18	9
19	18	9
20	18	9
21	18	9
22	18	8
23	17	8
24	17	8
25	17	8
26	17	8
27	17	8
28	17	8
29	16	8
30	16	7

	Clearer (%)	Cloudier (%)
1	44	56
2	44	56
3	43	57
4	42	58
5	42	58
6	43	57
7	42	58
8	42	58
9	41	59
10	41	59
11	42	58
12	42	58
13	41	59
14	41	59
15	41	59
16	40	60
17	40	60
18	40	60
19	40	60
20	40	60
21	40	60
22	40	60
23	39	61
24	39	61
25	39	61
26	39	61
27	39	61
28	38	62
29	38	62
30	37	63

	Rain chance (%)
1	35
2	35
3	35
4	35
5	35
6	35
7	35
8	35
9	34
10	34
11	34
12	33
13	33
14	33
15	32
16	32
17	32
18	31
19	31
20	31
21	32
22	32
23	32
24	32
25	32
26	32
27	33
28	33
29	33
30	33

	Dry (%)	Comfortable (%)	Humid (%)
1	68	26	6
2	70	25	5
3	70	25	5
4	71	25	4
5	72	24	4
6	72	24	4
7	74	23	3
8	74	23	3
9	75	22	3
10	76	21	3
11	76	21	3
12	78	20	2
13	79	19	2
14	80	18	2
15	81	17	2
16	82	16	2
17	83	15	2
18	85	14	1
19	86	13	1
20	87	12	1
21	88	11	1
22	88	11	1
23	89	10	1
24	91	9	0
25	91	9	0
26	92	8	0
27	92	8	0
28	92	8	0
29	92	8	0
30	92	8	0

	Avg high (°C)	Avg low (°C)
1	22	12
2	21	11
3	21	11
4	21	11
5	21	11
6	21	11
7	20	11
8	20	11
9	20	10
10	20	10
11	20	10
12	20	10
13	19	10
14	19	10
15	19	9
16	19	9
17	19	9
18	18	9
19	18	9
20	18	9
21	18	9
22	18	8
23	17	8
24	17	8
25	17	8
26	17	8
27	17	8
28	17	8
29	16	8
30	16	7

	Clearer (%)	Cloudier (%)
1	44	56
2	44	56
3	43	57
4	42	58
5	42	58
6	43	57
7	42	58
8	42	58
9	41	59
10	41	59
11	42	58
12	42	58
13	41	59
14	41	59
15	41	59
16	40	60
17	40	60
18	40	60
19	40	60
20	40	60
21	40	60
22	40	60
23	39	61
24	39	61
25	39	61
26	39	61
27	39	61
28	38	62
29	38	62
30	37	63

	Rain chance (%)
1	35
2	35
3	35
4	35
5	35
6	35
7	35
8	35
9	34
10	34
11	34
12	33
13	33
14	33
15	32
16	32
17	32
18	31
19	31
20	31
21	32
22	32
23	32
24	32
25	32
26	32
27	33
28	33
29	33
30	33

	Dry (%)	Comfortable (%)	Humid (%)
1	68	26	6
2	70	25	5
3	70	25	5
4	71	25	4
5	72	24	4
6	72	24	4
7	74	23	3
8	74	23	3
9	75	22	3
10	76	21	3
11	76	21	3
12	78	20	2
13	79	19	2
14	80	18	2
15	81	17	2
16	82	16	2
17	83	15	2
18	85	14	1
19	86	13	1
20	87	12	1
21	88	11	1
22	88	11	1
23	89	10	1
24	91	9	0
25	91	9	0
26	92	8	0
27	92	8	0
28	92	8	0
29	92	8	0
30	92	8	0