Azambuja weather in February
In February, Azambuja sees average daytime highs of 16°C and overnight lows near 7°C, with 45 mm of rain across 6.5 wet days and about 10.5 hours of daylight. It is the 10th-warmest and 8th-wettest month of the year here.
Highs climb over the month, from about 15°C in the first days to 17°C by the end. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 37% of the time in February, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 10 hours at the start of February to 11 hours by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, February is Azambuja's 7th-clearest and 7th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Azambuja's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 16°
- 10th warmest
- Overnight low
- 7°
- 2nd coldest
- Rainfall
- 45 mm
- 6.5 wet days
- Daylight
- 10 h 30 min
- 7:36 AM – 6:04 PM
- Cloud cover
- 53%
- 7th clearest
- Wind
- 12 km/h
- 7th windiest
- Solar energy
- 3.2 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 5.4
- out of 10
Azambuja is municipal capital in Lisboa district, Portugal.
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in February
Highs climb over the month, from about 15°C in the first days to 17°C by the end.
A typical February day in Azambuja reaches about 16°C in the afternoon and slips back to 7°C overnight — a 9°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 13°C and 19°C. Set against its neighbours, February runs about 2°C warmer than January and about 3°C cooler than March.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 |
| Avg low (°C) | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 15 | 7 |
| 2 | 15 | 7 |
| 3 | 15 | 7 |
| 4 | 15 | 7 |
| 5 | 15 | 7 |
| 6 | 15 | 7 |
| 7 | 16 | 7 |
| 8 | 16 | 7 |
| 9 | 16 | 7 |
| 10 | 16 | 7 |
| 11 | 16 | 7 |
| 12 | 16 | 7 |
| 13 | 16 | 7 |
| 14 | 16 | 7 |
| 15 | 16 | 7 |
| 16 | 16 | 7 |
| 17 | 16 | 7 |
| 18 | 16 | 7 |
| 19 | 16 | 7 |
| 20 | 16 | 7 |
| 21 | 16 | 7 |
| 22 | 17 | 7 |
| 23 | 17 | 7 |
| 24 | 17 | 7 |
| 25 | 17 | 8 |
| 26 | 17 | 8 |
| 27 | 17 | 8 |
| 28 | 17 | 8 |
Azambuja weather by month
How February compares with the rest of the year at a glance. February is the 10th-warmest and 8th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 15° / 7° | 57 | 8.1 | 9.6 | 4.6 |
| Feb | 16° / 7° | 45 | 6.5 | 10.5 | 5.4 |
| Mar | 19° / 9° | 52 | 7.6 | 11.7 | 6.6 |
| Apr | 21° / 10° | 53 | 8.1 | 13 | 6.8 |
| May | 24° / 13° | 46 | 6.9 | 14.1 | 7.5 |
| Jun | 28° / 15° | 11 | 2.6 | 14.7 | 7.5 |
| Jul | 31° / 17° | 3 | 0.9 | 14.5 | 6.3 |
| Aug | 31° / 17° | 5 | 1.3 | 13.5 | 6.0 |
| Sep | 28° / 16° | 30 | 4.3 | 12.3 | 7.2 |
| Oct | 23° / 14° | 70 | 8.7 | 11 | 7.1 |
| Nov | 18° / 10° | 71 | 8.4 | 9.9 | 6.0 |
| Dec | 15° / 8° | 68 | 8.3 | 9.3 | 4.8 |
Cloud cover in February
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 37% of the time in February.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 13% of February, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 50%.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 53 | 52 | 51 | 50 | 50 | 49 | 49 | 49 | 48 | 47 | 48 | 48 | 49 | 49 | 49 | 51 | 51 | 52 | 52 | 52 | 52 | 52 | 52 | 51 | 51 | 50 | 49 | 49 |
| Cloudier (%) | 47 | 48 | 49 | 50 | 50 | 51 | 51 | 51 | 52 | 53 | 52 | 52 | 51 | 51 | 51 | 49 | 49 | 48 | 48 | 48 | 48 | 48 | 48 | 49 | 49 | 50 | 51 | 51 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 53 | 47 |
| 2 | 52 | 48 |
| 3 | 51 | 49 |
| 4 | 50 | 50 |
| 5 | 50 | 50 |
| 6 | 49 | 51 |
| 7 | 49 | 51 |
| 8 | 49 | 51 |
| 9 | 48 | 52 |
| 10 | 47 | 53 |
| 11 | 48 | 52 |
| 12 | 48 | 52 |
| 13 | 49 | 51 |
| 14 | 49 | 51 |
| 15 | 49 | 51 |
| 16 | 51 | 49 |
| 17 | 51 | 49 |
| 18 | 52 | 48 |
| 19 | 52 | 48 |
| 20 | 52 | 48 |
| 21 | 52 | 48 |
| 22 | 52 | 48 |
| 23 | 52 | 48 |
| 24 | 51 | 49 |
| 25 | 51 | 49 |
| 26 | 50 | 50 |
| 27 | 49 | 51 |
| 28 | 49 | 51 |
Chance of precipitation in February
Azambuja gets around 45 mm of rain over 6.5 wet days in February. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable rain averages around 24% and peaks near 24% on the wettest days.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 |
| Rain chance (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 24 |
| 2 | 24 |
| 3 | 24 |
| 4 | 24 |
| 5 | 24 |
| 6 | 24 |
| 7 | 24 |
| 8 | 24 |
| 9 | 24 |
| 10 | 24 |
| 11 | 24 |
| 12 | 24 |
| 13 | 24 |
| 14 | 24 |
| 15 | 24 |
| 16 | 24 |
| 17 | 23 |
| 18 | 23 |
| 19 | 23 |
| 20 | 23 |
| 21 | 23 |
| 22 | 23 |
| 23 | 23 |
| 24 | 23 |
| 25 | 23 |
| 26 | 23 |
| 27 | 23 |
| 28 | 23 |
Humidity in February
Most of February feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, February lands in the dry band about 97% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 96 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 |
| Comfortable (%) | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
| Dry (%) | Comfortable (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 96 | 4 |
| 2 | 96 | 4 |
| 3 | 96 | 4 |
| 4 | 96 | 4 |
| 5 | 96 | 4 |
| 6 | 96 | 4 |
| 7 | 96 | 4 |
| 8 | 96 | 4 |
| 9 | 97 | 3 |
| 10 | 97 | 3 |
| 11 | 97 | 3 |
| 12 | 97 | 3 |
| 13 | 97 | 3 |
| 14 | 97 | 3 |
| 15 | 97 | 3 |
| 16 | 98 | 2 |
| 17 | 98 | 2 |
| 18 | 98 | 2 |
| 19 | 98 | 2 |
| 20 | 98 | 2 |
| 21 | 99 | 1 |
| 22 | 99 | 1 |
| 23 | 99 | 1 |
| 24 | 99 | 1 |
| 25 | 98 | 2 |
| 26 | 98 | 2 |
| 27 | 98 | 2 |
| 28 | 98 | 2 |
Wind in February
Winds average 12 km/h in February.
Across February, daily wind ranges from about 12 km/h on the calmest days to 12 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 12 | calm |
| 2 | 12 | calm |
| 3 | 12 | calm |
| 4 | 12 | calm |
| 5 | 12 | calm |
| 6 | 12 | calm |
| 7 | 12 | calm |
| 8 | 12 | calm |
| 9 | 12 | calm |
| 10 | 12 | calm |
| 11 | 12 | calm |
| 12 | 12 | calm |
| 13 | 12 | calm |
| 14 | 12 | calm |
| 15 | 12 | calm |
| 16 | 12 | calm |
| 17 | 12 | calm |
| 18 | 12 | calm |
| 19 | 12 | calm |
| 20 | 12 | calm |
| 21 | 12 | calm |
| 22 | 12 | calm |
| 23 | 12 | light breeze |
| 24 | 12 | light breeze |
| 25 | 12 | light breeze |
| 26 | 12 | light breeze |
| 27 | 12 | light breeze |
| 28 | 12 | light breeze |
Sunrise & sunset in February
Daylight runs from about 10 hours at the start of February to 11 hours by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days grow by about 60 minutes over February. Sunrise moves from 7:50 AM to 7:19 AM, and sunset from 5:48 PM to 6:19 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 10.0 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 10.1 | 10.1 | 10.1 | 10.2 | 10.2 | 10.3 | 10.3 | 10.3 | 10.4 | 10.4 | 10.4 | 10.5 | 10.5 | 10.6 | 10.6 | 10.6 | 10.7 | 10.7 | 10.8 | 10.8 | 10.8 | 10.9 | 10.9 | 11.0 | 11.0 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 7:50 | 7:49 | 7:48 | 7:47 | 7:46 | 7:45 | 7:44 | 7:43 | 7:42 | 7:41 | 7:40 | 7:39 | 7:38 | 7:37 | 7:36 | 7:35 | 7:33 | 7:32 | 7:31 | 7:30 | 7:28 | 7:27 | 7:26 | 7:24 | 7:23 | 7:22 | 7:20 | 7:19 |
| Sunset (PM) | 5:48 | 5:50 | 5:51 | 5:52 | 5:53 | 5:54 | 5:55 | 5:56 | 5:58 | 5:59 | 6:00 | 6:01 | 6:02 | 6:03 | 6:04 | 6:06 | 6:07 | 6:08 | 6:09 | 6:10 | 6:11 | 6:12 | 6:13 | 6:15 | 6:16 | 6:17 | 6:18 | 6:19 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 10.0 | 7:50 | 5:48 |
| 2 | 10.0 | 7:49 | 5:50 |
| 3 | 10.0 | 7:48 | 5:51 |
| 4 | 10.1 | 7:47 | 5:52 |
| 5 | 10.1 | 7:46 | 5:53 |
| 6 | 10.1 | 7:45 | 5:54 |
| 7 | 10.2 | 7:44 | 5:55 |
| 8 | 10.2 | 7:43 | 5:56 |
| 9 | 10.3 | 7:42 | 5:58 |
| 10 | 10.3 | 7:41 | 5:59 |
| 11 | 10.3 | 7:40 | 6:00 |
| 12 | 10.4 | 7:39 | 6:01 |
| 13 | 10.4 | 7:38 | 6:02 |
| 14 | 10.4 | 7:37 | 6:03 |
| 15 | 10.5 | 7:36 | 6:04 |
| 16 | 10.5 | 7:35 | 6:06 |
| 17 | 10.6 | 7:33 | 6:07 |
| 18 | 10.6 | 7:32 | 6:08 |
| 19 | 10.6 | 7:31 | 6:09 |
| 20 | 10.7 | 7:30 | 6:10 |
| 21 | 10.7 | 7:28 | 6:11 |
| 22 | 10.8 | 7:27 | 6:12 |
| 23 | 10.8 | 7:26 | 6:13 |
| 24 | 10.8 | 7:24 | 6:15 |
| 25 | 10.9 | 7:23 | 6:16 |
| 26 | 10.9 | 7:22 | 6:17 |
| 27 | 11.0 | 7:20 | 6:18 |
| 28 | 11.0 | 7:19 | 6:19 |
Solar energy in February
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in February, about 3.2 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 1.97 kWh/m² to a high of 7.59 kWh/m² in July across the year — February's 3.2 kWh/m² falls in the middle.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 2.7 | 2.7 | 2.7 | 2.8 | 2.8 | 2.8 | 2.9 | 2.9 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.1 | 3.1 | 3.2 | 3.2 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 3.4 | 3.4 | 3.4 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.6 | 3.6 | 3.6 | 3.7 | 3.7 |
| Level | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2.7 | Moderate |
| 2 | 2.7 | Moderate |
| 3 | 2.7 | Moderate |
| 4 | 2.8 | Moderate |
| 5 | 2.8 | Moderate |
| 6 | 2.8 | Moderate |
| 7 | 2.9 | Moderate |
| 8 | 2.9 | Moderate |
| 9 | 3.0 | Moderate |
| 10 | 3.0 | Moderate |
| 11 | 3.0 | Moderate |
| 12 | 3.1 | Moderate |
| 13 | 3.1 | Moderate |
| 14 | 3.2 | Moderate |
| 15 | 3.2 | Moderate |
| 16 | 3.3 | Moderate |
| 17 | 3.3 | Moderate |
| 18 | 3.4 | Moderate |
| 19 | 3.4 | Moderate |
| 20 | 3.4 | Moderate |
| 21 | 3.5 | Moderate |
| 22 | 3.5 | Moderate |
| 23 | 3.5 | Moderate |
| 24 | 3.6 | Moderate |
| 25 | 3.6 | Moderate |
| 26 | 3.6 | Moderate |
| 27 | 3.7 | Moderate |
| 28 | 3.7 | Moderate |
Is February a good time to visit Azambuja?
Our two travel scores rate February for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
February is a reasonable time to visit Azambuja for sightseeing.
What to pack for Azambuja in February
From February's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In February, Azambuja sees daytime highs around 16°C and nights near 7°C. Worth packing: a warm layer. About 7 days see rain.
Sea temperature near Azambuja in February
The nearest coast averages about 14°C in February — the other half of the beach question. The full-year curve and swim-comfort zones are below.
The sea at the nearest coast (about 44 km away) is warmest in August at about 18°C and coldest in February near 14°C.
The water stays below 20°C all year — cool enough that most swimmers want a wetsuit.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sea temperature (°C) | 15 | 14 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 17 | 15 |
| Comfort | Bracing | Bracing | Bracing | Bracing | Cool | Cool | Cool | Cool | Cool | Cool | Cool | Cool |
| Sea temperature (°C) | Comfort | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 15 | Bracing |
| Feb | 14 | Bracing |
| Mar | 14 | Bracing |
| Apr | 15 | Bracing |
| May | 16 | Cool |
| Jun | 17 | Cool |
| Jul | 18 | Cool |
| Aug | 18 | Cool |
| Sep | 18 | Cool |
| Oct | 18 | Cool |
| Nov | 17 | Cool |
| Dec | 15 | Cool |
UV index in Azambuja in February
Clear-sky midday UV in February peaks around 3. The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Azambuja peaks around July 15 at about 9 (very high) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near December 20 at about 2 (low).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — in 8 months of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 2 | 3 | 6 | 8 | 7 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 6 | 5 | 2 | 2 |
| Level | Low | Moderate | High | Very high | Very high | Very high | Very high | Very high | High | Moderate | Moderate | Low |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 2 | Low |
| Feb | 3 | Moderate |
| Mar | 6 | High |
| Apr | 8 | Very high |
| May | 7 | Very high |
| Jun | 9 | Very high |
| Jul | 9 | Very high |
| Aug | 9 | Very high |
| Sep | 6 | High |
| Oct | 5 | Moderate |
| Nov | 2 | Moderate |
| Dec | 2 | Low |
Where is Azambuja?
Azambuja sits at 39.1°N, 8.9°W, 25 m above sea level, in Portugal. The nearest listed city is Vila Franca de Xira, 17 km away.
Topography around Azambuja
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Azambuja.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Azambuja has only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 110 m around an average of 22 m above sea level; within 16 km, significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 282 m; within 80 km, large variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 674 m.
The land around Azambuja is covered by cropland (39%), grassland (31%) and trees (22%) within 3 km, cropland (35%), grassland (33%) and trees (22%) within 16 km, and grassland (35%), trees (28%) and water (26%) within 80 km.
Portugal travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 1
- Exercise Normal Precautions
- Power plugs
- Type C / E / F
- 230 V · 50 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 60% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $32,082
- 2025
- Happiness
- 6.0 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 95%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 0.7
- per 100k, 2022
- Road deaths
- 8.2
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- High
- World Bank
- English
- Very high
- EF EPI 612
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Azambuja (39.0703°, -8.8682°, elevation 25 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. Sea temperatures are the NOAA OISST v2.1 1991–2020 monthly climatology (public domain), sampled at the nearest ocean point. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).