Custoias weather in March
In March, Custoias sees average daytime highs of 15°C and overnight lows near 5°C, with 49 mm of rain across 7.9 wet days and about 11.7 hours of daylight. It is the 8th-warmest and 7th-wettest month of the year here.
Highs climb over the month, from about 14°C in the first days to 16°C by the end. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 33% of the time in March, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 11 hours at the start of March to 12 h 24 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, March is Custoias's 8th-clearest and 1st-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Custoias's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 15°
- 8th warmest
- Overnight low
- 5°
- 4th coldest
- Rainfall
- 49 mm
- 7.9 wet days
- Daylight
- 11 h 42 min
- 6:49 AM – 6:29 PM
- Cloud cover
- 58%
- 8th clearest
- Wind
- 9 km/h
- 1st windiest
- Solar energy
- 4.18 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 4.9
- out of 10
Custoias is human settlement in Portugal.
- Air quality
- Good
- PM10 27.6 µg/m³ · 2010
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in March
Highs climb over the month, from about 14°C in the first days to 16°C by the end.
A typical March day in Custoias reaches about 15°C in the afternoon and slips back to 5°C overnight — a 10°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 10°C and 21°C. Set against its neighbours, March runs about 3°C warmer than February and about 2°C cooler than April.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 13 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 |
| Avg low (°C) | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 13 | 4 |
| 2 | 14 | 4 |
| 3 | 14 | 4 |
| 4 | 14 | 4 |
| 5 | 14 | 4 |
| 6 | 14 | 5 |
| 7 | 15 | 5 |
| 8 | 15 | 5 |
| 9 | 15 | 5 |
| 10 | 15 | 5 |
| 11 | 15 | 5 |
| 12 | 15 | 5 |
| 13 | 15 | 5 |
| 14 | 16 | 5 |
| 15 | 16 | 5 |
| 16 | 16 | 5 |
| 17 | 16 | 5 |
| 18 | 16 | 5 |
| 19 | 16 | 6 |
| 20 | 16 | 6 |
| 21 | 16 | 6 |
| 22 | 16 | 6 |
| 23 | 16 | 6 |
| 24 | 16 | 6 |
| 25 | 16 | 6 |
| 26 | 16 | 6 |
| 27 | 16 | 6 |
| 28 | 16 | 6 |
| 29 | 16 | 6 |
| 30 | 16 | 6 |
| 31 | 16 | 6 |
Custoias weather by month
How March compares with the rest of the year at a glance. March is the 8th-warmest and 7th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 10° / 3° | 62 | 8.7 | 9.4 | 2.3 |
| Feb | 12° / 3° | 43 | 6.6 | 10.4 | 3.5 |
| Mar | 15° / 5° | 49 | 7.9 | 11.7 | 4.9 |
| Apr | 17° / 7° | 54 | 9.8 | 13.1 | 5.6 |
| May | 21° / 10° | 49 | 9.2 | 14.3 | 6.7 |
| Jun | 26° / 13° | 20 | 4.8 | 14.9 | 7.8 |
| Jul | 29° / 15° | 12 | 2.6 | 14.7 | 7.1 |
| Aug | 29° / 15° | 13 | 3.4 | 13.6 | 7.1 |
| Sep | 25° / 13° | 34 | 4.6 | 12.3 | 7.9 |
| Oct | 19° / 10° | 83 | 9.3 | 10.9 | 6.3 |
| Nov | 13° / 6° | 69 | 9.2 | 9.7 | 3.9 |
| Dec | 10° / 4° | 68 | 8.3 | 9.1 | 2.5 |
Cloud cover in March
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 33% of the time in March.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 13% of March, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 54%.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 44 | 44 | 43 | 43 | 44 | 45 | 45 | 46 | 45 | 46 | 48 | 49 | 50 | 49 | 49 | 49 | 49 | 49 | 48 | 48 | 47 | 47 | 47 | 45 | 44 | 43 | 43 | 43 | 42 | 42 | 43 |
| Cloudier (%) | 56 | 56 | 57 | 57 | 56 | 55 | 55 | 54 | 55 | 54 | 52 | 51 | 50 | 51 | 51 | 51 | 51 | 51 | 52 | 52 | 53 | 53 | 53 | 55 | 56 | 57 | 57 | 57 | 58 | 58 | 57 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 44 | 56 |
| 2 | 44 | 56 |
| 3 | 43 | 57 |
| 4 | 43 | 57 |
| 5 | 44 | 56 |
| 6 | 45 | 55 |
| 7 | 45 | 55 |
| 8 | 46 | 54 |
| 9 | 45 | 55 |
| 10 | 46 | 54 |
| 11 | 48 | 52 |
| 12 | 49 | 51 |
| 13 | 50 | 50 |
| 14 | 49 | 51 |
| 15 | 49 | 51 |
| 16 | 49 | 51 |
| 17 | 49 | 51 |
| 18 | 49 | 51 |
| 19 | 48 | 52 |
| 20 | 48 | 52 |
| 21 | 47 | 53 |
| 22 | 47 | 53 |
| 23 | 47 | 53 |
| 24 | 45 | 55 |
| 25 | 44 | 56 |
| 26 | 43 | 57 |
| 27 | 43 | 57 |
| 28 | 43 | 57 |
| 29 | 42 | 58 |
| 30 | 42 | 58 |
| 31 | 43 | 57 |
Chance of precipitation in March
Custoias gets around 49 mm of rain over 7.9 wet days in March. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable rain averages around 26% and peaks near 33% on the wettest days. The odds climb toward the end of the month.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 23 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 33 |
| Rain chance (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 24 |
| 2 | 24 |
| 3 | 24 |
| 4 | 24 |
| 5 | 24 |
| 6 | 24 |
| 7 | 24 |
| 8 | 23 |
| 9 | 23 |
| 10 | 23 |
| 11 | 22 |
| 12 | 22 |
| 13 | 22 |
| 14 | 22 |
| 15 | 22 |
| 16 | 23 |
| 17 | 23 |
| 18 | 24 |
| 19 | 25 |
| 20 | 25 |
| 21 | 26 |
| 22 | 27 |
| 23 | 28 |
| 24 | 29 |
| 25 | 29 |
| 26 | 30 |
| 27 | 31 |
| 28 | 32 |
| 29 | 32 |
| 30 | 32 |
| 31 | 33 |
Humidity in March
Most of March feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, March lands in the dry band about 100% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| Dry (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 100 |
| 2 | 100 |
| 3 | 100 |
| 4 | 100 |
| 5 | 100 |
| 6 | 100 |
| 7 | 100 |
| 8 | 100 |
| 9 | 100 |
| 10 | 100 |
| 11 | 100 |
| 12 | 100 |
| 13 | 100 |
| 14 | 100 |
| 15 | 100 |
| 16 | 100 |
| 17 | 100 |
| 18 | 100 |
| 19 | 100 |
| 20 | 100 |
| 21 | 100 |
| 22 | 100 |
| 23 | 100 |
| 24 | 100 |
| 25 | 100 |
| 26 | 100 |
| 27 | 100 |
| 28 | 100 |
| 29 | 100 |
| 30 | 100 |
| 31 | 100 |
Wind in March
Winds average 9 km/h in March, the windiest month of the year.
Across March, daily wind ranges from about 9 km/h on the calmest days to 10 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 9 | calm |
| 2 | 9 | calm |
| 3 | 9 | calm |
| 4 | 9 | calm |
| 5 | 9 | calm |
| 6 | 9 | calm |
| 7 | 9 | calm |
| 8 | 9 | calm |
| 9 | 9 | calm |
| 10 | 9 | calm |
| 11 | 9 | calm |
| 12 | 9 | calm |
| 13 | 9 | calm |
| 14 | 9 | calm |
| 15 | 9 | calm |
| 16 | 9 | calm |
| 17 | 9 | calm |
| 18 | 9 | calm |
| 19 | 9 | calm |
| 20 | 9 | calm |
| 21 | 9 | calm |
| 22 | 9 | calm |
| 23 | 10 | calm |
| 24 | 10 | calm |
| 25 | 10 | calm |
| 26 | 10 | calm |
| 27 | 10 | calm |
| 28 | 10 | calm |
| 29 | 10 | calm |
| 30 | 10 | calm |
| 31 | 10 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in March
Daylight runs from about 11 hours at the start of March to 12 h 24 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days grow by about 84 minutes over March. Sunrise moves from 7:13 AM to 6:23 AM, and sunset from 6:12 PM to 6:45 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 11.0 | 11.0 | 11.1 | 11.1 | 11.2 | 11.2 | 11.2 | 11.3 | 11.3 | 11.4 | 11.4 | 11.5 | 11.5 | 11.6 | 11.6 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.4 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 7:13 | 7:12 | 7:10 | 7:09 | 7:07 | 7:06 | 7:04 | 7:02 | 7:01 | 6:59 | 6:57 | 6:56 | 6:54 | 6:53 | 6:51 | 6:49 | 6:47 | 6:46 | 6:44 | 6:42 | 6:41 | 6:39 | 6:37 | 6:35 | 6:34 | 6:32 | 6:30 | 6:29 | 6:27 | 6:25 | 6:23 |
| Sunset (PM) | 6:12 | 6:13 | 6:14 | 6:15 | 6:16 | 6:17 | 6:19 | 6:20 | 6:21 | 6:22 | 6:23 | 6:24 | 6:25 | 6:27 | 6:28 | 6:29 | 6:30 | 6:31 | 6:32 | 6:33 | 6:34 | 6:35 | 6:36 | 6:38 | 6:39 | 6:40 | 6:41 | 6:42 | 6:43 | 6:44 | 6:45 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 11.0 | 7:13 | 6:12 |
| 2 | 11.0 | 7:12 | 6:13 |
| 3 | 11.1 | 7:10 | 6:14 |
| 4 | 11.1 | 7:09 | 6:15 |
| 5 | 11.2 | 7:07 | 6:16 |
| 6 | 11.2 | 7:06 | 6:17 |
| 7 | 11.2 | 7:04 | 6:19 |
| 8 | 11.3 | 7:02 | 6:20 |
| 9 | 11.3 | 7:01 | 6:21 |
| 10 | 11.4 | 6:59 | 6:22 |
| 11 | 11.4 | 6:57 | 6:23 |
| 12 | 11.5 | 6:56 | 6:24 |
| 13 | 11.5 | 6:54 | 6:25 |
| 14 | 11.6 | 6:53 | 6:27 |
| 15 | 11.6 | 6:51 | 6:28 |
| 16 | 11.7 | 6:49 | 6:29 |
| 17 | 11.7 | 6:47 | 6:30 |
| 18 | 11.8 | 6:46 | 6:31 |
| 19 | 11.8 | 6:44 | 6:32 |
| 20 | 11.8 | 6:42 | 6:33 |
| 21 | 11.9 | 6:41 | 6:34 |
| 22 | 11.9 | 6:39 | 6:35 |
| 23 | 12.0 | 6:37 | 6:36 |
| 24 | 12.0 | 6:35 | 6:38 |
| 25 | 12.1 | 6:34 | 6:39 |
| 26 | 12.1 | 6:32 | 6:40 |
| 27 | 12.2 | 6:30 | 6:41 |
| 28 | 12.2 | 6:29 | 6:42 |
| 29 | 12.3 | 6:27 | 6:43 |
| 30 | 12.3 | 6:25 | 6:44 |
| 31 | 12.4 | 6:23 | 6:45 |
Solar energy in March
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in March, about 4.18 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 1.57 kWh/m² to a high of 7.49 kWh/m² in July across the year — March's 4.18 kWh/m² falls in the middle.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.6 | 3.6 | 3.7 | 3.7 | 3.8 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.1 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.7 |
| Level | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 3.5 | Moderate |
| 2 | 3.5 | Moderate |
| 3 | 3.6 | Moderate |
| 4 | 3.6 | Moderate |
| 5 | 3.7 | Moderate |
| 6 | 3.7 | Moderate |
| 7 | 3.8 | Moderate |
| 8 | 3.9 | Moderate |
| 9 | 3.9 | Moderate |
| 10 | 4.0 | Moderate |
| 11 | 4.0 | Bright |
| 12 | 4.1 | Bright |
| 13 | 4.2 | Bright |
| 14 | 4.2 | Bright |
| 15 | 4.3 | Bright |
| 16 | 4.3 | Bright |
| 17 | 4.3 | Bright |
| 18 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 19 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 20 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 21 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 22 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 23 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 24 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 25 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 26 | 4.6 | Bright |
| 27 | 4.6 | Bright |
| 28 | 4.6 | Bright |
| 29 | 4.7 | Bright |
| 30 | 4.7 | Bright |
| 31 | 4.7 | Bright |
Is March a good time to visit Custoias?
Our two travel scores rate March for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
March is a reasonable time to visit Custoias for sightseeing.
What to pack for Custoias in March
From March's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In March, Custoias sees daytime highs around 15°C and nights near 5°C. Worth packing: a warm layer. About 8 days see rain.
UV index in Custoias in March
Clear-sky midday UV in March peaks around 5 — enough to warrant sun protection. The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Custoias peaks around July 12 at about 9 (very high) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near December 20 at about 2 (low).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — in 8 months of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 2 | 3 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 6 | 5 | 2 | 2 |
| Level | Low | Moderate | High | High | High | Very high | Very high | Very high | High | Moderate | Moderate | Low |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 2 | Low |
| Feb | 3 | Moderate |
| Mar | 5 | High |
| Apr | 6 | High |
| May | 7 | High |
| Jun | 9 | Very high |
| Jul | 9 | Very high |
| Aug | 9 | Very high |
| Sep | 6 | High |
| Oct | 5 | Moderate |
| Nov | 2 | Moderate |
| Dec | 2 | Low |
Air quality in Custoias in March
Average fine-particle pollution (PM2.5) through the year — so you can see where March falls, not just the annual average.
Air quality in Custoias is worst in August — around 22 µg/m³ PM2.5 (moderate), about 3.2× the cleanest month (November, 7 µg/m³).
Modeled monthly averages (CAMS reanalysis, 2015–2024).
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | 10 | 10 | 13 | 11 | 8 | 9 | 12 | 22 | 18 | 13 | 7 | 7 |
| Level | Good | Good | Moderate | Good | Good | Good | Good | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Good | Good |
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 10 | Good |
| Feb | 10 | Good |
| Mar | 13 | Moderate |
| Apr | 11 | Good |
| May | 8 | Good |
| Jun | 9 | Good |
| Jul | 12 | Good |
| Aug | 22 | Moderate |
| Sep | 18 | Moderate |
| Oct | 13 | Moderate |
| Nov | 7 | Good |
| Dec | 7 | Good |
Where is Custoias?
Custoias sits at 41.1°N, 7.3°W, 569 m above sea level, in Portugal. The nearest listed city is Vila Nova de Foz Côa, 15 km away.
Topography around Custoias
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Custoias.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Custoias has large variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 671 m around an average of 479 m above sea level; within 16 km, large variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 921 m; within 80 km, very significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 1,573 m.
The land around Custoias is covered by shrubs (40%), grassland (30%) and trees (29%) within 3 km, grassland (44%), trees (26%) and shrubs (23%) within 16 km, and grassland (58%) and trees (30%) within 80 km.
Portugal travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 1
- Exercise Normal Precautions
- Power plugs
- Type C / E / F
- 230 V · 50 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 60% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $32,082
- 2025
- Happiness
- 6.0 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 95%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 0.7
- per 100k, 2022
- Road deaths
- 8.2
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- High
- World Bank
- English
- Very high
- EF EPI 612
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Custoias (41.1053°, -7.321°, elevation 569 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Monthly air-quality (PM2.5) seasonality is from the CAMS EAC4 reanalysis (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service), scaled to the WHO annual mean where available. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).