Funchal weather in February
In February, Funchal sees average daytime highs of 15°C and overnight lows near 12°C, with 53 mm of rain across 7.9 wet days and about 10.8 hours of daylight. It is the 12th-warmest and 5th-wettest month of the year here.
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 15°C through the month. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 17% of the time in February, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 10 h 24 min at the start of February to 11 h 12 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, February is Funchal's 8th-clearest and 3rd-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Funchal's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 15°
- 12th warmest
- Overnight low
- 12°
- 1st coldest
- Rainfall
- 53 mm
- 7.9 wet days
- Daylight
- 10 h 48 min
- 7:58 AM – 6:46 PM
- Cloud cover
- 66%
- 8th clearest
- Wind
- 11 km/h
- 3rd windiest
- Solar energy
- 3.7 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 4.8
- out of 10
Funchal is city and seat of Funchal municipality, Portugal.
- Air quality
- Good
- PM2.5 5.2 µg/m³ · 2019
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in February
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 15°C through the month.
A typical February day in Funchal reaches about 15°C in the afternoon and slips back to 12°C overnight — a 3°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 13°C and 18°C. Set against its neighbours, February runs on par with January and on par with March.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 |
| Avg low (°C) | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 15 | 12 |
| 2 | 15 | 12 |
| 3 | 15 | 12 |
| 4 | 15 | 12 |
| 5 | 15 | 12 |
| 6 | 15 | 12 |
| 7 | 15 | 12 |
| 8 | 15 | 12 |
| 9 | 15 | 12 |
| 10 | 15 | 12 |
| 11 | 15 | 12 |
| 12 | 15 | 12 |
| 13 | 15 | 12 |
| 14 | 15 | 12 |
| 15 | 15 | 12 |
| 16 | 15 | 12 |
| 17 | 15 | 12 |
| 18 | 15 | 12 |
| 19 | 15 | 12 |
| 20 | 15 | 12 |
| 21 | 15 | 12 |
| 22 | 15 | 12 |
| 23 | 15 | 12 |
| 24 | 16 | 12 |
| 25 | 16 | 12 |
| 26 | 16 | 12 |
| 27 | 16 | 12 |
| 28 | 16 | 12 |
Funchal weather by month
How February compares with the rest of the year at a glance. February is the 12th-warmest and 5th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 16° / 13° | 51 | 8.4 | 10.1 | 4.9 |
| Feb | 15° / 12° | 53 | 7.9 | 10.8 | 4.8 |
| Mar | 16° / 13° | 56 | 10.3 | 11.8 | 5.0 |
| Apr | 17° / 13° | 47 | 8.6 | 12.8 | 5.4 |
| May | 19° / 14° | 28 | 7.4 | 13.7 | 6.4 |
| Jun | 21° / 16° | 13 | 3.5 | 14.1 | 7.5 |
| Jul | 23° / 18° | 4 | 1.4 | 13.9 | 8.6 |
| Aug | 24° / 19° | 7 | 2.5 | 13.2 | 8.6 |
| Sep | 23° / 19° | 25 | 7.7 | 12.2 | 7.2 |
| Oct | 21° / 18° | 69 | 11.7 | 11.2 | 6.1 |
| Nov | 18° / 15° | 64 | 11 | 10.3 | 5.6 |
| Dec | 17° / 14° | 83 | 10.4 | 9.9 | 5.1 |
Cloud cover in February
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 17% of the time in February.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 16% of February, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 67%.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 35 | 36 | 35 | 35 | 36 | 35 | 35 | 35 | 35 | 34 | 33 | 33 | 33 | 32 | 32 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 32 | 32 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 33 |
| Cloudier (%) | 65 | 64 | 65 | 65 | 64 | 65 | 65 | 65 | 65 | 66 | 67 | 67 | 67 | 68 | 68 | 69 | 69 | 69 | 68 | 68 | 69 | 69 | 69 | 68 | 68 | 68 | 68 | 67 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 35 | 65 |
| 2 | 36 | 64 |
| 3 | 35 | 65 |
| 4 | 35 | 65 |
| 5 | 36 | 64 |
| 6 | 35 | 65 |
| 7 | 35 | 65 |
| 8 | 35 | 65 |
| 9 | 35 | 65 |
| 10 | 34 | 66 |
| 11 | 33 | 67 |
| 12 | 33 | 67 |
| 13 | 33 | 67 |
| 14 | 32 | 68 |
| 15 | 32 | 68 |
| 16 | 31 | 69 |
| 17 | 31 | 69 |
| 18 | 31 | 69 |
| 19 | 32 | 68 |
| 20 | 32 | 68 |
| 21 | 31 | 69 |
| 22 | 31 | 69 |
| 23 | 31 | 69 |
| 24 | 32 | 68 |
| 25 | 32 | 68 |
| 26 | 32 | 68 |
| 27 | 32 | 68 |
| 28 | 33 | 67 |
Chance of precipitation in February
Funchal gets around 53 mm of rain over 7.9 wet days in February. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable rain averages around 29% and peaks near 32% on the wettest days.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 30 | 30 | 31 | 31 | 32 | 32 | 32 |
| Rain chance (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 29 |
| 2 | 29 |
| 3 | 29 |
| 4 | 29 |
| 5 | 29 |
| 6 | 29 |
| 7 | 29 |
| 8 | 28 |
| 9 | 28 |
| 10 | 28 |
| 11 | 28 |
| 12 | 28 |
| 13 | 28 |
| 14 | 28 |
| 15 | 28 |
| 16 | 28 |
| 17 | 28 |
| 18 | 28 |
| 19 | 29 |
| 20 | 29 |
| 21 | 29 |
| 22 | 30 |
| 23 | 30 |
| 24 | 31 |
| 25 | 31 |
| 26 | 32 |
| 27 | 32 |
| 28 | 32 |
Humidity in February
Most of February feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, February lands in the dry band about 92% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 92 | 92 | 92 | 92 | 92 | 91 | 91 | 91 | 91 | 91 | 91 | 92 | 92 | 92 | 92 | 93 | 93 | 93 | 93 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 93 | 93 |
| Comfortable (%) | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 7 |
| Dry (%) | Comfortable (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 92 | 8 |
| 2 | 92 | 8 |
| 3 | 92 | 8 |
| 4 | 92 | 8 |
| 5 | 92 | 8 |
| 6 | 91 | 9 |
| 7 | 91 | 9 |
| 8 | 91 | 9 |
| 9 | 91 | 9 |
| 10 | 91 | 9 |
| 11 | 91 | 9 |
| 12 | 92 | 8 |
| 13 | 92 | 8 |
| 14 | 92 | 8 |
| 15 | 92 | 8 |
| 16 | 93 | 7 |
| 17 | 93 | 7 |
| 18 | 93 | 7 |
| 19 | 93 | 7 |
| 20 | 94 | 6 |
| 21 | 94 | 6 |
| 22 | 94 | 6 |
| 23 | 94 | 6 |
| 24 | 94 | 6 |
| 25 | 94 | 6 |
| 26 | 94 | 6 |
| 27 | 93 | 7 |
| 28 | 93 | 7 |
Wind in February
Winds average 11 km/h in February.
Across February, daily wind ranges from about 11 km/h on the calmest days to 12 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 11 | calm |
| 2 | 11 | calm |
| 3 | 11 | calm |
| 4 | 11 | calm |
| 5 | 11 | calm |
| 6 | 11 | calm |
| 7 | 11 | calm |
| 8 | 11 | calm |
| 9 | 11 | calm |
| 10 | 11 | calm |
| 11 | 11 | calm |
| 12 | 11 | calm |
| 13 | 11 | calm |
| 14 | 11 | calm |
| 15 | 11 | calm |
| 16 | 11 | calm |
| 17 | 12 | calm |
| 18 | 12 | calm |
| 19 | 12 | calm |
| 20 | 12 | calm |
| 21 | 12 | calm |
| 22 | 12 | calm |
| 23 | 12 | calm |
| 24 | 12 | calm |
| 25 | 12 | light breeze |
| 26 | 12 | light breeze |
| 27 | 12 | light breeze |
| 28 | 12 | light breeze |
Sunrise & sunset in February
Daylight runs from about 10 h 24 min at the start of February to 11 h 12 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days grow by about 48 minutes over February. Sunrise moves from 8:09 AM to 7:45 AM, and sunset from 6:34 PM to 6:57 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 10.4 | 10.4 | 10.5 | 10.5 | 10.5 | 10.5 | 10.6 | 10.6 | 10.6 | 10.7 | 10.7 | 10.7 | 10.7 | 10.8 | 10.8 | 10.8 | 10.9 | 10.9 | 10.9 | 11.0 | 11.0 | 11.0 | 11.0 | 11.1 | 11.1 | 11.1 | 11.2 | 11.2 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 8:09 | 8:08 | 8:08 | 8:07 | 8:06 | 8:06 | 8:05 | 8:04 | 8:03 | 8:03 | 8:02 | 8:01 | 8:00 | 7:59 | 7:58 | 7:57 | 7:56 | 7:55 | 7:54 | 7:53 | 7:52 | 7:51 | 7:50 | 7:49 | 7:48 | 7:47 | 7:46 | 7:45 |
| Sunset (PM) | 6:34 | 6:35 | 6:35 | 6:36 | 6:37 | 6:38 | 6:39 | 6:40 | 6:41 | 6:42 | 6:43 | 6:44 | 6:45 | 6:45 | 6:46 | 6:47 | 6:48 | 6:49 | 6:50 | 6:51 | 6:52 | 6:52 | 6:53 | 6:54 | 6:55 | 6:56 | 6:57 | 6:57 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 10.4 | 8:09 | 6:34 |
| 2 | 10.4 | 8:08 | 6:35 |
| 3 | 10.5 | 8:08 | 6:35 |
| 4 | 10.5 | 8:07 | 6:36 |
| 5 | 10.5 | 8:06 | 6:37 |
| 6 | 10.5 | 8:06 | 6:38 |
| 7 | 10.6 | 8:05 | 6:39 |
| 8 | 10.6 | 8:04 | 6:40 |
| 9 | 10.6 | 8:03 | 6:41 |
| 10 | 10.7 | 8:03 | 6:42 |
| 11 | 10.7 | 8:02 | 6:43 |
| 12 | 10.7 | 8:01 | 6:44 |
| 13 | 10.7 | 8:00 | 6:45 |
| 14 | 10.8 | 7:59 | 6:45 |
| 15 | 10.8 | 7:58 | 6:46 |
| 16 | 10.8 | 7:57 | 6:47 |
| 17 | 10.9 | 7:56 | 6:48 |
| 18 | 10.9 | 7:55 | 6:49 |
| 19 | 10.9 | 7:54 | 6:50 |
| 20 | 11.0 | 7:53 | 6:51 |
| 21 | 11.0 | 7:52 | 6:52 |
| 22 | 11.0 | 7:51 | 6:52 |
| 23 | 11.0 | 7:50 | 6:53 |
| 24 | 11.1 | 7:49 | 6:54 |
| 25 | 11.1 | 7:48 | 6:55 |
| 26 | 11.1 | 7:47 | 6:56 |
| 27 | 11.2 | 7:46 | 6:57 |
| 28 | 11.2 | 7:45 | 6:57 |
Solar energy in February
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in February, about 3.7 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 2.58 kWh/m² to a high of 7.31 kWh/m² in July across the year — February's 3.7 kWh/m² falls in the middle.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 3.2 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 3.4 | 3.4 | 3.4 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.6 | 3.6 | 3.6 | 3.7 | 3.7 | 3.8 | 3.8 | 3.8 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.1 | 4.1 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 4.2 |
| Level | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 3.2 | Moderate |
| 2 | 3.3 | Moderate |
| 3 | 3.3 | Moderate |
| 4 | 3.3 | Moderate |
| 5 | 3.4 | Moderate |
| 6 | 3.4 | Moderate |
| 7 | 3.4 | Moderate |
| 8 | 3.5 | Moderate |
| 9 | 3.5 | Moderate |
| 10 | 3.5 | Moderate |
| 11 | 3.6 | Moderate |
| 12 | 3.6 | Moderate |
| 13 | 3.6 | Moderate |
| 14 | 3.7 | Moderate |
| 15 | 3.7 | Moderate |
| 16 | 3.8 | Moderate |
| 17 | 3.8 | Moderate |
| 18 | 3.8 | Moderate |
| 19 | 3.9 | Moderate |
| 20 | 3.9 | Moderate |
| 21 | 3.9 | Moderate |
| 22 | 4.0 | Moderate |
| 23 | 4.0 | Bright |
| 24 | 4.1 | Bright |
| 25 | 4.1 | Bright |
| 26 | 4.2 | Bright |
| 27 | 4.2 | Bright |
| 28 | 4.2 | Bright |
Hazard calendar for Funchal
None of Funchal's seasonal hazards are active in February. The full-year calendar below shows when the rainy season, cyclone risk and dust haze do peak.
Funchal sits in the Atlantic hurricane belt; the season peaks August–October.
Is February a good time to visit Funchal?
Our two travel scores rate February for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
February is a reasonable time to visit Funchal for sightseeing.
What to pack for Funchal in February
From February's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In February, Funchal sees daytime highs around 15°C and nights near 12°C. Worth packing: a warm layer and rain gear. About 8 days see rain.
Sea temperature near Funchal in February
The nearest coast averages about 18°C in February — the other half of the beach question. The full-year curve and swim-comfort zones are below.
The sea offshore is warmest in September at about 24°C and coldest in March near 18°C.
It's comfortable for a long swim from May 30 to Dec 14 — about 6.5 months when the water holds above 20°C.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sea temperature (°C) | 19 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 19 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 23 | 21 | 20 |
| Comfort | Cool | Cool | Cool | Cool | Cool | Refreshing | Refreshing | Refreshing | Refreshing | Refreshing | Refreshing | Cool |
| Sea temperature (°C) | Comfort | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 19 | Cool |
| Feb | 18 | Cool |
| Mar | 18 | Cool |
| Apr | 18 | Cool |
| May | 19 | Cool |
| Jun | 21 | Refreshing |
| Jul | 22 | Refreshing |
| Aug | 23 | Refreshing |
| Sep | 24 | Refreshing |
| Oct | 23 | Refreshing |
| Nov | 21 | Refreshing |
| Dec | 20 | Cool |
UV index in Funchal in February
Clear-sky midday UV in February peaks around 5 — enough to warrant sun protection. The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Funchal peaks around July 15 at about 11 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near December 16 at about 3 (moderate).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — in 11 months of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 4 | 5 | 9 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 10 | 8 | 7 | 3 | 3 |
| Level | Moderate | Moderate | Very high | Very high | Very high | Extreme | Extreme | Very high | Very high | High | Moderate | Moderate |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 4 | Moderate |
| Feb | 5 | Moderate |
| Mar | 9 | Very high |
| Apr | 8 | Very high |
| May | 9 | Very high |
| Jun | 10 | Extreme |
| Jul | 11 | Extreme |
| Aug | 10 | Very high |
| Sep | 8 | Very high |
| Oct | 7 | High |
| Nov | 3 | Moderate |
| Dec | 3 | Moderate |
Where is Funchal?
Funchal sits at 32.7°N, 16.9°W, 280 m above sea level, in Portugal. The nearest listed city is Santo António, 1.0 km away.
Topography around Funchal
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Funchal.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Funchal has large variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 1,070 m around an average of 345 m above sea level; within 16 km, very significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 1,832 m; within 80 km, very significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 1,780 m.
The land around Funchal is covered by trees (46%) and artificial surfaces (42%) within 3 km, water (47%) and trees (40%) within 16 km, and water (93%) within 80 km.
Portugal travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 1
- Exercise Normal Precautions
- Power plugs
- Type C / E / F
- 230 V · 50 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 60% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $32,082
- 2025
- Happiness
- 6.0 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 95%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 0.7
- per 100k, 2022
- Road deaths
- 8.2
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- High
- World Bank
- English
- Very high
- EF EPI 612
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Funchal (32.6657°, -16.9255°, elevation 280 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. Tropical-cyclone seasons are the published climatological basin seasons (NOAA National Hurricane Center / regional warning centres). Sea temperatures are the NOAA OISST v2.1 1991–2020 monthly climatology (public domain), sampled at the nearest ocean point. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).