Aykhal weather in February
In February, Aykhal sees average daytime highs of -26°C and overnight lows near -34°C, with 3 mm of precipitation across 0.9 wet days and about 7.5 hours of daylight. It is the 10th-warmest and 11th-wettest month of the year here.
Highs climb over the month, from about -28°C in the first days to -23°C by the end. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 10% of the time in February, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 5 h 54 min at the start of February to 9 h 12 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, February is Aykhal's 8th-clearest and 11th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Aykhal's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- -26°
- 10th warmest
- Overnight low
- -34°
- 3rd coldest
- Precipitation
- 3 mm
- 0.9 wet days
- Daylight
- 7 h 36 min
- 10:01 AM – 5:36 PM
- Cloud cover
- 81%
- 8th clearest
- Wind
- 9 km/h
- 11th windiest
- Solar energy
- 0.73 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 0.0
- out of 10
Aykhal is human settlement in Mirninsky District, Sakha Republic, Russia.
- Founded
- 1961
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in February
Highs climb over the month, from about -28°C in the first days to -23°C by the end.
A typical February day in Aykhal reaches about -26°C in the afternoon and slips back to -34°C overnight — a 8°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between -36°C and -16°C. Set against its neighbours, February runs about 4°C warmer than January and about 11°C cooler than March.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | -28 | -28 | -28 | -28 | -28 | -28 | -28 | -28 | -28 | -28 | -27 | -27 | -27 | -27 | -27 | -26 | -26 | -26 | -26 | -25 | -25 | -25 | -24 | -24 | -23 | -23 | -22 | -22 |
| Avg low (°C) | -35 | -35 | -35 | -35 | -35 | -35 | -35 | -35 | -35 | -35 | -35 | -35 | -35 | -35 | -34 | -34 | -34 | -34 | -34 | -34 | -33 | -33 | -33 | -33 | -32 | -32 | -32 | -31 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | -28 | -35 |
| 2 | -28 | -35 |
| 3 | -28 | -35 |
| 4 | -28 | -35 |
| 5 | -28 | -35 |
| 6 | -28 | -35 |
| 7 | -28 | -35 |
| 8 | -28 | -35 |
| 9 | -28 | -35 |
| 10 | -28 | -35 |
| 11 | -27 | -35 |
| 12 | -27 | -35 |
| 13 | -27 | -35 |
| 14 | -27 | -35 |
| 15 | -27 | -34 |
| 16 | -26 | -34 |
| 17 | -26 | -34 |
| 18 | -26 | -34 |
| 19 | -26 | -34 |
| 20 | -25 | -34 |
| 21 | -25 | -33 |
| 22 | -25 | -33 |
| 23 | -24 | -33 |
| 24 | -24 | -33 |
| 25 | -23 | -32 |
| 26 | -23 | -32 |
| 27 | -22 | -32 |
| 28 | -22 | -31 |
How February really feels in Aykhal
Once humidity and wind are folded in, February averages 0 days that feel above 32°C and 28 that feel at or below 0°C — the comfort signal a plain temperature reading hides.
The story in February is cold — wind chill drags the overnight "feels like" below the raw low.
Aykhal weather by month
How February compares with the rest of the year at a glance. February is the 10th-warmest and 11th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Snow days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | -30° / -37° | 3 | 0.8 | 2 | 3.9 | 0.0 |
| Feb | -26° / -34° | 3 | 0.9 | 2.1 | 7.5 | 0.0 |
| Mar | -15° / -26° | 6 | 2.1 | 3.5 | 11.1 | 0.0 |
| Apr | -4° / -15° | 21 | 5.9 | 7.4 | 14.8 | 0.0 |
| May | 5° / -4° | 46 | 10.5 | 8.4 | 18.6 | 0.5 |
| Jun | 15° / 6° | 59 | 11.5 | 1.3 | 21.7 | 4.4 |
| Jul | 19° / 9° | 59 | 9.8 | 0.2 | 20.2 | 6.0 |
| Aug | 15° / 6° | 63 | 10.9 | 0.3 | 16.5 | 4.3 |
| Sep | 5° / -2° | 43 | 9.9 | 5.2 | 12.8 | 0.6 |
| Oct | -8° / -14° | 22 | 6.3 | 8.4 | 9.1 | 0.0 |
| Nov | -22° / -29° | 8 | 2.8 | 5.1 | 5.3 | 0.0 |
| Dec | -29° / -36° | 3 | 1.2 | 2.1 | 2.3 | 0.0 |
Cloud cover in February
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 10% of the time in February.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 8% of February, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 82%. Skies tend to open up as the month goes on.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 15 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 18 | 18 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 21 | 21 | 22 | 22 | 23 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 25 |
| Cloudier (%) | 88 | 88 | 88 | 88 | 88 | 86 | 86 | 86 | 85 | 85 | 84 | 83 | 83 | 83 | 82 | 82 | 80 | 80 | 80 | 79 | 79 | 78 | 78 | 77 | 77 | 76 | 75 | 75 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 12 | 88 |
| 2 | 12 | 88 |
| 3 | 12 | 88 |
| 4 | 12 | 88 |
| 5 | 12 | 88 |
| 6 | 14 | 86 |
| 7 | 14 | 86 |
| 8 | 14 | 86 |
| 9 | 15 | 85 |
| 10 | 15 | 85 |
| 11 | 16 | 84 |
| 12 | 17 | 83 |
| 13 | 17 | 83 |
| 14 | 17 | 83 |
| 15 | 18 | 82 |
| 16 | 18 | 82 |
| 17 | 20 | 80 |
| 18 | 20 | 80 |
| 19 | 20 | 80 |
| 20 | 21 | 79 |
| 21 | 21 | 79 |
| 22 | 22 | 78 |
| 23 | 22 | 78 |
| 24 | 23 | 77 |
| 25 | 23 | 77 |
| 26 | 24 | 76 |
| 27 | 25 | 75 |
| 28 | 25 | 75 |
Chance of precipitation in February
Aykhal gets around 3 mm of rain and snow over 0.9 wet days in February. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable precipitation averages around 3% and peaks near 5% on the wettest days, and about 2 days bring snow.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 |
| Snow chance (%) | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 8 |
| Rain chance (%) | Snow chance (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 7 |
| 2 | 2 | 7 |
| 3 | 2 | 7 |
| 4 | 2 | 7 |
| 5 | 2 | 7 |
| 6 | 2 | 8 |
| 7 | 2 | 8 |
| 8 | 3 | 8 |
| 9 | 3 | 8 |
| 10 | 3 | 8 |
| 11 | 3 | 8 |
| 12 | 3 | 8 |
| 13 | 3 | 8 |
| 14 | 3 | 8 |
| 15 | 3 | 8 |
| 16 | 3 | 8 |
| 17 | 4 | 8 |
| 18 | 4 | 7 |
| 19 | 4 | 7 |
| 20 | 4 | 7 |
| 21 | 4 | 7 |
| 22 | 4 | 7 |
| 23 | 4 | 7 |
| 24 | 4 | 7 |
| 25 | 4 | 7 |
| 26 | 4 | 8 |
| 27 | 5 | 8 |
| 28 | 5 | 8 |
Humidity in February
Most of February feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, February lands in the dry band about 100% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| Dry (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 100 |
| 2 | 100 |
| 3 | 100 |
| 4 | 100 |
| 5 | 100 |
| 6 | 100 |
| 7 | 100 |
| 8 | 100 |
| 9 | 100 |
| 10 | 100 |
| 11 | 100 |
| 12 | 100 |
| 13 | 100 |
| 14 | 100 |
| 15 | 100 |
| 16 | 100 |
| 17 | 100 |
| 18 | 100 |
| 19 | 100 |
| 20 | 100 |
| 21 | 100 |
| 22 | 100 |
| 23 | 100 |
| 24 | 100 |
| 25 | 100 |
| 26 | 100 |
| 27 | 100 |
| 28 | 100 |
Wind in February
Winds average 9 km/h in February.
Across February, daily wind ranges from about 9 km/h on the calmest days to 9 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 9 | calm |
| 2 | 9 | calm |
| 3 | 9 | calm |
| 4 | 9 | calm |
| 5 | 9 | calm |
| 6 | 9 | calm |
| 7 | 9 | calm |
| 8 | 9 | calm |
| 9 | 9 | calm |
| 10 | 9 | calm |
| 11 | 9 | calm |
| 12 | 9 | calm |
| 13 | 9 | calm |
| 14 | 9 | calm |
| 15 | 9 | calm |
| 16 | 9 | calm |
| 17 | 9 | calm |
| 18 | 9 | calm |
| 19 | 9 | calm |
| 20 | 9 | calm |
| 21 | 9 | calm |
| 22 | 9 | calm |
| 23 | 9 | calm |
| 24 | 9 | calm |
| 25 | 9 | calm |
| 26 | 9 | calm |
| 27 | 9 | calm |
| 28 | 9 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in February
Daylight runs from about 5 h 54 min at the start of February to 9 h 12 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days grow by about 198 minutes over February. Sunrise moves from 10:52 AM to 9:12 AM, and sunset from 4:43 PM to 6:23 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 5.9 | 6.0 | 6.1 | 6.2 | 6.4 | 6.5 | 6.6 | 6.7 | 6.8 | 7.0 | 7.1 | 7.2 | 7.3 | 7.5 | 7.6 | 7.7 | 7.8 | 8.0 | 8.1 | 8.2 | 8.3 | 8.5 | 8.6 | 8.7 | 8.8 | 8.9 | 9.1 | 9.2 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 10:52 | 10:48 | 10:45 | 10:41 | 10:38 | 10:34 | 10:30 | 10:27 | 10:23 | 10:19 | 10:16 | 10:12 | 10:08 | 10:05 | 10:01 | 9:57 | 9:53 | 9:50 | 9:46 | 9:42 | 9:38 | 9:35 | 9:31 | 9:27 | 9:23 | 9:19 | 9:16 | 9:12 |
| Sunset (PM) | 4:43 | 4:47 | 4:51 | 4:55 | 4:59 | 5:02 | 5:06 | 5:10 | 5:14 | 5:18 | 5:21 | 5:25 | 5:29 | 5:33 | 5:36 | 5:40 | 5:44 | 5:47 | 5:51 | 5:55 | 5:58 | 6:02 | 6:05 | 6:09 | 6:13 | 6:16 | 6:20 | 6:23 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 5.9 | 10:52 | 4:43 |
| 2 | 6.0 | 10:48 | 4:47 |
| 3 | 6.1 | 10:45 | 4:51 |
| 4 | 6.2 | 10:41 | 4:55 |
| 5 | 6.4 | 10:38 | 4:59 |
| 6 | 6.5 | 10:34 | 5:02 |
| 7 | 6.6 | 10:30 | 5:06 |
| 8 | 6.7 | 10:27 | 5:10 |
| 9 | 6.8 | 10:23 | 5:14 |
| 10 | 7.0 | 10:19 | 5:18 |
| 11 | 7.1 | 10:16 | 5:21 |
| 12 | 7.2 | 10:12 | 5:25 |
| 13 | 7.3 | 10:08 | 5:29 |
| 14 | 7.5 | 10:05 | 5:33 |
| 15 | 7.6 | 10:01 | 5:36 |
| 16 | 7.7 | 9:57 | 5:40 |
| 17 | 7.8 | 9:53 | 5:44 |
| 18 | 8.0 | 9:50 | 5:47 |
| 19 | 8.1 | 9:46 | 5:51 |
| 20 | 8.2 | 9:42 | 5:55 |
| 21 | 8.3 | 9:38 | 5:58 |
| 22 | 8.5 | 9:35 | 6:02 |
| 23 | 8.6 | 9:31 | 6:05 |
| 24 | 8.7 | 9:27 | 6:09 |
| 25 | 8.8 | 9:23 | 6:13 |
| 26 | 8.9 | 9:19 | 6:16 |
| 27 | 9.1 | 9:16 | 6:20 |
| 28 | 9.2 | 9:12 | 6:23 |
Solar energy in February
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in February, about 0.73 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 0.01 kWh/m² to a high of 5.55 kWh/m² in June across the year — February's 0.73 kWh/m² falls in the middle.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 1.3 |
| Level | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 0.3 | Dim |
| 2 | 0.3 | Dim |
| 3 | 0.4 | Dim |
| 4 | 0.4 | Dim |
| 5 | 0.4 | Dim |
| 6 | 0.4 | Dim |
| 7 | 0.5 | Dim |
| 8 | 0.5 | Dim |
| 9 | 0.5 | Dim |
| 10 | 0.6 | Dim |
| 11 | 0.6 | Dim |
| 12 | 0.6 | Dim |
| 13 | 0.7 | Dim |
| 14 | 0.7 | Dim |
| 15 | 0.8 | Dim |
| 16 | 0.8 | Dim |
| 17 | 0.8 | Dim |
| 18 | 0.9 | Dim |
| 19 | 0.9 | Dim |
| 20 | 0.9 | Dim |
| 21 | 1.0 | Dim |
| 22 | 1.0 | Dim |
| 23 | 1.1 | Dim |
| 24 | 1.1 | Dim |
| 25 | 1.2 | Dim |
| 26 | 1.2 | Dim |
| 27 | 1.3 | Dim |
| 28 | 1.3 | Dim |
Is February a good time to visit Aykhal?
Our two travel scores rate February for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
February is a weaker month for outdoor sightseeing in Aykhal.
What to pack for Aykhal in February
From February's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In February, Aykhal sees daytime highs around -26°C and nights near -34°C. Pack a warm layer and a heavy coat.
UV index in Aykhal in February
Clear-sky midday UV in February peaks around 0. The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Aykhal peaks around July 16 at about 5 (moderate) — a little sun protection helps at midday. It bottoms out near January 1 at about 0 (low).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — in 4 months of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Level | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Low |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 0 | Low |
| Feb | 0 | Low |
| Mar | 1 | Low |
| Apr | 2 | Moderate |
| May | 4 | Moderate |
| Jun | 4 | Moderate |
| Jul | 5 | Moderate |
| Aug | 3 | Moderate |
| Sep | 2 | Low |
| Oct | 1 | Low |
| Nov | 0 | Low |
| Dec | 0 | Low |
Air quality in Aykhal in February
Average fine-particle pollution (PM2.5) through the year — so you can see where February falls, not just the annual average.
Air quality in Aykhal is worst in August — around 21 µg/m³ PM2.5 (moderate), about 53.3× the cleanest month (December, 0 µg/m³).
Modeled monthly averages (CAMS reanalysis, 2015–2024).
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | 1 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 14 | 20 | 21 | 6 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
| Level | Good | Good | Good | Good | Good | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Good | Good | Good | Good |
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 1 | Good |
| Feb | 1 | Good |
| Mar | 3 | Good |
| Apr | 4 | Good |
| May | 5 | Good |
| Jun | 14 | Moderate |
| Jul | 20 | Moderate |
| Aug | 21 | Moderate |
| Sep | 6 | Good |
| Oct | 2 | Good |
| Nov | 1 | Good |
| Dec | 0 | Good |
Where is Aykhal?
Aykhal sits at 65.9°N, 111.5°E, 514 m above sea level, in Russia. The nearest listed city is Udachny, 69 km away.
Topography around Aykhal
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Aykhal.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Aykhal has significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 334 m around an average of 523 m above sea level; within 16 km, significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 424 m; within 80 km, large variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 757 m.
The land around Aykhal is covered by trees (55%) and bare terrain (21%) within 3 km, trees (78%) within 16 km, and trees (90%) within 80 km.
Russia travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 4
- Do Not Travel
- Power plugs
- Type C / F
- 230 V · 50 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 32% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $17,547
- 2025
- Happiness
- 5.8 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 76%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 6.8
- per 100k, 2021
- Road deaths
- 12
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- High
- World Bank
- English
- Moderate
- EF EPI 521
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Aykhal (65.9338°, 111.4834°, elevation 514 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Monthly air-quality (PM2.5) seasonality is from the CAMS EAC4 reanalysis (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service), scaled to the WHO annual mean where available. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).