Kartaly weather in November
In November, Kartaly sees average daytime highs of -1°C and overnight lows near -8°C, with 21 mm of precipitation across 5.4 wet days and about 8.4 hours of daylight. It is the 9th-warmest and 9th-wettest month of the year here.
Highs ease over the month, from about 3°C in the first days to -5°C by the end. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 20% of the time in November, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 9 h 12 min at the start of November to 7 h 42 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, November is Kartaly's 10th-clearest and 5th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Kartaly's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- -1°
- 9th warmest
- Overnight low
- -8°
- 5th coldest
- Precipitation
- 21 mm
- 5.4 wet days
- Daylight
- 8 h 18 min
- 8:32 AM – 4:53 PM
- Cloud cover
- 71%
- 10th clearest
- Wind
- 13 km/h
- 5th windiest
- Solar energy
- 1 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 0.0
- out of 10
Kartaly is human settlement in Kartalinsky District, Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia.
- Density
- 331/km²
- people per km²
- Founded
- 1810
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in November
Highs ease over the month, from about 3°C in the first days to -5°C by the end.
A typical November day in Kartaly reaches about -1°C in the afternoon and slips back to -8°C overnight — a 7°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between -9°C and 5°C. Set against its neighbours, November runs about 10°C cooler than October and about 7°C warmer than December.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 4 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -1 | -1 | -1 | -2 | -2 | -2 | -2 | -3 | -3 | -3 | -3 | -4 | -4 | -4 | -4 | -5 | -5 | -5 |
| Avg low (°C) | -3 | -4 | -4 | -4 | -5 | -5 | -5 | -6 | -6 | -7 | -7 | -7 | -8 | -8 | -8 | -8 | -9 | -9 | -9 | -10 | -10 | -10 | -10 | -11 | -11 | -11 | -11 | -12 | -12 | -12 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 4 | -3 |
| 2 | 3 | -4 |
| 3 | 3 | -4 |
| 4 | 2 | -4 |
| 5 | 2 | -5 |
| 6 | 2 | -5 |
| 7 | 1 | -5 |
| 8 | 1 | -6 |
| 9 | 1 | -6 |
| 10 | 0 | -7 |
| 11 | 0 | -7 |
| 12 | 0 | -7 |
| 13 | -1 | -8 |
| 14 | -1 | -8 |
| 15 | -1 | -8 |
| 16 | -2 | -8 |
| 17 | -2 | -9 |
| 18 | -2 | -9 |
| 19 | -2 | -9 |
| 20 | -3 | -10 |
| 21 | -3 | -10 |
| 22 | -3 | -10 |
| 23 | -3 | -10 |
| 24 | -4 | -11 |
| 25 | -4 | -11 |
| 26 | -4 | -11 |
| 27 | -4 | -11 |
| 28 | -5 | -12 |
| 29 | -5 | -12 |
| 30 | -5 | -12 |
How November really feels in Kartaly
Once humidity and wind are folded in, November averages 0 days that feel above 32°C and 30 that feel at or below 0°C — the comfort signal a plain temperature reading hides.
The story in November is cold — wind chill drags the overnight "feels like" below the raw low.
Kartaly weather by month
How November compares with the rest of the year at a glance. November is the 9th-warmest and 9th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Snow days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | -10° / -17° | 17 | 5 | 5.9 | 7.9 | 0.0 |
| Feb | -8° / -17° | 17 | 4.9 | 5.6 | 9.5 | 0.0 |
| Mar | -1° / -10° | 24 | 5.6 | 5.5 | 11.5 | 0.0 |
| Apr | 11° / 0° | 33 | 6.4 | 2.2 | 13.6 | 2.9 |
| May | 20° / 7° | 42 | 8.5 | 0.3 | 15.5 | 6.4 |
| Jun | 24° / 12° | 43 | 8.9 | 0 | 16.6 | 7.0 |
| Jul | 26° / 14° | 53 | 9.7 | 0 | 16.2 | 6.8 |
| Aug | 24° / 13° | 43 | 8.1 | 0 | 14.5 | 7.1 |
| Sep | 18° / 7° | 31 | 6.9 | 0.1 | 12.4 | 5.8 |
| Oct | 9° / 1° | 31 | 7.1 | 2.5 | 10.3 | 2.0 |
| Nov | -1° / -8° | 21 | 5.4 | 4.8 | 8.4 | 0.0 |
| Dec | -8° / -15° | 20 | 5.7 | 6.4 | 7.4 | 0.0 |
Cloud cover in November
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 20% of the time in November.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 10% of November, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 70%.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 27 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 29 | 29 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 31 | 31 |
| Cloudier (%) | 73 | 72 | 72 | 72 | 72 | 72 | 72 | 71 | 71 | 72 | 72 | 72 | 71 | 70 | 70 | 70 | 69 | 69 | 69 | 69 | 69 | 69 | 68 | 68 | 68 | 68 | 68 | 68 | 69 | 69 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 27 | 73 |
| 2 | 28 | 72 |
| 3 | 28 | 72 |
| 4 | 28 | 72 |
| 5 | 28 | 72 |
| 6 | 28 | 72 |
| 7 | 28 | 72 |
| 8 | 29 | 71 |
| 9 | 29 | 71 |
| 10 | 28 | 72 |
| 11 | 28 | 72 |
| 12 | 28 | 72 |
| 13 | 29 | 71 |
| 14 | 30 | 70 |
| 15 | 30 | 70 |
| 16 | 30 | 70 |
| 17 | 31 | 69 |
| 18 | 31 | 69 |
| 19 | 31 | 69 |
| 20 | 31 | 69 |
| 21 | 31 | 69 |
| 22 | 31 | 69 |
| 23 | 32 | 68 |
| 24 | 32 | 68 |
| 25 | 32 | 68 |
| 26 | 32 | 68 |
| 27 | 32 | 68 |
| 28 | 32 | 68 |
| 29 | 31 | 69 |
| 30 | 31 | 69 |
Chance of precipitation in November
Kartaly gets around 21 mm of rain and snow over 5.4 wet days in November. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable precipitation averages around 18% and peaks near 24% on the wettest days, and about 5 days bring snow. The odds ease toward the end of the month.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 24 | 24 | 23 | 23 | 22 | 22 | 21 | 21 | 20 | 19 | 19 | 18 | 17 | 17 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 |
| Snow chance (%) | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 18 |
| Rain chance (%) | Snow chance (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 24 | 16 |
| 2 | 24 | 16 |
| 3 | 23 | 16 |
| 4 | 23 | 16 |
| 5 | 22 | 16 |
| 6 | 22 | 16 |
| 7 | 21 | 16 |
| 8 | 21 | 16 |
| 9 | 20 | 15 |
| 10 | 19 | 15 |
| 11 | 19 | 15 |
| 12 | 18 | 15 |
| 13 | 17 | 15 |
| 14 | 17 | 15 |
| 15 | 16 | 15 |
| 16 | 16 | 15 |
| 17 | 16 | 15 |
| 18 | 16 | 15 |
| 19 | 16 | 15 |
| 20 | 16 | 16 |
| 21 | 16 | 16 |
| 22 | 16 | 16 |
| 23 | 16 | 17 |
| 24 | 16 | 17 |
| 25 | 16 | 17 |
| 26 | 16 | 17 |
| 27 | 16 | 17 |
| 28 | 16 | 17 |
| 29 | 16 | 17 |
| 30 | 16 | 18 |
Humidity in November
Most of November feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, November lands in the dry band about 100% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| Dry (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 100 |
| 2 | 100 |
| 3 | 100 |
| 4 | 100 |
| 5 | 100 |
| 6 | 100 |
| 7 | 100 |
| 8 | 100 |
| 9 | 100 |
| 10 | 100 |
| 11 | 100 |
| 12 | 100 |
| 13 | 100 |
| 14 | 100 |
| 15 | 100 |
| 16 | 100 |
| 17 | 100 |
| 18 | 100 |
| 19 | 100 |
| 20 | 100 |
| 21 | 100 |
| 22 | 100 |
| 23 | 100 |
| 24 | 100 |
| 25 | 100 |
| 26 | 100 |
| 27 | 100 |
| 28 | 100 |
| 29 | 100 |
| 30 | 100 |
Wind in November
Winds average 13 km/h in November.
Across November, daily wind ranges from about 13 km/h on the calmest days to 13 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 |
| Feels | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 13 | light breeze |
| 2 | 13 | light breeze |
| 3 | 13 | light breeze |
| 4 | 13 | light breeze |
| 5 | 13 | light breeze |
| 6 | 13 | light breeze |
| 7 | 13 | light breeze |
| 8 | 13 | light breeze |
| 9 | 13 | light breeze |
| 10 | 13 | light breeze |
| 11 | 13 | light breeze |
| 12 | 13 | light breeze |
| 13 | 13 | light breeze |
| 14 | 13 | light breeze |
| 15 | 13 | light breeze |
| 16 | 13 | light breeze |
| 17 | 13 | light breeze |
| 18 | 13 | light breeze |
| 19 | 13 | light breeze |
| 20 | 13 | light breeze |
| 21 | 13 | light breeze |
| 22 | 13 | light breeze |
| 23 | 13 | light breeze |
| 24 | 13 | light breeze |
| 25 | 13 | light breeze |
| 26 | 13 | light breeze |
| 27 | 13 | light breeze |
| 28 | 13 | light breeze |
| 29 | 13 | light breeze |
| 30 | 13 | light breeze |
Sunrise & sunset in November
Daylight runs from about 9 h 12 min at the start of November to 7 h 42 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days shrink by about 90 minutes over November. Sunrise moves from 8:04 AM to 8:55 AM, and sunset from 5:18 PM to 4:38 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 9.2 | 9.2 | 9.1 | 9.0 | 9.0 | 8.9 | 8.9 | 8.8 | 8.7 | 8.7 | 8.6 | 8.6 | 8.5 | 8.5 | 8.4 | 8.3 | 8.3 | 8.2 | 8.2 | 8.1 | 8.1 | 8.1 | 8.0 | 8.0 | 7.9 | 7.9 | 7.8 | 7.8 | 7.8 | 7.7 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 8:04 | 8:06 | 8:08 | 8:10 | 8:12 | 8:14 | 8:16 | 8:18 | 8:19 | 8:21 | 8:23 | 8:25 | 8:27 | 8:29 | 8:30 | 8:32 | 8:34 | 8:36 | 8:38 | 8:39 | 8:41 | 8:43 | 8:44 | 8:46 | 8:48 | 8:49 | 8:51 | 8:52 | 8:54 | 8:55 |
| Sunset (PM) | 5:18 | 5:16 | 5:14 | 5:12 | 5:10 | 5:09 | 5:07 | 5:05 | 5:04 | 5:02 | 5:00 | 4:59 | 4:57 | 4:56 | 4:55 | 4:53 | 4:52 | 4:51 | 4:49 | 4:48 | 4:47 | 4:46 | 4:45 | 4:44 | 4:43 | 4:42 | 4:41 | 4:40 | 4:39 | 4:38 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 9.2 | 8:04 | 5:18 |
| 2 | 9.2 | 8:06 | 5:16 |
| 3 | 9.1 | 8:08 | 5:14 |
| 4 | 9.0 | 8:10 | 5:12 |
| 5 | 9.0 | 8:12 | 5:10 |
| 6 | 8.9 | 8:14 | 5:09 |
| 7 | 8.9 | 8:16 | 5:07 |
| 8 | 8.8 | 8:18 | 5:05 |
| 9 | 8.7 | 8:19 | 5:04 |
| 10 | 8.7 | 8:21 | 5:02 |
| 11 | 8.6 | 8:23 | 5:00 |
| 12 | 8.6 | 8:25 | 4:59 |
| 13 | 8.5 | 8:27 | 4:57 |
| 14 | 8.5 | 8:29 | 4:56 |
| 15 | 8.4 | 8:30 | 4:55 |
| 16 | 8.3 | 8:32 | 4:53 |
| 17 | 8.3 | 8:34 | 4:52 |
| 18 | 8.2 | 8:36 | 4:51 |
| 19 | 8.2 | 8:38 | 4:49 |
| 20 | 8.1 | 8:39 | 4:48 |
| 21 | 8.1 | 8:41 | 4:47 |
| 22 | 8.1 | 8:43 | 4:46 |
| 23 | 8.0 | 8:44 | 4:45 |
| 24 | 8.0 | 8:46 | 4:44 |
| 25 | 7.9 | 8:48 | 4:43 |
| 26 | 7.9 | 8:49 | 4:42 |
| 27 | 7.8 | 8:51 | 4:41 |
| 28 | 7.8 | 8:52 | 4:40 |
| 29 | 7.8 | 8:54 | 4:39 |
| 30 | 7.7 | 8:55 | 4:38 |
Solar energy in November
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in November, about 1 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 0.68 kWh/m² to a high of 6.19 kWh/m² in June across the year — November's 1 kWh/m² sits near the bottom.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 1.3 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 |
| Level | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 1.3 | Dim |
| 2 | 1.2 | Dim |
| 3 | 1.2 | Dim |
| 4 | 1.2 | Dim |
| 5 | 1.2 | Dim |
| 6 | 1.2 | Dim |
| 7 | 1.1 | Dim |
| 8 | 1.1 | Dim |
| 9 | 1.1 | Dim |
| 10 | 1.1 | Dim |
| 11 | 1.1 | Dim |
| 12 | 1.1 | Dim |
| 13 | 1.1 | Dim |
| 14 | 1.0 | Dim |
| 15 | 1.0 | Dim |
| 16 | 1.0 | Dim |
| 17 | 1.0 | Dim |
| 18 | 1.0 | Dim |
| 19 | 1.0 | Dim |
| 20 | 0.9 | Dim |
| 21 | 0.9 | Dim |
| 22 | 0.9 | Dim |
| 23 | 0.9 | Dim |
| 24 | 0.9 | Dim |
| 25 | 0.9 | Dim |
| 26 | 0.8 | Dim |
| 27 | 0.8 | Dim |
| 28 | 0.8 | Dim |
| 29 | 0.8 | Dim |
| 30 | 0.8 | Dim |
Is November a good time to visit Kartaly?
Our two travel scores rate November for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
November is a weaker month for outdoor sightseeing in Kartaly.
What to pack for Kartaly in November
From November's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In November, Kartaly sees daytime highs around -1°C and nights near -8°C. Pack a warm layer and a heavy coat. About 5 days see rain.
UV index in Kartaly in November
Clear-sky midday UV in November peaks around 1. The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Kartaly peaks around June 19 at about 6 (high) — sunscreen and a hat are worth it in the middle of the day. It bottoms out near December 20 at about 0 (low).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — in 6 months of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 1 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
| Level | Low | Low | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | High | High | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Low | Low |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 1 | Low |
| Feb | 1 | Low |
| Mar | 3 | Moderate |
| Apr | 3 | Moderate |
| May | 5 | Moderate |
| Jun | 7 | High |
| Jul | 6 | High |
| Aug | 5 | Moderate |
| Sep | 4 | Moderate |
| Oct | 2 | Low |
| Nov | 1 | Low |
| Dec | 0 | Low |
Where is Kartaly?
Kartaly sits at 53.1°N, 60.6°E, 300 m above sea level, in Russia. The nearest listed city is Zhitikara, 104 km away.
Topography around Kartaly
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Kartaly.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Kartaly has only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 48 m around an average of 304 m above sea level; within 16 km, only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 133 m; within 80 km, significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 282 m.
The land around Kartaly is covered by grassland (44%) and artificial surfaces (42%) within 3 km, grassland (65%) and cropland (27%) within 16 km, and cropland (48%) and grassland (45%) within 80 km.
Russia travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 4
- Do Not Travel
- Power plugs
- Type C / F
- 230 V · 50 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 32% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $17,547
- 2025
- Happiness
- 5.8 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 76%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 6.8
- per 100k, 2021
- Road deaths
- 12
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- High
- World Bank
- English
- Moderate
- EF EPI 521
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Kartaly (53.0596°, 60.6412°, elevation 300 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).