Koz’modem’yansk weather in June

In June, Koz’modem’yansk sees average daytime highs of 22°C and overnight lows near 13°C, with 70 mm of rain across 11.3 wet days and about 17.3 hours of daylight. It is the 2nd-warmest and 2nd-wettest month of the year here.

Highs climb over the month, from about 20°C in the first days to 23°C by the end. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 27% of the time in June, and the air most often feels dry.

Daylight stretches from about 16 h 54 min at the start of June to 17 h 24 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, June is Koz’modem’yansk's 3rd-clearest and 10th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Koz’modem’yansk's year-round climate.

Daytime high: 22°; 2nd warmest
Overnight low: 13°; 10th coldest
Rainfall: 70 mm; 11.3 wet days
Daylight: 17 h 24 min; 3:13 AM – 8:35 PM
Cloud cover: 60%; 3rd clearest
Wind: 12 km/h; 10th windiest
Solar energy: 5.65 kWh/m²
Travel score: 6.3; out of 10

Koz’modem’yansk is human settlement in Kozmodemyansk Urban Okrug, Mari El Republic, Russia.

Density: 1,693/km²; people per km²
Founded: 1583

Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.

← May Koz’modem’yansk year-round climate July →Best places to visit in June

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Temperature in June

Average highAverage lowShaded bands: 10–90% of days

Highs climb over the month, from about 20°C in the first days to 23°C by the end.

A typical June day in Koz’modem’yansk reaches about 22°C in the afternoon and slips back to 13°C overnight — a 8°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 15°C and 28°C. Set against its neighbours, June runs about 4°C warmer than May and about 2°C cooler than July.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30
Avg high (°C)	20	20	20	20	20	20	21	21	21	21	21	21	21	22	22	22	22	22	22	22	22	22	22	23	23	23	23	23	23	23
Avg low (°C)	11	11	11	12	12	12	12	12	12	12	13	13	13	13	13	13	14	14	14	14	14	14	14	15	15	15	15	15	15	15

	Avg high (°C)	Avg low (°C)
1	20	11
2	20	11
3	20	11
4	20	12
5	20	12
6	20	12
7	21	12
8	21	12
9	21	12
10	21	12
11	21	13
12	21	13
13	21	13
14	22	13
15	22	13
16	22	13
17	22	14
18	22	14
19	22	14
20	22	14
21	22	14
22	22	14
23	22	14
24	23	15
25	23	15
26	23	15
27	23	15
28	23	15
29	23	15
30	23	15

How June really feels in Koz’modem’yansk

Once humidity and wind are folded in, June averages 0 days that feel above 32°C and 0 that feel at or below 0°C — the comfort signal a plain temperature reading hides.

Days feeling ≥ 32°C

heat index over the day's high

Days feeling ≤ 0°C

wind chill below the day's low

June sits comfortably in between — no days that feel dangerously hot or drop to a hard freeze once humidity and wind are folded in.

Koz’modem’yansk weather by month

How June compares with the rest of the year at a glance. June is the 2nd-warmest and 2nd-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.

Month	High / Low (°C)	Rainfall (mm)	Wet days	Snow days	Daylight (hours)	Travel score
Jan	-7° / -12°	37	10.3	12.2	7.3	0.0
Feb	-6° / -12°	31	8	9.2	9.1	0.0
Mar	0° / -7°	35	8.3	8.3	11.4	0.0
Apr	9° / 1°	36	7.9	2.2	13.9	2.0
May	17° / 8°	45	9.2	0.3	16	5.6
Jun	22° / 13°	70	11.3	0	17.3	6.3
Jul	24° / 16°	71	11	0	16.8	6.8
Aug	22° / 14°	59	10.4	0	14.9	6.5
Sep	15° / 9°	59	10.9	0.1	12.5	4.4
Oct	8° / 3°	58	12.1	2.5	10.1	1.2
Nov	-0° / -4°	43	10.2	7.8	7.9	0.0
Dec	-5° / -10°	40	10.7	11.3	6.7	0.0

Cloud cover in June

ClearMostly clearPartly cloudyMostly cloudyOvercast

The sky is clear or mostly clear about 27% of the time in June.

Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 21% of June, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 52%.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30
Clearer (%)	47	47	47	48	48	48	48	49	49	48	48	48	48	47	48	48	47	48	48	48	47	47	47	48	48	48	48	48	48	48
Cloudier (%)	53	53	53	52	52	52	52	51	51	52	52	52	52	53	52	52	53	52	52	52	53	53	53	52	52	52	52	52	52	52

	Clearer (%)	Cloudier (%)
1	47	53
2	47	53
3	47	53
4	48	52
5	48	52
6	48	52
7	48	52
8	49	51
9	49	51
10	48	52
11	48	52
12	48	52
13	48	52
14	47	53
15	48	52
16	48	52
17	47	53
18	48	52
19	48	52
20	48	52
21	47	53
22	47	53
23	47	53
24	48	52
25	48	52
26	48	52
27	48	52
28	48	52
29	48	52
30	48	52

Chance of precipitation in June

Any precipitation

Koz’modem’yansk gets around 70 mm of rain over 11.3 wet days in June. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.

Day to day, the chance of measurable rain averages around 37% and peaks near 38% on the wettest days.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30
Rain chance (%)	37	37	37	38	38	38	38	38	38	38	38	37	37	37	37	37	37	36	36	37	37	37	37	37	37	37	37	38	38	38

	Rain chance (%)
1	37
2	37
3	37
4	38
5	38
6	38
7	38
8	38
9	38
10	38
11	38
12	37
13	37
14	37
15	37
16	37
17	37
18	36
19	36
20	37
21	37
22	37
23	37
24	37
25	37
26	37
27	37
28	38
29	38
30	38

Humidity in June

DryComfortableHumidMuggyOppressiveMiserable

Most of June feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.

By dew point, June lands in the dry band about 66% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30
Dry (%)	84	83	82	81	80	79	78	76	76	74	73	71	70	68	66	65	63	61	61	60	58	56	54	54	53	51	49	48	47	46
Comfortable (%)	14	14	15	15	16	16	16	17	17	18	18	19	19	20	20	20	21	21	21	21	22	23	24	24	25	26	27	28	29	30
Humid (%)	2	3	3	4	4	5	6	7	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	16	17	17	18	18	18	18	18	19	19	19	19
Muggy (%)	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	2	2	2	3	3	4	4	4	5	5	5	5	5

	Dry (%)	Comfortable (%)	Humid (%)	Muggy (%)
1	84	14	2	0
2	83	14	3	0
3	82	15	3	0
4	81	15	4	0
5	80	16	4	0
6	79	16	5	0
7	78	16	6	0
8	76	17	7	0
9	76	17	7	0
10	74	18	8	0
11	73	18	9	0
12	71	19	10	0
13	70	19	11	0
14	68	20	12	0
15	66	20	13	1
16	65	20	14	1
17	63	21	15	1
18	61	21	16	2
19	61	21	16	2
20	60	21	17	2
21	58	22	17	3
22	56	23	18	3
23	54	24	18	4
24	54	24	18	4
25	53	25	18	4
26	51	26	18	5
27	49	27	19	5
28	48	28	19	5
29	47	29	19	5
30	46	30	19	5

Wind in June

Winds average 12 km/h in June.

Across June, daily wind ranges from about 12 km/h on the calmest days to 13 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30
Wind speed (km/h)	13	13	13	13	13	13	13	13	13	13	12	12	12	12	12	12	12	12	12	12	12	12	12	12	12	12	12	12	12	12
Feels	light breeze	light breeze	light breeze	light breeze	light breeze	light breeze	light breeze	light breeze	light breeze	light breeze	light breeze	light breeze	light breeze	light breeze	light breeze	light breeze	light breeze	light breeze	light breeze	light breeze	light breeze	light breeze	light breeze	light breeze	light breeze	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm

	Wind speed (km/h)	Feels
1	13	light breeze
2	13	light breeze
3	13	light breeze
4	13	light breeze
5	13	light breeze
6	13	light breeze
7	13	light breeze
8	13	light breeze
9	13	light breeze
10	13	light breeze
11	12	light breeze
12	12	light breeze
13	12	light breeze
14	12	light breeze
15	12	light breeze
16	12	light breeze
17	12	light breeze
18	12	light breeze
19	12	light breeze
20	12	light breeze
21	12	light breeze
22	12	light breeze
23	12	light breeze
24	12	light breeze
25	12	light breeze
26	12	calm
27	12	calm
28	12	calm
29	12	calm
30	12	calm

Sunrise & sunset in June

DaylightNight

Daylight runs from about 16 h 54 min at the start of June to 17 h 24 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.

Days grow by about 30 minutes over June. Sunrise moves from 3:23 AM to 3:16 AM, and sunset from 8:19 PM to 8:38 PM.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30
Daylight (h)	16.9	17.0	17.0	17.1	17.1	17.1	17.2	17.2	17.2	17.2	17.3	17.3	17.3	17.3	17.4	17.4	17.4	17.4	17.4	17.4	17.4	17.4	17.4	17.4	17.4	17.4	17.4	17.4	17.4	17.4
Sunrise (AM)	3:23	3:22	3:21	3:20	3:19	3:18	3:17	3:17	3:16	3:15	3:15	3:14	3:14	3:13	3:13	3:13	3:13	3:13	3:13	3:13	3:13	3:13	3:13	3:13	3:14	3:14	3:15	3:15	3:16	3:16
Sunset (PM)	8:19	8:21	8:22	8:23	8:25	8:26	8:27	8:28	8:29	8:30	8:31	8:32	8:33	8:34	8:34	8:35	8:36	8:36	8:37	8:37	8:37	8:38	8:38	8:38	8:38	8:38	8:38	8:38	8:38	8:38

	Daylight (h)	Sunrise (AM)	Sunset (PM)
1	16.9	3:23	8:19
2	17.0	3:22	8:21
3	17.0	3:21	8:22
4	17.1	3:20	8:23
5	17.1	3:19	8:25
6	17.1	3:18	8:26
7	17.2	3:17	8:27
8	17.2	3:17	8:28
9	17.2	3:16	8:29
10	17.2	3:15	8:30
11	17.3	3:15	8:31
12	17.3	3:14	8:32
13	17.3	3:14	8:33
14	17.3	3:13	8:34
15	17.4	3:13	8:34
16	17.4	3:13	8:35
17	17.4	3:13	8:36
18	17.4	3:13	8:36
19	17.4	3:13	8:37
20	17.4	3:13	8:37
21	17.4	3:13	8:37
22	17.4	3:13	8:38
23	17.4	3:13	8:38
24	17.4	3:13	8:38
25	17.4	3:14	8:38
26	17.4	3:14	8:38
27	17.4	3:15	8:38
28	17.4	3:15	8:38
29	17.4	3:16	8:38
30	17.4	3:16	8:38

Solar energy in June

Daily solar energy (kWh/m²)

Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in June, about 5.65 kWh/m² — the sunniest month for solar.

For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 0.36 kWh/m² to a high of 5.65 kWh/m² in June across the year — June's 5.65 kWh/m² sits near the top of that range.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30
Solar energy (kWh/m²)	5.6	5.6	5.6	5.6	5.7	5.7	5.7	5.7	5.7	5.7	5.7	5.7	5.7	5.7	5.7	5.7	5.7	5.7	5.7	5.7	5.7	5.7	5.6	5.6	5.6	5.6	5.6	5.6	5.6	5.5
Level	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright

	Solar energy (kWh/m²)	Level
1	5.6	Bright
2	5.6	Bright
3	5.6	Bright
4	5.6	Bright
5	5.7	Bright
6	5.7	Bright
7	5.7	Bright
8	5.7	Bright
9	5.7	Bright
10	5.7	Bright
11	5.7	Bright
12	5.7	Bright
13	5.7	Bright
14	5.7	Bright
15	5.7	Bright
16	5.7	Bright
17	5.7	Bright
18	5.7	Bright
19	5.7	Bright
20	5.7	Bright
21	5.7	Bright
22	5.7	Bright
23	5.6	Bright
24	5.6	Bright
25	5.6	Bright
26	5.6	Bright
27	5.6	Bright
28	5.6	Bright
29	5.6	Bright
30	5.5	Bright

Planning a trip in June

Is June a good time to visit Koz’modem’yansk?

Our two travel scores rate June for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).

6.3

Sightseeing

3rd-best month of the year

4.1

Beach & pool

3rd-best month of the year

June is a reasonable time to visit Koz’modem’yansk for sightseeing.

What to pack for Koz’modem’yansk in June

From June's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.

In June, Koz’modem’yansk sees daytime highs around 22°C and nights near 13°C. Worth packing: rain gear and sun protection. About 11 days see rain.

rain gearsun protection

UV index in Koz’modem’yansk in June

LowModerateHighVery highExtreme

Clear-sky midday UV in June peaks around 6 — enough to warrant sun protection. The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.

Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Koz’modem’yansk peaks around June 20 at about 6 (high) — sunscreen and a hat are worth it in the middle of the day. It bottoms out near December 19 at about 0 (low).

The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — in 6 months of the year.

	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec
UV index (midday)	0	1	2	3	4	6	6	4	4	1	1	0
Level	Low	Low	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	High	High	Moderate	Moderate	Low	Low	Low

	UV index (midday)	Level
Jan	0	Low
Feb	1	Low
Mar	2	Moderate
Apr	3	Moderate
May	4	Moderate
Jun	6	High
Jul	6	High
Aug	4	Moderate
Sep	4	Moderate
Oct	1	Low
Nov	1	Low
Dec	0	Low

Location & terrain

Where is Koz’modem’yansk?

Koz’modem’yansk sits at 56.3°N, 46.6°E, 140 m above sea level, in Russia. The nearest listed city is Cheboksary, 48 km away.

Topography around Koz’modem’yansk

How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Koz’modem’yansk.

Within 3 km, the terrain around Koz’modem’yansk has only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 121 m around an average of 104 m above sea level; within 16 km, only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 143 m; within 80 km, only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 178 m.

The land around Koz’modem’yansk is covered by water (40%) and trees (26%) within 3 km, trees (37%) and water (37%) within 16 km, and trees (60%) within 80 km.

3 km

121 m

water 40%

16 km

143 m

trees 37%

80 km

178 m

trees 60%

treesgrasslandcroplandartificial surfaceswaterwetland

← May Koz’modem’yansk year-round climate July →Best places to visit in June

June weather nearby: Cheboksary 48 km · Novocheboksarsk 62 km · Medvedevo 83 km · Yoshkar-Ola 89 km · Shumerlya 93 km · Lyskovo 100 km · Kanash 108 km · Sergach 113 km

Russia travel facts

Travel advisory: Level 4; Do Not Travel
Power plugs: Type C / F; 230 V · 50 Hz
Prices: ≈ 32% of US; price level, 2025
GDP per capita: $17,547; 2025
Happiness: 5.8 / 10; World Happiness, 2025
Safe drinking water: 76%; of population, 2024
Homicide rate: 6.8; per 100k, 2021
Road deaths: 12; per 100k/yr, 2019
Income group: High; World Bank
English: Moderate; EF EPI 521
Religion

Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.

Data sources

Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Koz’modem’yansk (56.3321°, 46.5606°, elevation 140 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).

	Avg high (°C)	Avg low (°C)
1	20	11
2	20	11
3	20	11
4	20	12
5	20	12
6	20	12
7	21	12
8	21	12
9	21	12
10	21	12
11	21	13
12	21	13
13	21	13
14	22	13
15	22	13
16	22	13
17	22	14
18	22	14
19	22	14
20	22	14
21	22	14
22	22	14
23	22	14
24	23	15
25	23	15
26	23	15
27	23	15
28	23	15
29	23	15
30	23	15

	Clearer (%)	Cloudier (%)
1	47	53
2	47	53
3	47	53
4	48	52
5	48	52
6	48	52
7	48	52
8	49	51
9	49	51
10	48	52
11	48	52
12	48	52
13	48	52
14	47	53
15	48	52
16	48	52
17	47	53
18	48	52
19	48	52
20	48	52
21	47	53
22	47	53
23	47	53
24	48	52
25	48	52
26	48	52
27	48	52
28	48	52
29	48	52
30	48	52

	Rain chance (%)
1	37
2	37
3	37
4	38
5	38
6	38
7	38
8	38
9	38
10	38
11	38
12	37
13	37
14	37
15	37
16	37
17	37
18	36
19	36
20	37
21	37
22	37
23	37
24	37
25	37
26	37
27	37
28	38
29	38
30	38

	Dry (%)	Comfortable (%)	Humid (%)	Muggy (%)
1	84	14	2	0
2	83	14	3	0
3	82	15	3	0
4	81	15	4	0
5	80	16	4	0
6	79	16	5	0
7	78	16	6	0
8	76	17	7	0
9	76	17	7	0
10	74	18	8	0
11	73	18	9	0
12	71	19	10	0
13	70	19	11	0
14	68	20	12	0
15	66	20	13	1
16	65	20	14	1
17	63	21	15	1
18	61	21	16	2
19	61	21	16	2
20	60	21	17	2
21	58	22	17	3
22	56	23	18	3
23	54	24	18	4
24	54	24	18	4
25	53	25	18	4
26	51	26	18	5
27	49	27	19	5
28	48	28	19	5
29	47	29	19	5
30	46	30	19	5

	Avg high (°C)	Avg low (°C)
1	20	11
2	20	11
3	20	11
4	20	12
5	20	12
6	20	12
7	21	12
8	21	12
9	21	12
10	21	12
11	21	13
12	21	13
13	21	13
14	22	13
15	22	13
16	22	13
17	22	14
18	22	14
19	22	14
20	22	14
21	22	14
22	22	14
23	22	14
24	23	15
25	23	15
26	23	15
27	23	15
28	23	15
29	23	15
30	23	15

	Clearer (%)	Cloudier (%)
1	47	53
2	47	53
3	47	53
4	48	52
5	48	52
6	48	52
7	48	52
8	49	51
9	49	51
10	48	52
11	48	52
12	48	52
13	48	52
14	47	53
15	48	52
16	48	52
17	47	53
18	48	52
19	48	52
20	48	52
21	47	53
22	47	53
23	47	53
24	48	52
25	48	52
26	48	52
27	48	52
28	48	52
29	48	52
30	48	52

	Rain chance (%)
1	37
2	37
3	37
4	38
5	38
6	38
7	38
8	38
9	38
10	38
11	38
12	37
13	37
14	37
15	37
16	37
17	37
18	36
19	36
20	37
21	37
22	37
23	37
24	37
25	37
26	37
27	37
28	38
29	38
30	38

	Dry (%)	Comfortable (%)	Humid (%)	Muggy (%)
1	84	14	2	0
2	83	14	3	0
3	82	15	3	0
4	81	15	4	0
5	80	16	4	0
6	79	16	5	0
7	78	16	6	0
8	76	17	7	0
9	76	17	7	0
10	74	18	8	0
11	73	18	9	0
12	71	19	10	0
13	70	19	11	0
14	68	20	12	0
15	66	20	13	1
16	65	20	14	1
17	63	21	15	1
18	61	21	16	2
19	61	21	16	2
20	60	21	17	2
21	58	22	17	3
22	56	23	18	3
23	54	24	18	4
24	54	24	18	4
25	53	25	18	4
26	51	26	18	5
27	49	27	19	5
28	48	28	19	5
29	47	29	19	5
30	46	30	19	5

	Avg high (°C)	Avg low (°C)
1	20	11
2	20	11
3	20	11
4	20	12
5	20	12
6	20	12
7	21	12
8	21	12
9	21	12
10	21	12
11	21	13
12	21	13
13	21	13
14	22	13
15	22	13
16	22	13
17	22	14
18	22	14
19	22	14
20	22	14
21	22	14
22	22	14
23	22	14
24	23	15
25	23	15
26	23	15
27	23	15
28	23	15
29	23	15
30	23	15

	Clearer (%)	Cloudier (%)
1	47	53
2	47	53
3	47	53
4	48	52
5	48	52
6	48	52
7	48	52
8	49	51
9	49	51
10	48	52
11	48	52
12	48	52
13	48	52
14	47	53
15	48	52
16	48	52
17	47	53
18	48	52
19	48	52
20	48	52
21	47	53
22	47	53
23	47	53
24	48	52
25	48	52
26	48	52
27	48	52
28	48	52
29	48	52
30	48	52

	Rain chance (%)
1	37
2	37
3	37
4	38
5	38
6	38
7	38
8	38
9	38
10	38
11	38
12	37
13	37
14	37
15	37
16	37
17	37
18	36
19	36
20	37
21	37
22	37
23	37
24	37
25	37
26	37
27	37
28	38
29	38
30	38

	Dry (%)	Comfortable (%)	Humid (%)	Muggy (%)
1	84	14	2	0
2	83	14	3	0
3	82	15	3	0
4	81	15	4	0
5	80	16	4	0
6	79	16	5	0
7	78	16	6	0
8	76	17	7	0
9	76	17	7	0
10	74	18	8	0
11	73	18	9	0
12	71	19	10	0
13	70	19	11	0
14	68	20	12	0
15	66	20	13	1
16	65	20	14	1
17	63	21	15	1
18	61	21	16	2
19	61	21	16	2
20	60	21	17	2
21	58	22	17	3
22	56	23	18	3
23	54	24	18	4
24	54	24	18	4
25	53	25	18	4
26	51	26	18	5
27	49	27	19	5
28	48	28	19	5
29	47	29	19	5
30	46	30	19	5