Otradnyy weather in November
In November, Otradnyy sees average daytime highs of -0°C and overnight lows near -5°C, with 42 mm of precipitation across 8.8 wet days and about 8.4 hours of daylight. It is the 8th-warmest and 6th-wettest month of the year here.
Highs ease over the month, from about 3°C in the first days to -3°C by the end. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 11% of the time in November, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 9 h 12 min at the start of November to 7 h 42 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, November is Otradnyy's 10th-clearest and 7th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Otradnyy's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- -0°
- 8th warmest
- Overnight low
- -5°
- 5th coldest
- Precipitation
- 42 mm
- 8.8 wet days
- Daylight
- 8 h 18 min
- 8:11 AM – 4:29 PM
- Cloud cover
- 82%
- 10th clearest
- Wind
- 13 km/h
- 7th windiest
- Solar energy
- 0.77 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 0.0
- out of 10
Otradnyy is city in russia.
- Density
- 928/km²
- people per km²
- Founded
- 1920
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in November
Highs ease over the month, from about 3°C in the first days to -3°C by the end.
A typical November day in Otradnyy reaches about -0°C in the afternoon and slips back to -5°C overnight — a 5°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between -7°C and 6°C. Set against its neighbours, November runs about 10°C cooler than October and about 6°C warmer than December.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -1 | -1 | -1 | -1 | -2 | -2 | -2 | -2 | -3 | -3 | -3 | -3 | -4 | -4 |
| Avg low (°C) | -1 | -1 | -2 | -2 | -2 | -2 | -3 | -3 | -3 | -3 | -4 | -4 | -4 | -5 | -5 | -5 | -5 | -6 | -6 | -6 | -7 | -7 | -7 | -7 | -8 | -8 | -8 | -8 | -9 | -9 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 4 | -1 |
| 2 | 4 | -1 |
| 3 | 4 | -2 |
| 4 | 3 | -2 |
| 5 | 3 | -2 |
| 6 | 3 | -2 |
| 7 | 2 | -3 |
| 8 | 2 | -3 |
| 9 | 2 | -3 |
| 10 | 1 | -3 |
| 11 | 1 | -4 |
| 12 | 1 | -4 |
| 13 | 1 | -4 |
| 14 | 0 | -5 |
| 15 | 0 | -5 |
| 16 | 0 | -5 |
| 17 | -1 | -5 |
| 18 | -1 | -6 |
| 19 | -1 | -6 |
| 20 | -1 | -6 |
| 21 | -2 | -7 |
| 22 | -2 | -7 |
| 23 | -2 | -7 |
| 24 | -2 | -7 |
| 25 | -3 | -8 |
| 26 | -3 | -8 |
| 27 | -3 | -8 |
| 28 | -3 | -8 |
| 29 | -4 | -9 |
| 30 | -4 | -9 |
How November really feels in Otradnyy
Once humidity and wind are folded in, November averages 0 days that feel above 32°C and 30 that feel at or below 0°C — the comfort signal a plain temperature reading hides.
The story in November is cold — wind chill drags the overnight "feels like" below the raw low.
Otradnyy weather by month
How November compares with the rest of the year at a glance. November is the 8th-warmest and 6th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Snow days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | -8° / -14° | 41 | 10 | 11.4 | 7.8 | 0.0 |
| Feb | -7° / -14° | 32 | 8 | 8.9 | 9.4 | 0.0 |
| Mar | -1° / -8° | 36 | 8.2 | 7.6 | 11.5 | 0.0 |
| Apr | 11° / 2° | 41 | 8.2 | 1.8 | 13.7 | 2.9 |
| May | 20° / 8° | 40 | 8.4 | 0.1 | 15.6 | 6.5 |
| Jun | 24° / 13° | 53 | 10.2 | 0 | 16.6 | 6.9 |
| Jul | 26° / 15° | 49 | 8.4 | 0 | 16.2 | 7.0 |
| Aug | 24° / 13° | 45 | 7.7 | 0 | 14.6 | 7.3 |
| Sep | 18° / 8° | 48 | 8.5 | 0 | 12.5 | 5.8 |
| Oct | 10° / 2° | 48 | 9.2 | 1.4 | 10.3 | 2.0 |
| Nov | -0° / -5° | 42 | 8.8 | 6 | 8.4 | 0.0 |
| Dec | -6° / -12° | 42 | 9.4 | 10.3 | 7.3 | 0.0 |
Cloud cover in November
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 11% of the time in November.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 4% of November, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 84%.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 16 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 14 | 14 | 15 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 15 | 15 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 14 | 15 |
| Cloudier (%) | 84 | 85 | 85 | 85 | 85 | 85 | 86 | 86 | 85 | 86 | 86 | 86 | 85 | 85 | 84 | 84 | 84 | 84 | 84 | 84 | 84 | 84 | 84 | 84 | 84 | 85 | 85 | 85 | 86 | 85 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 16 | 84 |
| 2 | 15 | 85 |
| 3 | 15 | 85 |
| 4 | 15 | 85 |
| 5 | 15 | 85 |
| 6 | 15 | 85 |
| 7 | 14 | 86 |
| 8 | 14 | 86 |
| 9 | 15 | 85 |
| 10 | 14 | 86 |
| 11 | 14 | 86 |
| 12 | 14 | 86 |
| 13 | 15 | 85 |
| 14 | 15 | 85 |
| 15 | 16 | 84 |
| 16 | 16 | 84 |
| 17 | 16 | 84 |
| 18 | 16 | 84 |
| 19 | 16 | 84 |
| 20 | 16 | 84 |
| 21 | 16 | 84 |
| 22 | 16 | 84 |
| 23 | 16 | 84 |
| 24 | 16 | 84 |
| 25 | 16 | 84 |
| 26 | 15 | 85 |
| 27 | 15 | 85 |
| 28 | 15 | 85 |
| 29 | 14 | 86 |
| 30 | 15 | 85 |
Chance of precipitation in November
Otradnyy gets around 42 mm of rain and snow over 8.8 wet days in November. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable precipitation averages around 29% and peaks near 33% on the wettest days, and about 6 days bring snow.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 33 | 33 | 33 | 32 | 32 | 31 | 31 | 30 | 30 | 29 | 29 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 30 | 30 |
| Snow chance (%) | 11 | 12 | 12 | 13 | 13 | 14 | 14 | 15 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 29 |
| Rain chance (%) | Snow chance (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 33 | 11 |
| 2 | 33 | 12 |
| 3 | 33 | 12 |
| 4 | 32 | 13 |
| 5 | 32 | 13 |
| 6 | 31 | 14 |
| 7 | 31 | 14 |
| 8 | 30 | 15 |
| 9 | 30 | 15 |
| 10 | 29 | 16 |
| 11 | 29 | 17 |
| 12 | 28 | 17 |
| 13 | 28 | 18 |
| 14 | 28 | 19 |
| 15 | 27 | 19 |
| 16 | 27 | 20 |
| 17 | 27 | 21 |
| 18 | 27 | 21 |
| 19 | 27 | 22 |
| 20 | 27 | 23 |
| 21 | 28 | 24 |
| 22 | 28 | 24 |
| 23 | 28 | 25 |
| 24 | 28 | 26 |
| 25 | 29 | 26 |
| 26 | 29 | 27 |
| 27 | 29 | 28 |
| 28 | 29 | 28 |
| 29 | 30 | 28 |
| 30 | 30 | 29 |
Humidity in November
Most of November feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, November lands in the dry band about 100% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| Dry (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 100 |
| 2 | 100 |
| 3 | 100 |
| 4 | 100 |
| 5 | 100 |
| 6 | 100 |
| 7 | 100 |
| 8 | 100 |
| 9 | 100 |
| 10 | 100 |
| 11 | 100 |
| 12 | 100 |
| 13 | 100 |
| 14 | 100 |
| 15 | 100 |
| 16 | 100 |
| 17 | 100 |
| 18 | 100 |
| 19 | 100 |
| 20 | 100 |
| 21 | 100 |
| 22 | 100 |
| 23 | 100 |
| 24 | 100 |
| 25 | 100 |
| 26 | 100 |
| 27 | 100 |
| 28 | 100 |
| 29 | 100 |
| 30 | 100 |
Wind in November
Winds average 13 km/h in November.
Across November, daily wind ranges from about 13 km/h on the calmest days to 14 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 |
| Feels | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 14 | light breeze |
| 2 | 14 | light breeze |
| 3 | 14 | light breeze |
| 4 | 14 | light breeze |
| 5 | 14 | light breeze |
| 6 | 14 | light breeze |
| 7 | 14 | light breeze |
| 8 | 14 | light breeze |
| 9 | 14 | light breeze |
| 10 | 14 | light breeze |
| 11 | 14 | light breeze |
| 12 | 14 | light breeze |
| 13 | 14 | light breeze |
| 14 | 14 | light breeze |
| 15 | 14 | light breeze |
| 16 | 13 | light breeze |
| 17 | 13 | light breeze |
| 18 | 13 | light breeze |
| 19 | 13 | light breeze |
| 20 | 13 | light breeze |
| 21 | 13 | light breeze |
| 22 | 13 | light breeze |
| 23 | 13 | light breeze |
| 24 | 13 | light breeze |
| 25 | 13 | light breeze |
| 26 | 13 | light breeze |
| 27 | 13 | light breeze |
| 28 | 13 | light breeze |
| 29 | 13 | light breeze |
| 30 | 13 | light breeze |
Sunrise & sunset in November
Daylight runs from about 9 h 12 min at the start of November to 7 h 42 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days shrink by about 90 minutes over November. Sunrise moves from 7:43 AM to 8:34 AM, and sunset from 4:54 PM to 4:14 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 9.2 | 9.1 | 9.1 | 9.0 | 8.9 | 8.9 | 8.8 | 8.8 | 8.7 | 8.6 | 8.6 | 8.5 | 8.5 | 8.4 | 8.4 | 8.3 | 8.2 | 8.2 | 8.1 | 8.1 | 8.0 | 8.0 | 8.0 | 7.9 | 7.9 | 7.8 | 7.8 | 7.7 | 7.7 | 7.7 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 7:43 | 7:44 | 7:46 | 7:48 | 7:50 | 7:52 | 7:54 | 7:56 | 7:58 | 8:00 | 8:02 | 8:03 | 8:05 | 8:07 | 8:09 | 8:11 | 8:13 | 8:14 | 8:16 | 8:18 | 8:20 | 8:21 | 8:23 | 8:25 | 8:26 | 8:28 | 8:30 | 8:31 | 8:33 | 8:34 |
| Sunset (PM) | 4:54 | 4:52 | 4:50 | 4:48 | 4:46 | 4:45 | 4:43 | 4:41 | 4:40 | 4:38 | 4:36 | 4:35 | 4:33 | 4:32 | 4:30 | 4:29 | 4:28 | 4:26 | 4:25 | 4:24 | 4:23 | 4:21 | 4:20 | 4:19 | 4:18 | 4:17 | 4:16 | 4:16 | 4:15 | 4:14 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 9.2 | 7:43 | 4:54 |
| 2 | 9.1 | 7:44 | 4:52 |
| 3 | 9.1 | 7:46 | 4:50 |
| 4 | 9.0 | 7:48 | 4:48 |
| 5 | 8.9 | 7:50 | 4:46 |
| 6 | 8.9 | 7:52 | 4:45 |
| 7 | 8.8 | 7:54 | 4:43 |
| 8 | 8.8 | 7:56 | 4:41 |
| 9 | 8.7 | 7:58 | 4:40 |
| 10 | 8.6 | 8:00 | 4:38 |
| 11 | 8.6 | 8:02 | 4:36 |
| 12 | 8.5 | 8:03 | 4:35 |
| 13 | 8.5 | 8:05 | 4:33 |
| 14 | 8.4 | 8:07 | 4:32 |
| 15 | 8.4 | 8:09 | 4:30 |
| 16 | 8.3 | 8:11 | 4:29 |
| 17 | 8.2 | 8:13 | 4:28 |
| 18 | 8.2 | 8:14 | 4:26 |
| 19 | 8.1 | 8:16 | 4:25 |
| 20 | 8.1 | 8:18 | 4:24 |
| 21 | 8.0 | 8:20 | 4:23 |
| 22 | 8.0 | 8:21 | 4:21 |
| 23 | 8.0 | 8:23 | 4:20 |
| 24 | 7.9 | 8:25 | 4:19 |
| 25 | 7.9 | 8:26 | 4:18 |
| 26 | 7.8 | 8:28 | 4:17 |
| 27 | 7.8 | 8:30 | 4:16 |
| 28 | 7.7 | 8:31 | 4:16 |
| 29 | 7.7 | 8:33 | 4:15 |
| 30 | 7.7 | 8:34 | 4:14 |
Solar energy in November
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in November, about 0.77 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 0.54 kWh/m² to a high of 6.01 kWh/m² in June across the year — November's 0.77 kWh/m² sits near the bottom.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.6 |
| Level | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 1.0 | Dim |
| 2 | 1.0 | Dim |
| 3 | 1.0 | Dim |
| 4 | 0.9 | Dim |
| 5 | 0.9 | Dim |
| 6 | 0.9 | Dim |
| 7 | 0.9 | Dim |
| 8 | 0.9 | Dim |
| 9 | 0.9 | Dim |
| 10 | 0.8 | Dim |
| 11 | 0.8 | Dim |
| 12 | 0.8 | Dim |
| 13 | 0.8 | Dim |
| 14 | 0.8 | Dim |
| 15 | 0.8 | Dim |
| 16 | 0.8 | Dim |
| 17 | 0.8 | Dim |
| 18 | 0.8 | Dim |
| 19 | 0.7 | Dim |
| 20 | 0.7 | Dim |
| 21 | 0.7 | Dim |
| 22 | 0.7 | Dim |
| 23 | 0.7 | Dim |
| 24 | 0.7 | Dim |
| 25 | 0.7 | Dim |
| 26 | 0.7 | Dim |
| 27 | 0.6 | Dim |
| 28 | 0.6 | Dim |
| 29 | 0.6 | Dim |
| 30 | 0.6 | Dim |
Is November a good time to visit Otradnyy?
Our two travel scores rate November for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
November is a weaker month for outdoor sightseeing in Otradnyy.
What to pack for Otradnyy in November
From November's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In November, Otradnyy sees daytime highs around -0°C and nights near -5°C. Pack a warm layer and a heavy coat. Worth having: rain gear. About 9 days see rain.
UV index in Otradnyy in November
Clear-sky midday UV in November peaks around 1. The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Otradnyy peaks around June 21 at about 6 (high) — a little sun protection helps at midday. It bottoms out near December 20 at about 1 (low).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — in 6 months of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 1 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 6 | 6 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 1 |
| Level | Low | Low | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | High | High | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Low | Low |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 1 | Low |
| Feb | 1 | Low |
| Mar | 3 | Moderate |
| Apr | 4 | Moderate |
| May | 4 | Moderate |
| Jun | 6 | High |
| Jul | 6 | High |
| Aug | 4 | Moderate |
| Sep | 4 | Moderate |
| Oct | 2 | Low |
| Nov | 1 | Low |
| Dec | 1 | Low |
Where is Otradnyy?
Otradnyy sits at 53.4°N, 51.3°E, 56 m above sea level, in Russia. The nearest listed city is Kinel’-Cherkassy, 14 km away.
Topography around Otradnyy
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Otradnyy.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Otradnyy has only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 47 m around an average of 54 m above sea level; within 16 km, only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 151 m; within 80 km, significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 306 m.
The land around Otradnyy is covered by trees (38%), grassland (30%) and artificial surfaces (23%) within 3 km, cropland (57%) and grassland (22%) within 16 km, and cropland (54%), grassland (23%) and trees (20%) within 80 km.
Russia travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 4
- Do Not Travel
- Power plugs
- Type C / F
- 230 V · 50 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 32% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $17,547
- 2025
- Happiness
- 5.8 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 76%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 6.8
- per 100k, 2021
- Road deaths
- 12
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- High
- World Bank
- English
- Moderate
- EF EPI 521
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Otradnyy (53.376°, 51.3452°, elevation 56 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).