Tashtagol weather in April
In April, Tashtagol sees average daytime highs of 9°C and overnight lows near -3°C, with 79 mm of precipitation across 13.1 wet days and about 13.6 hours of daylight. It is the 6th-warmest and 8th-wettest month of the year here.
Highs climb over the month, from about 5°C in the first days to 12°C by the end. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 21% of the time in April, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 12 h 36 min at the start of April to 14 h 36 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, April is Tashtagol's 7th-clearest and 1st-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Tashtagol's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 9°
- 6th warmest
- Overnight low
- -3°
- 6th coldest
- Precipitation
- 79 mm
- 13.1 wet days
- Daylight
- 13 h 42 min
- 6:19 AM – 7:59 PM
- Cloud cover
- 68%
- 7th clearest
- Wind
- 9 km/h
- 1st windiest
- Solar energy
- 4.61 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 1.5
- out of 10
Tashtagol is town in Kemerovo Oblast, Russia.
- Density
- 288/km²
- people per km²
- Founded
- 1939
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in April
Highs climb over the month, from about 5°C in the first days to 12°C by the end.
A typical April day in Tashtagol reaches about 9°C in the afternoon and slips back to -3°C overnight — a 12°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 1°C and 17°C. Set against its neighbours, April runs about 9°C warmer than March and about 7°C cooler than May.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 5 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 13 |
| Avg low (°C) | -6 | -6 | -6 | -5 | -5 | -5 | -5 | -5 | -4 | -4 | -4 | -4 | -3 | -3 | -3 | -3 | -2 | -2 | -2 | -1 | -1 | -1 | -1 | -1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 5 | -6 |
| 2 | 5 | -6 |
| 3 | 5 | -6 |
| 4 | 6 | -5 |
| 5 | 6 | -5 |
| 6 | 6 | -5 |
| 7 | 6 | -5 |
| 8 | 7 | -5 |
| 9 | 7 | -4 |
| 10 | 7 | -4 |
| 11 | 7 | -4 |
| 12 | 8 | -4 |
| 13 | 8 | -3 |
| 14 | 8 | -3 |
| 15 | 9 | -3 |
| 16 | 9 | -3 |
| 17 | 9 | -2 |
| 18 | 10 | -2 |
| 19 | 10 | -2 |
| 20 | 10 | -1 |
| 21 | 11 | -1 |
| 22 | 11 | -1 |
| 23 | 11 | -1 |
| 24 | 11 | -1 |
| 25 | 12 | 0 |
| 26 | 12 | 0 |
| 27 | 12 | 0 |
| 28 | 12 | 0 |
| 29 | 12 | 1 |
| 30 | 13 | 1 |
How April really feels in Tashtagol
Once humidity and wind are folded in, April averages 0 days that feel above 32°C and 30 that feel at or below 0°C — the comfort signal a plain temperature reading hides.
The story in April is cold — wind chill drags the overnight "feels like" below the raw low.
Tashtagol weather by month
How April compares with the rest of the year at a glance. April is the 6th-warmest and 8th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Snow days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | -13° / -21° | 38 | 9.5 | 11.4 | 7.9 | 0.0 |
| Feb | -8° / -19° | 32 | 8.1 | 9.6 | 9.5 | 0.0 |
| Mar | 0° / -11° | 48 | 10.4 | 11.2 | 11.5 | 0.0 |
| Apr | 9° / -3° | 79 | 13.1 | 7.9 | 13.6 | 1.5 |
| May | 16° / 4° | 113 | 15.2 | 2 | 15.5 | 4.4 |
| Jun | 21° / 10° | 112 | 15.3 | 0 | 16.5 | 5.6 |
| Jul | 23° / 13° | 127 | 16.8 | 0 | 16.1 | 5.8 |
| Aug | 21° / 10° | 117 | 15 | 0 | 14.5 | 5.7 |
| Sep | 15° / 4° | 94 | 14 | 1.4 | 12.4 | 4.1 |
| Oct | 7° / -3° | 91 | 14.1 | 8.5 | 10.3 | 1.0 |
| Nov | -4° / -12° | 87 | 14.5 | 15.2 | 8.4 | 0.0 |
| Dec | -11° / -19° | 64 | 13.2 | 14.8 | 7.5 | 0.0 |
Cloud cover in April
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 21% of the time in April.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 10% of April, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 68%. Skies tend to cloud over as the month goes on.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 34 | 34 | 34 | 34 | 34 | 34 | 34 | 33 | 33 | 33 | 33 | 34 | 33 | 33 | 33 | 32 | 32 | 31 | 31 | 30 | 30 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 29 | 28 |
| Cloudier (%) | 66 | 66 | 66 | 66 | 66 | 66 | 66 | 67 | 67 | 67 | 67 | 66 | 67 | 67 | 67 | 68 | 68 | 69 | 69 | 70 | 70 | 71 | 71 | 71 | 72 | 72 | 72 | 72 | 71 | 72 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 34 | 66 |
| 2 | 34 | 66 |
| 3 | 34 | 66 |
| 4 | 34 | 66 |
| 5 | 34 | 66 |
| 6 | 34 | 66 |
| 7 | 34 | 66 |
| 8 | 33 | 67 |
| 9 | 33 | 67 |
| 10 | 33 | 67 |
| 11 | 33 | 67 |
| 12 | 34 | 66 |
| 13 | 33 | 67 |
| 14 | 33 | 67 |
| 15 | 33 | 67 |
| 16 | 32 | 68 |
| 17 | 32 | 68 |
| 18 | 31 | 69 |
| 19 | 31 | 69 |
| 20 | 30 | 70 |
| 21 | 30 | 70 |
| 22 | 29 | 71 |
| 23 | 29 | 71 |
| 24 | 29 | 71 |
| 25 | 28 | 72 |
| 26 | 28 | 72 |
| 27 | 28 | 72 |
| 28 | 28 | 72 |
| 29 | 29 | 71 |
| 30 | 28 | 72 |
Chance of precipitation in April
Tashtagol gets around 79 mm of rain and snow over 13.1 wet days in April. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable precipitation averages around 43% and peaks near 49% on the wettest days, and about 8 days bring snow. The odds climb toward the end of the month.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 38 | 39 | 39 | 39 | 39 | 39 | 39 | 39 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 41 | 41 | 42 | 43 | 44 | 45 | 46 | 46 | 47 | 47 | 48 | 48 | 48 | 49 | 49 |
| Snow chance (%) | 34 | 34 | 34 | 33 | 33 | 33 | 32 | 32 | 31 | 30 | 30 | 29 | 28 | 27 | 26 | 25 | 24 | 23 | 22 | 21 | 21 | 20 | 20 | 19 | 19 | 18 | 17 | 17 | 16 | 15 |
| Rain chance (%) | Snow chance (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 38 | 34 |
| 2 | 39 | 34 |
| 3 | 39 | 34 |
| 4 | 39 | 33 |
| 5 | 39 | 33 |
| 6 | 39 | 33 |
| 7 | 39 | 32 |
| 8 | 39 | 32 |
| 9 | 40 | 31 |
| 10 | 40 | 30 |
| 11 | 40 | 30 |
| 12 | 40 | 29 |
| 13 | 40 | 28 |
| 14 | 40 | 27 |
| 15 | 40 | 26 |
| 16 | 41 | 25 |
| 17 | 41 | 24 |
| 18 | 42 | 23 |
| 19 | 43 | 22 |
| 20 | 44 | 21 |
| 21 | 45 | 21 |
| 22 | 46 | 20 |
| 23 | 46 | 20 |
| 24 | 47 | 19 |
| 25 | 47 | 19 |
| 26 | 48 | 18 |
| 27 | 48 | 17 |
| 28 | 48 | 17 |
| 29 | 49 | 16 |
| 30 | 49 | 15 |
Humidity in April
Most of April feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, April lands in the dry band about 100% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| Dry (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 100 |
| 2 | 100 |
| 3 | 100 |
| 4 | 100 |
| 5 | 100 |
| 6 | 100 |
| 7 | 100 |
| 8 | 100 |
| 9 | 100 |
| 10 | 100 |
| 11 | 100 |
| 12 | 100 |
| 13 | 100 |
| 14 | 100 |
| 15 | 100 |
| 16 | 100 |
| 17 | 100 |
| 18 | 100 |
| 19 | 100 |
| 20 | 100 |
| 21 | 100 |
| 22 | 100 |
| 23 | 100 |
| 24 | 100 |
| 25 | 100 |
| 26 | 100 |
| 27 | 100 |
| 28 | 100 |
| 29 | 100 |
| 30 | 100 |
Wind in April
Winds average 9 km/h in April, the windiest month of the year.
Across April, daily wind ranges from about 9 km/h on the calmest days to 9 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 9 | calm |
| 2 | 9 | calm |
| 3 | 9 | calm |
| 4 | 9 | calm |
| 5 | 9 | calm |
| 6 | 9 | calm |
| 7 | 9 | calm |
| 8 | 9 | calm |
| 9 | 9 | calm |
| 10 | 9 | calm |
| 11 | 9 | calm |
| 12 | 9 | calm |
| 13 | 9 | calm |
| 14 | 9 | calm |
| 15 | 9 | calm |
| 16 | 9 | calm |
| 17 | 9 | calm |
| 18 | 9 | calm |
| 19 | 9 | calm |
| 20 | 9 | calm |
| 21 | 9 | calm |
| 22 | 9 | calm |
| 23 | 9 | calm |
| 24 | 9 | calm |
| 25 | 9 | calm |
| 26 | 9 | calm |
| 27 | 9 | calm |
| 28 | 9 | calm |
| 29 | 9 | calm |
| 30 | 9 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in April
Daylight runs from about 12 h 36 min at the start of April to 14 h 36 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days grow by about 120 minutes over April. Sunrise moves from 6:55 AM to 5:48 AM, and sunset from 7:32 PM to 8:23 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 12.6 | 12.7 | 12.8 | 12.8 | 12.9 | 13.0 | 13.0 | 13.1 | 13.2 | 13.2 | 13.3 | 13.4 | 13.5 | 13.5 | 13.6 | 13.7 | 13.7 | 13.8 | 13.9 | 13.9 | 14.0 | 14.1 | 14.1 | 14.2 | 14.3 | 14.3 | 14.4 | 14.5 | 14.5 | 14.6 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 6:55 | 6:52 | 6:50 | 6:47 | 6:45 | 6:42 | 6:40 | 6:38 | 6:35 | 6:33 | 6:30 | 6:28 | 6:26 | 6:23 | 6:21 | 6:19 | 6:16 | 6:14 | 6:12 | 6:10 | 6:07 | 6:05 | 6:03 | 6:01 | 5:59 | 5:56 | 5:54 | 5:52 | 5:50 | 5:48 |
| Sunset (PM) | 7:32 | 7:33 | 7:35 | 7:37 | 7:39 | 7:41 | 7:42 | 7:44 | 7:46 | 7:48 | 7:50 | 7:51 | 7:53 | 7:55 | 7:57 | 7:59 | 8:00 | 8:02 | 8:04 | 8:06 | 8:07 | 8:09 | 8:11 | 8:13 | 8:15 | 8:16 | 8:18 | 8:20 | 8:22 | 8:23 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 12.6 | 6:55 | 7:32 |
| 2 | 12.7 | 6:52 | 7:33 |
| 3 | 12.8 | 6:50 | 7:35 |
| 4 | 12.8 | 6:47 | 7:37 |
| 5 | 12.9 | 6:45 | 7:39 |
| 6 | 13.0 | 6:42 | 7:41 |
| 7 | 13.0 | 6:40 | 7:42 |
| 8 | 13.1 | 6:38 | 7:44 |
| 9 | 13.2 | 6:35 | 7:46 |
| 10 | 13.2 | 6:33 | 7:48 |
| 11 | 13.3 | 6:30 | 7:50 |
| 12 | 13.4 | 6:28 | 7:51 |
| 13 | 13.5 | 6:26 | 7:53 |
| 14 | 13.5 | 6:23 | 7:55 |
| 15 | 13.6 | 6:21 | 7:57 |
| 16 | 13.7 | 6:19 | 7:59 |
| 17 | 13.7 | 6:16 | 8:00 |
| 18 | 13.8 | 6:14 | 8:02 |
| 19 | 13.9 | 6:12 | 8:04 |
| 20 | 13.9 | 6:10 | 8:06 |
| 21 | 14.0 | 6:07 | 8:07 |
| 22 | 14.1 | 6:05 | 8:09 |
| 23 | 14.1 | 6:03 | 8:11 |
| 24 | 14.2 | 6:01 | 8:13 |
| 25 | 14.3 | 5:59 | 8:15 |
| 26 | 14.3 | 5:56 | 8:16 |
| 27 | 14.4 | 5:54 | 8:18 |
| 28 | 14.5 | 5:52 | 8:20 |
| 29 | 14.5 | 5:50 | 8:22 |
| 30 | 14.6 | 5:48 | 8:23 |
Solar energy in April
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in April, about 4.61 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 0.7 kWh/m² to a high of 5.92 kWh/m² in June across the year — April's 4.61 kWh/m² falls in the middle.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 4.1 | 4.1 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 4.9 | 4.9 | 4.9 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.1 | 5.1 |
| Level | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 4.1 | Bright |
| 2 | 4.1 | Bright |
| 3 | 4.2 | Bright |
| 4 | 4.2 | Bright |
| 5 | 4.3 | Bright |
| 6 | 4.3 | Bright |
| 7 | 4.3 | Bright |
| 8 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 9 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 10 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 11 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 12 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 13 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 14 | 4.6 | Bright |
| 15 | 4.6 | Bright |
| 16 | 4.7 | Bright |
| 17 | 4.7 | Bright |
| 18 | 4.7 | Bright |
| 19 | 4.8 | Bright |
| 20 | 4.8 | Bright |
| 21 | 4.8 | Bright |
| 22 | 4.9 | Bright |
| 23 | 4.9 | Bright |
| 24 | 4.9 | Bright |
| 25 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 26 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 27 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 28 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 29 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 30 | 5.1 | Bright |
Is April a good time to visit Tashtagol?
Our two travel scores rate April for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
April is a weaker month for outdoor sightseeing in Tashtagol.
What to pack for Tashtagol in April
From April's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In April, Tashtagol sees daytime highs around 9°C and nights near -3°C. Pack a warm layer. Worth having: a heavy coat, rain gear and sun protection. About 13 days see rain.
UV index in Tashtagol in April
Clear-sky midday UV in April peaks around 4 — enough to warrant sun protection. The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Tashtagol peaks around May 23 at about 6 (high) — sunscreen and a hat are worth it in the middle of the day. It bottoms out near January 1 at about 1 (low).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — in 6 months of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 1 |
| Level | Low | Low | Moderate | Moderate | High | High | High | High | Moderate | Low | Low | Low |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 1 | Low |
| Feb | 1 | Low |
| Mar | 2 | Moderate |
| Apr | 4 | Moderate |
| May | 6 | High |
| Jun | 6 | High |
| Jul | 6 | High |
| Aug | 6 | High |
| Sep | 4 | Moderate |
| Oct | 2 | Low |
| Nov | 1 | Low |
| Dec | 1 | Low |
Where is Tashtagol?
Tashtagol sits at 52.8°N, 87.9°E, 462 m above sea level, in Russia. The nearest listed city is Kaltan, 94 km away.
Topography around Tashtagol
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Tashtagol.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Tashtagol has significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 445 m around an average of 553 m above sea level; within 16 km, large variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 837 m; within 80 km, very significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 1,700 m.
The land around Tashtagol is covered by trees (71%) and grassland (20%) within 3 km, trees (95%) within 16 km, and trees (98%) within 80 km.
Russia travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 4
- Do Not Travel
- Power plugs
- Type C / F
- 230 V · 50 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 32% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $17,547
- 2025
- Happiness
- 5.8 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 76%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 6.8
- per 100k, 2021
- Road deaths
- 12
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- High
- World Bank
- English
- Moderate
- EF EPI 521
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Tashtagol (52.768°, 87.888°, elevation 462 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).