Ust’-Kut weather in February
In February, Ust’-Kut sees average daytime highs of -14°C and overnight lows near -24°C, with 11 mm of precipitation across 3.8 wet days and about 9.1 hours of daylight. It is the 10th-warmest and 12th-wettest month of the year here.
Highs climb over the month, from about -17°C in the first days to -10°C by the end. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 13% of the time in February, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 8 h 06 min at the start of February to 10 h 06 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, February is Ust’-Kut's 9th-clearest and 6th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Ust’-Kut's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- -14°
- 10th warmest
- Overnight low
- -24°
- 3rd coldest
- Precipitation
- 11 mm
- 3.8 wet days
- Daylight
- 9 h 06 min
- 8:39 AM – 5:44 PM
- Cloud cover
- 80%
- 9th clearest
- Wind
- 9 km/h
- 6th windiest
- Solar energy
- 1.52 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 0.0
- out of 10
Ust’-Kut is human settlement in Ust-Kutsky District, Irkutsk Oblast, Russia.
- Density
- 861/km²
- people per km²
- Founded
- 1631
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in February
Highs climb over the month, from about -17°C in the first days to -10°C by the end.
A typical February day in Ust’-Kut reaches about -14°C in the afternoon and slips back to -24°C overnight — a 11°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between -23°C and -5°C. Set against its neighbours, February runs about 6°C warmer than January and about 10°C cooler than March.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | -18 | -17 | -17 | -17 | -17 | -16 | -16 | -16 | -16 | -15 | -15 | -15 | -14 | -14 | -14 | -13 | -13 | -13 | -12 | -12 | -12 | -11 | -11 | -11 | -10 | -10 | -10 | -9 |
| Avg low (°C) | -27 | -27 | -27 | -26 | -26 | -26 | -26 | -26 | -26 | -25 | -25 | -25 | -25 | -24 | -24 | -24 | -24 | -24 | -23 | -23 | -23 | -23 | -23 | -22 | -22 | -22 | -22 | -21 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | -18 | -27 |
| 2 | -17 | -27 |
| 3 | -17 | -27 |
| 4 | -17 | -26 |
| 5 | -17 | -26 |
| 6 | -16 | -26 |
| 7 | -16 | -26 |
| 8 | -16 | -26 |
| 9 | -16 | -26 |
| 10 | -15 | -25 |
| 11 | -15 | -25 |
| 12 | -15 | -25 |
| 13 | -14 | -25 |
| 14 | -14 | -24 |
| 15 | -14 | -24 |
| 16 | -13 | -24 |
| 17 | -13 | -24 |
| 18 | -13 | -24 |
| 19 | -12 | -23 |
| 20 | -12 | -23 |
| 21 | -12 | -23 |
| 22 | -11 | -23 |
| 23 | -11 | -23 |
| 24 | -11 | -22 |
| 25 | -10 | -22 |
| 26 | -10 | -22 |
| 27 | -10 | -22 |
| 28 | -9 | -21 |
How February really feels in Ust’-Kut
Once humidity and wind are folded in, February averages 0 days that feel above 32°C and 28 that feel at or below 0°C — the comfort signal a plain temperature reading hides.
The story in February is cold — wind chill drags the overnight "feels like" below the raw low.
Ust’-Kut weather by month
How February compares with the rest of the year at a glance. February is the 10th-warmest and 12th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Snow days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | -20° / -28° | 13 | 4.7 | 8.6 | 7.2 | 0.0 |
| Feb | -14° / -24° | 11 | 3.8 | 7 | 9.1 | 0.0 |
| Mar | -4° / -16° | 18 | 6.2 | 8.6 | 11.4 | 0.0 |
| Apr | 5° / -7° | 28 | 9 | 7 | 13.9 | 0.4 |
| May | 14° / 1° | 44 | 11.7 | 2.1 | 16.1 | 3.6 |
| Jun | 21° / 9° | 57 | 11.8 | 0 | 17.4 | 6.0 |
| Jul | 23° / 12° | 69 | 11.4 | 0 | 16.9 | 6.6 |
| Aug | 20° / 9° | 72 | 11.3 | 0 | 14.9 | 6.0 |
| Sep | 12° / 2° | 51 | 11.2 | 1.3 | 12.5 | 2.9 |
| Oct | 2° / -6° | 37 | 10.4 | 8.9 | 10 | 0.1 |
| Nov | -11° / -19° | 27 | 8.6 | 11.4 | 7.8 | 0.0 |
| Dec | -18° / -26° | 18 | 6.6 | 10.2 | 6.6 | 0.0 |
Cloud cover in February
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 13% of the time in February.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 6% of February, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 82%.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 16 | 16 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 19 |
| Cloudier (%) | 80 | 80 | 80 | 80 | 81 | 81 | 81 | 82 | 82 | 82 | 82 | 82 | 82 | 84 | 84 | 83 | 83 | 83 | 83 | 82 | 82 | 82 | 82 | 81 | 80 | 80 | 80 | 81 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 20 | 80 |
| 2 | 20 | 80 |
| 3 | 20 | 80 |
| 4 | 20 | 80 |
| 5 | 19 | 81 |
| 6 | 19 | 81 |
| 7 | 19 | 81 |
| 8 | 18 | 82 |
| 9 | 18 | 82 |
| 10 | 18 | 82 |
| 11 | 18 | 82 |
| 12 | 18 | 82 |
| 13 | 18 | 82 |
| 14 | 16 | 84 |
| 15 | 16 | 84 |
| 16 | 17 | 83 |
| 17 | 17 | 83 |
| 18 | 17 | 83 |
| 19 | 17 | 83 |
| 20 | 18 | 82 |
| 21 | 18 | 82 |
| 22 | 18 | 82 |
| 23 | 18 | 82 |
| 24 | 19 | 81 |
| 25 | 20 | 80 |
| 26 | 20 | 80 |
| 27 | 20 | 80 |
| 28 | 19 | 81 |
Chance of precipitation in February
Ust’-Kut gets around 11 mm of rain and snow over 3.8 wet days in February, the driest month. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable precipitation averages around 14% and peaks near 16% on the wettest days, and about 7 days bring snow.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 16 | 16 |
| Snow chance (%) | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 27 | 27 |
| Rain chance (%) | Snow chance (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 14 | 24 |
| 2 | 14 | 24 |
| 3 | 14 | 24 |
| 4 | 14 | 24 |
| 5 | 14 | 24 |
| 6 | 14 | 24 |
| 7 | 14 | 24 |
| 8 | 14 | 24 |
| 9 | 14 | 25 |
| 10 | 14 | 25 |
| 11 | 14 | 25 |
| 12 | 14 | 25 |
| 13 | 14 | 25 |
| 14 | 14 | 25 |
| 15 | 14 | 25 |
| 16 | 14 | 25 |
| 17 | 13 | 25 |
| 18 | 13 | 25 |
| 19 | 13 | 25 |
| 20 | 14 | 25 |
| 21 | 14 | 25 |
| 22 | 14 | 26 |
| 23 | 14 | 26 |
| 24 | 15 | 26 |
| 25 | 15 | 26 |
| 26 | 15 | 26 |
| 27 | 16 | 27 |
| 28 | 16 | 27 |
Humidity in February
Most of February feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, February lands in the dry band about 100% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| Dry (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 100 |
| 2 | 100 |
| 3 | 100 |
| 4 | 100 |
| 5 | 100 |
| 6 | 100 |
| 7 | 100 |
| 8 | 100 |
| 9 | 100 |
| 10 | 100 |
| 11 | 100 |
| 12 | 100 |
| 13 | 100 |
| 14 | 100 |
| 15 | 100 |
| 16 | 100 |
| 17 | 100 |
| 18 | 100 |
| 19 | 100 |
| 20 | 100 |
| 21 | 100 |
| 22 | 100 |
| 23 | 100 |
| 24 | 100 |
| 25 | 100 |
| 26 | 100 |
| 27 | 100 |
| 28 | 100 |
Wind in February
Winds average 9 km/h in February.
Across February, daily wind ranges from about 9 km/h on the calmest days to 9 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 9 | calm |
| 2 | 9 | calm |
| 3 | 9 | calm |
| 4 | 9 | calm |
| 5 | 9 | calm |
| 6 | 9 | calm |
| 7 | 9 | calm |
| 8 | 9 | calm |
| 9 | 9 | calm |
| 10 | 9 | calm |
| 11 | 9 | calm |
| 12 | 9 | calm |
| 13 | 9 | calm |
| 14 | 9 | calm |
| 15 | 9 | calm |
| 16 | 9 | calm |
| 17 | 9 | calm |
| 18 | 9 | calm |
| 19 | 9 | calm |
| 20 | 9 | calm |
| 21 | 9 | calm |
| 22 | 9 | calm |
| 23 | 9 | calm |
| 24 | 9 | calm |
| 25 | 9 | calm |
| 26 | 9 | calm |
| 27 | 9 | calm |
| 28 | 9 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in February
Daylight runs from about 8 h 06 min at the start of February to 10 h 06 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days grow by about 120 minutes over February. Sunrise moves from 9:08 AM to 8:07 AM, and sunset from 5:13 PM to 6:13 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 8.1 | 8.1 | 8.2 | 8.3 | 8.3 | 8.4 | 8.5 | 8.6 | 8.6 | 8.7 | 8.8 | 8.9 | 8.9 | 9.0 | 9.1 | 9.2 | 9.2 | 9.3 | 9.4 | 9.5 | 9.5 | 9.6 | 9.7 | 9.8 | 9.9 | 9.9 | 10.0 | 10.1 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 9:08 | 9:06 | 9:04 | 9:02 | 9:00 | 8:58 | 8:56 | 8:54 | 8:52 | 8:50 | 8:48 | 8:46 | 8:43 | 8:41 | 8:39 | 8:37 | 8:34 | 8:32 | 8:30 | 8:27 | 8:25 | 8:22 | 8:20 | 8:17 | 8:15 | 8:12 | 8:10 | 8:07 |
| Sunset (PM) | 5:13 | 5:15 | 5:17 | 5:19 | 5:21 | 5:24 | 5:26 | 5:28 | 5:30 | 5:33 | 5:35 | 5:37 | 5:39 | 5:42 | 5:44 | 5:46 | 5:49 | 5:51 | 5:53 | 5:55 | 5:58 | 6:00 | 6:02 | 6:04 | 6:07 | 6:09 | 6:11 | 6:13 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 8.1 | 9:08 | 5:13 |
| 2 | 8.1 | 9:06 | 5:15 |
| 3 | 8.2 | 9:04 | 5:17 |
| 4 | 8.3 | 9:02 | 5:19 |
| 5 | 8.3 | 9:00 | 5:21 |
| 6 | 8.4 | 8:58 | 5:24 |
| 7 | 8.5 | 8:56 | 5:26 |
| 8 | 8.6 | 8:54 | 5:28 |
| 9 | 8.6 | 8:52 | 5:30 |
| 10 | 8.7 | 8:50 | 5:33 |
| 11 | 8.8 | 8:48 | 5:35 |
| 12 | 8.9 | 8:46 | 5:37 |
| 13 | 8.9 | 8:43 | 5:39 |
| 14 | 9.0 | 8:41 | 5:42 |
| 15 | 9.1 | 8:39 | 5:44 |
| 16 | 9.2 | 8:37 | 5:46 |
| 17 | 9.2 | 8:34 | 5:49 |
| 18 | 9.3 | 8:32 | 5:51 |
| 19 | 9.4 | 8:30 | 5:53 |
| 20 | 9.5 | 8:27 | 5:55 |
| 21 | 9.5 | 8:25 | 5:58 |
| 22 | 9.6 | 8:22 | 6:00 |
| 23 | 9.7 | 8:20 | 6:02 |
| 24 | 9.8 | 8:17 | 6:04 |
| 25 | 9.9 | 8:15 | 6:07 |
| 26 | 9.9 | 8:12 | 6:09 |
| 27 | 10.0 | 8:10 | 6:11 |
| 28 | 10.1 | 8:07 | 6:13 |
Solar energy in February
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in February, about 1.52 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 0.45 kWh/m² to a high of 5.9 kWh/m² in June across the year — February's 1.52 kWh/m² falls in the middle.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 1.0 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.1 | 2.1 | 2.2 |
| Level | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 1.0 | Dim |
| 2 | 1.1 | Dim |
| 3 | 1.1 | Dim |
| 4 | 1.1 | Dim |
| 5 | 1.2 | Dim |
| 6 | 1.2 | Dim |
| 7 | 1.2 | Dim |
| 8 | 1.3 | Dim |
| 9 | 1.3 | Dim |
| 10 | 1.3 | Dim |
| 11 | 1.4 | Dim |
| 12 | 1.4 | Dim |
| 13 | 1.4 | Dim |
| 14 | 1.5 | Dim |
| 15 | 1.5 | Dim |
| 16 | 1.6 | Dim |
| 17 | 1.6 | Dim |
| 18 | 1.7 | Dim |
| 19 | 1.7 | Dim |
| 20 | 1.8 | Dim |
| 21 | 1.8 | Dim |
| 22 | 1.9 | Dim |
| 23 | 1.9 | Dim |
| 24 | 2.0 | Dim |
| 25 | 2.0 | Moderate |
| 26 | 2.1 | Moderate |
| 27 | 2.1 | Moderate |
| 28 | 2.2 | Moderate |
Is February a good time to visit Ust’-Kut?
Our two travel scores rate February for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
February is a weaker month for outdoor sightseeing in Ust’-Kut.
What to pack for Ust’-Kut in February
From February's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In February, Ust’-Kut sees daytime highs around -14°C and nights near -24°C. Pack a warm layer and a heavy coat. About 4 days see rain.
UV index in Ust’-Kut in February
Clear-sky midday UV in February peaks around 1. The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Ust’-Kut peaks around June 21 at about 5 (high) — a little sun protection helps at midday. It bottoms out near December 19 at about 0 (low).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — in 5 months of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 0 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Level | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | Moderate | High | High | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Low | Low |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 0 | Low |
| Feb | 1 | Low |
| Mar | 2 | Low |
| Apr | 4 | Moderate |
| May | 5 | Moderate |
| Jun | 6 | High |
| Jul | 5 | High |
| Aug | 5 | Moderate |
| Sep | 3 | Moderate |
| Oct | 1 | Low |
| Nov | 0 | Low |
| Dec | 0 | Low |
Air quality in Ust’-Kut in February
Average fine-particle pollution (PM2.5) through the year — so you can see where February falls, not just the annual average.
Air quality in Ust’-Kut is worst in July — around 56 µg/m³ PM2.5 (unhealthy), about 46.8× the cleanest month (December, 1 µg/m³).
Modeled monthly averages (CAMS reanalysis, 2015–2024).
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | 2 | 5 | 5 | 10 | 11 | 42 | 56 | 52 | 39 | 16 | 3 | 1 |
| Level | Good | Good | Good | Good | Good | Poor | Unhealthy | Poor | Poor | Moderate | Good | Good |
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 2 | Good |
| Feb | 5 | Good |
| Mar | 5 | Good |
| Apr | 10 | Good |
| May | 11 | Good |
| Jun | 42 | Poor |
| Jul | 56 | Unhealthy |
| Aug | 52 | Poor |
| Sep | 39 | Poor |
| Oct | 16 | Moderate |
| Nov | 3 | Good |
| Dec | 1 | Good |
Where is Ust’-Kut?
Ust’-Kut sits at 56.8°N, 105.8°E, 285 m above sea level, in Russia. The nearest listed city is Zheleznogorsk-Ilimskiy, 104 km away.
Topography around Ust’-Kut
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Ust’-Kut.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Ust’-Kut has significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 406 m around an average of 412 m above sea level; within 16 km, significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 492 m; within 80 km, large variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 729 m.
The land around Ust’-Kut is covered by trees (72%) and artificial surfaces (21%) within 3 km, trees (93%) within 16 km, and trees (99%) within 80 km.
Russia travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 4
- Do Not Travel
- Power plugs
- Type C / F
- 230 V · 50 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 32% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $17,547
- 2025
- Happiness
- 5.8 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 76%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 6.8
- per 100k, 2021
- Road deaths
- 12
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- High
- World Bank
- English
- Moderate
- EF EPI 521
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Ust’-Kut (56.7979°, 105.7866°, elevation 285 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Monthly air-quality (PM2.5) seasonality is from the CAMS EAC4 reanalysis (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service), scaled to the WHO annual mean where available. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).