Kagano weather in February
In February, Kagano sees average daytime highs of 22°C and overnight lows near 19°C, with 59 mm of rain across 12.5 wet days and about 12.1 hours of daylight. It is the 1st-warmest and 8th-wettest month of the year here.
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 22°C through the month. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 7% of the time in February, and the air most often feels comfortable.
Daylight stretches from about 12 h 06 min at the start of February to 12 h 06 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, February is Kagano's 6th-clearest and 9th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Kagano's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 22°
- 1st warmest
- Overnight low
- 19°
- 10th coldest
- Rainfall
- 59 mm
- 12.5 wet days
- Daylight
- 12 h 06 min
- 6:16 AM – 6:21 PM
- Cloud cover
- 76%
- 6th clearest
- Wind
- 5 km/h
- 9th windiest
- Solar energy
- 5.45 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 5.9
- out of 10
Temperature in February
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 22°C through the month.
A typical February day in Kagano reaches about 22°C in the afternoon and slips back to 19°C overnight — a 4°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 21°C and 24°C. Set against its neighbours, February runs on par with January and on par with March.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 |
| Avg low (°C) | 18 | 18 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 22 | 18 |
| 2 | 22 | 18 |
| 3 | 22 | 19 |
| 4 | 22 | 19 |
| 5 | 22 | 19 |
| 6 | 22 | 19 |
| 7 | 22 | 19 |
| 8 | 22 | 19 |
| 9 | 22 | 19 |
| 10 | 22 | 19 |
| 11 | 22 | 19 |
| 12 | 22 | 19 |
| 13 | 22 | 19 |
| 14 | 22 | 19 |
| 15 | 22 | 19 |
| 16 | 22 | 19 |
| 17 | 22 | 19 |
| 18 | 22 | 19 |
| 19 | 22 | 19 |
| 20 | 22 | 19 |
| 21 | 22 | 19 |
| 22 | 22 | 19 |
| 23 | 22 | 19 |
| 24 | 22 | 19 |
| 25 | 22 | 19 |
| 26 | 22 | 19 |
| 27 | 22 | 19 |
| 28 | 22 | 19 |
Kagano weather by month
How February compares with the rest of the year at a glance. February is the 1st-warmest and 8th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 22° / 18° | 75 | 15.1 | 12.1 | 5.6 |
| Feb | 22° / 19° | 59 | 12.5 | 12.1 | 5.9 |
| Mar | 22° / 19° | 111 | 18.1 | 12 | 5.2 |
| Apr | 22° / 18° | 177 | 22.1 | 12 | 4.5 |
| May | 22° / 19° | 91 | 15 | 11.9 | 5.8 |
| Jun | 22° / 19° | 17 | 3.9 | 11.9 | 7.5 |
| Jul | 22° / 18° | 4 | 1.1 | 11.9 | 8.1 |
| Aug | 22° / 19° | 15 | 3.7 | 11.9 | 7.6 |
| Sep | 22° / 19° | 53 | 11.2 | 12 | 6.3 |
| Oct | 22° / 18° | 165 | 21.7 | 12.1 | 4.7 |
| Nov | 22° / 18° | 182 | 23.3 | 12.1 | 4.3 |
| Dec | 22° / 18° | 117 | 19.3 | 12.1 | 5.0 |
Cloud cover in February
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 7% of the time in February.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 16% of February, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 77%.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 21 | 21 | 21 |
| Cloudier (%) | 75 | 75 | 75 | 75 | 75 | 75 | 75 | 76 | 76 | 76 | 78 | 78 | 78 | 78 | 78 | 78 | 78 | 78 | 78 | 78 | 78 | 78 | 78 | 78 | 78 | 79 | 79 | 79 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 25 | 75 |
| 2 | 25 | 75 |
| 3 | 25 | 75 |
| 4 | 25 | 75 |
| 5 | 25 | 75 |
| 6 | 25 | 75 |
| 7 | 25 | 75 |
| 8 | 24 | 76 |
| 9 | 24 | 76 |
| 10 | 24 | 76 |
| 11 | 22 | 78 |
| 12 | 22 | 78 |
| 13 | 22 | 78 |
| 14 | 22 | 78 |
| 15 | 22 | 78 |
| 16 | 22 | 78 |
| 17 | 22 | 78 |
| 18 | 22 | 78 |
| 19 | 22 | 78 |
| 20 | 22 | 78 |
| 21 | 22 | 78 |
| 22 | 22 | 78 |
| 23 | 22 | 78 |
| 24 | 22 | 78 |
| 25 | 22 | 78 |
| 26 | 21 | 79 |
| 27 | 21 | 79 |
| 28 | 21 | 79 |
Chance of precipitation in February
Kagano gets around 59 mm of rain over 12.5 wet days in February. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable rain averages around 44% and peaks near 50% on the wettest days. The odds climb toward the end of the month.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 41 | 41 | 41 | 41 | 41 | 42 | 42 | 43 | 43 | 44 | 44 | 45 | 45 | 46 | 47 | 47 | 48 | 49 | 49 | 49 | 50 | 50 |
| Rain chance (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 40 |
| 2 | 40 |
| 3 | 40 |
| 4 | 40 |
| 5 | 40 |
| 6 | 40 |
| 7 | 41 |
| 8 | 41 |
| 9 | 41 |
| 10 | 41 |
| 11 | 41 |
| 12 | 42 |
| 13 | 42 |
| 14 | 43 |
| 15 | 43 |
| 16 | 44 |
| 17 | 44 |
| 18 | 45 |
| 19 | 45 |
| 20 | 46 |
| 21 | 47 |
| 22 | 47 |
| 23 | 48 |
| 24 | 49 |
| 25 | 49 |
| 26 | 49 |
| 27 | 50 |
| 28 | 50 |
Humidity in February
Most of February feels comfortable — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, February lands in the comfortable band about 53% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Comfortable (%) | 59 | 58 | 58 | 58 | 58 | 57 | 57 | 57 | 57 | 57 | 56 | 56 | 55 | 54 | 54 | 53 | 52 | 52 | 51 | 51 | 50 | 49 | 48 | 48 | 47 | 47 | 46 | 46 |
| Humid (%) | 41 | 42 | 42 | 42 | 42 | 43 | 43 | 43 | 43 | 43 | 44 | 44 | 45 | 46 | 46 | 47 | 48 | 48 | 49 | 49 | 50 | 51 | 52 | 52 | 53 | 53 | 54 | 54 |
| Comfortable (%) | Humid (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 59 | 41 |
| 2 | 58 | 42 |
| 3 | 58 | 42 |
| 4 | 58 | 42 |
| 5 | 58 | 42 |
| 6 | 57 | 43 |
| 7 | 57 | 43 |
| 8 | 57 | 43 |
| 9 | 57 | 43 |
| 10 | 57 | 43 |
| 11 | 56 | 44 |
| 12 | 56 | 44 |
| 13 | 55 | 45 |
| 14 | 54 | 46 |
| 15 | 54 | 46 |
| 16 | 53 | 47 |
| 17 | 52 | 48 |
| 18 | 52 | 48 |
| 19 | 51 | 49 |
| 20 | 51 | 49 |
| 21 | 50 | 50 |
| 22 | 49 | 51 |
| 23 | 48 | 52 |
| 24 | 48 | 52 |
| 25 | 47 | 53 |
| 26 | 47 | 53 |
| 27 | 46 | 54 |
| 28 | 46 | 54 |
Wind in February
Winds average 5 km/h in February.
Across February, daily wind ranges from about 5 km/h on the calmest days to 5 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 5 | calm |
| 2 | 5 | calm |
| 3 | 5 | calm |
| 4 | 5 | calm |
| 5 | 5 | calm |
| 6 | 5 | calm |
| 7 | 5 | calm |
| 8 | 5 | calm |
| 9 | 5 | calm |
| 10 | 5 | calm |
| 11 | 5 | calm |
| 12 | 5 | calm |
| 13 | 5 | calm |
| 14 | 5 | calm |
| 15 | 5 | calm |
| 16 | 5 | calm |
| 17 | 5 | calm |
| 18 | 5 | calm |
| 19 | 5 | calm |
| 20 | 5 | calm |
| 21 | 5 | calm |
| 22 | 5 | calm |
| 23 | 5 | calm |
| 24 | 5 | calm |
| 25 | 5 | calm |
| 26 | 5 | calm |
| 27 | 5 | calm |
| 28 | 5 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in February
Daylight runs from about 12 h 06 min at the start of February to 12 h 06 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days grow by about 0 minutes over February. Sunrise moves from 6:14 AM to 6:16 AM, and sunset from 6:20 PM to 6:19 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 6:14 | 6:14 | 6:15 | 6:15 | 6:15 | 6:15 | 6:15 | 6:15 | 6:15 | 6:16 | 6:16 | 6:16 | 6:16 | 6:16 | 6:16 | 6:16 | 6:16 | 6:16 | 6:16 | 6:16 | 6:16 | 6:16 | 6:16 | 6:16 | 6:16 | 6:16 | 6:16 | 6:16 |
| Sunset (PM) | 6:20 | 6:20 | 6:20 | 6:20 | 6:21 | 6:21 | 6:21 | 6:21 | 6:21 | 6:21 | 6:21 | 6:21 | 6:21 | 6:21 | 6:21 | 6:20 | 6:20 | 6:20 | 6:20 | 6:20 | 6:20 | 6:20 | 6:20 | 6:19 | 6:19 | 6:19 | 6:19 | 6:19 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 12.1 | 6:14 | 6:20 |
| 2 | 12.1 | 6:14 | 6:20 |
| 3 | 12.1 | 6:15 | 6:20 |
| 4 | 12.1 | 6:15 | 6:20 |
| 5 | 12.1 | 6:15 | 6:21 |
| 6 | 12.1 | 6:15 | 6:21 |
| 7 | 12.1 | 6:15 | 6:21 |
| 8 | 12.1 | 6:15 | 6:21 |
| 9 | 12.1 | 6:15 | 6:21 |
| 10 | 12.1 | 6:16 | 6:21 |
| 11 | 12.1 | 6:16 | 6:21 |
| 12 | 12.1 | 6:16 | 6:21 |
| 13 | 12.1 | 6:16 | 6:21 |
| 14 | 12.1 | 6:16 | 6:21 |
| 15 | 12.1 | 6:16 | 6:21 |
| 16 | 12.1 | 6:16 | 6:20 |
| 17 | 12.1 | 6:16 | 6:20 |
| 18 | 12.1 | 6:16 | 6:20 |
| 19 | 12.1 | 6:16 | 6:20 |
| 20 | 12.1 | 6:16 | 6:20 |
| 21 | 12.1 | 6:16 | 6:20 |
| 22 | 12.1 | 6:16 | 6:20 |
| 23 | 12.1 | 6:16 | 6:20 |
| 24 | 12.1 | 6:16 | 6:19 |
| 25 | 12.1 | 6:16 | 6:19 |
| 26 | 12.1 | 6:16 | 6:19 |
| 27 | 12.1 | 6:16 | 6:19 |
| 28 | 12.1 | 6:16 | 6:19 |
Solar energy in February
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in February, about 5.45 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 4.84 kWh/m² to a high of 5.52 kWh/m² in September across the year — February's 5.45 kWh/m² falls in the middle.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.5 |
| Level | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 5.4 | Bright |
| 2 | 5.4 | Bright |
| 3 | 5.4 | Bright |
| 4 | 5.4 | Bright |
| 5 | 5.4 | Bright |
| 6 | 5.4 | Bright |
| 7 | 5.4 | Bright |
| 8 | 5.4 | Bright |
| 9 | 5.4 | Bright |
| 10 | 5.4 | Bright |
| 11 | 5.4 | Bright |
| 12 | 5.4 | Bright |
| 13 | 5.4 | Bright |
| 14 | 5.4 | Bright |
| 15 | 5.5 | Bright |
| 16 | 5.5 | Bright |
| 17 | 5.5 | Bright |
| 18 | 5.5 | Bright |
| 19 | 5.5 | Bright |
| 20 | 5.5 | Bright |
| 21 | 5.5 | Bright |
| 22 | 5.5 | Bright |
| 23 | 5.5 | Bright |
| 24 | 5.5 | Bright |
| 25 | 5.5 | Bright |
| 26 | 5.5 | Bright |
| 27 | 5.5 | Bright |
| 28 | 5.5 | Bright |
Hazard calendar for Kagano
None of Kagano's seasonal hazards are active in February. The full-year calendar below shows when the rainy season, cyclone risk and dust haze do peak.
Kagano's rainy season runs March–May, when most of the year's rain falls.
Is February a good time to visit Kagano?
Our two travel scores rate February for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
February is a reasonable time to visit Kagano for sightseeing.
What to pack for Kagano in February
From February's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In February, Kagano sees daytime highs around 22°C and nights near 19°C. Worth packing: light clothes, rain gear and sun protection. About 13 days see rain.
UV index in Kagano in February
Clear-sky midday UV in February peaks around 14 (very high — sun protection essential). The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Kagano peaks around March 20 at about 16 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near June 23 at about 10 (extreme).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — every month of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 11 | 14 | 16 | 15 | 12 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 14 | 14 | 13 | 12 |
| Level | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 11 | Extreme |
| Feb | 14 | Extreme |
| Mar | 16 | Extreme |
| Apr | 15 | Extreme |
| May | 12 | Extreme |
| Jun | 10 | Extreme |
| Jul | 10 | Extreme |
| Aug | 10 | Extreme |
| Sep | 14 | Extreme |
| Oct | 14 | Extreme |
| Nov | 13 | Extreme |
| Dec | 12 | Extreme |
Air quality in Kagano in February
Average fine-particle pollution (PM2.5) through the year — so you can see where February falls, not just the annual average.
Air quality in Kagano is worst in February — around 73 µg/m³ PM2.5 (unhealthy), and holds fairly steady the rest of the year.
Modeled monthly averages (CAMS reanalysis, 2015–2024).
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | 72 | 73 | 65 | 59 | 61 | 71 | 69 | 73 | 70 | 65 | 65 | 69 |
| Level | Unhealthy | Unhealthy | Unhealthy | Unhealthy | Unhealthy | Unhealthy | Unhealthy | Unhealthy | Unhealthy | Unhealthy | Unhealthy | Unhealthy |
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 72 | Unhealthy |
| Feb | 73 | Unhealthy |
| Mar | 65 | Unhealthy |
| Apr | 59 | Unhealthy |
| May | 61 | Unhealthy |
| Jun | 71 | Unhealthy |
| Jul | 69 | Unhealthy |
| Aug | 73 | Unhealthy |
| Sep | 70 | Unhealthy |
| Oct | 65 | Unhealthy |
| Nov | 65 | Unhealthy |
| Dec | 69 | Unhealthy |
Where is Kagano?
Kagano sits at 2.3°S, 29.1°E, 1,558 m above sea level, in Rwanda. The nearest listed city is Kirambo, 6.0 km away.
Topography around Kagano
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Kagano.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Kagano has only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 207 m around an average of 1,495 m above sea level; within 16 km, large variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 966 m; within 80 km, extreme variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 2,646 m.
The land around Kagano is covered by water (46%) within 3 km, trees (32%), water (32%) and grassland (20%) within 16 km, and grassland (34%) and trees (32%) within 80 km.
Rwanda travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 3
- Reconsider Travel
- Power plugs
- Type C / E / G
- 230 V · 50 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 27% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $1,124
- 2025
- Happiness
- 3.3 / 10
- World Happiness, 2021
- Homicide rate
- 3.6
- per 100k, 2020
- Road deaths
- 29.4
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- Low
- World Bank
- English
- Very low
- EF EPI 417
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Kagano (-2.3429°, 29.0912°, elevation 1,558 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Monthly air-quality (PM2.5) seasonality is from the CAMS EAC4 reanalysis (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service), scaled to the WHO annual mean where available. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).