Kigali weather in July

In July, Kigali sees average daytime highs of 26°C and overnight lows near 15°C, with 4 mm of rain across 0.8 wet days and about 11.9 hours of daylight. It is the 4th-warmest and 12th-wettest month of the year here.

Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 26°C through the month. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 19% of the time in July, and the air most often feels dry.

Daylight stretches from about 11 h 54 min at the start of July to 11 h 54 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, July is Kigali's 1st-clearest and 3rd-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Kigali's year-round climate.

Daytime high: 26°; 4th warmest
Overnight low: 15°; 6th coldest
Rainfall: 4 mm; 0.8 wet days
Daylight: 11 h 54 min; 6:08 AM – 6:02 PM
Cloud cover: 63%; 1st clearest
Wind: 6 km/h; 3rd windiest
Solar energy: 5.06 kWh/m²
Travel score: 8.0; out of 10

Kigali is province-level city, capital and largest city of Rwanda.

Density: 1,552/km²; people per km²
Founded: 1907

Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.

← June Kigali year-round climate August →Best places to visit in July

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Temperature in July

Average highAverage lowShaded bands: 10–90% of days

Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 26°C through the month.

A typical July day in Kigali reaches about 26°C in the afternoon and slips back to 15°C overnight — a 11°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 24°C and 27°C. Set against its neighbours, July runs on par with June and about 1°C cooler than August.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30	31
Avg high (°C)	25	25	25	25	25	25	25	25	25	25	25	26	26	26	26	26	26	26	26	26	26	26	26	26	26	26	26	26	26	26	26
Avg low (°C)	15	15	15	15	15	15	15	15	15	15	15	15	15	15	15	15	15	15	15	15	15	15	15	15	15	15	16	16	16	16	16

	Avg high (°C)	Avg low (°C)
1	25	15
2	25	15
3	25	15
4	25	15
5	25	15
6	25	15
7	25	15
8	25	15
9	25	15
10	25	15
11	25	15
12	26	15
13	26	15
14	26	15
15	26	15
16	26	15
17	26	15
18	26	15
19	26	15
20	26	15
21	26	15
22	26	15
23	26	15
24	26	15
25	26	15
26	26	15
27	26	16
28	26	16
29	26	16
30	26	16
31	26	16

Kigali weather by month

How July compares with the rest of the year at a glance. July is the 4th-warmest and 12th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.

Month	High / Low (°C)	Rainfall (mm)	Wet days	Daylight (hours)	Travel score
Jan	26° / 15°	77	15.4	12.1	5.7
Feb	26° / 15°	77	14.6	12.1	5.5
Mar	26° / 15°	105	21	12	4.9
Apr	25° / 15°	137	24	12	4.4
May	25° / 15°	83	15.9	11.9	5.9
Jun	25° / 15°	14	2.7	11.9	7.7
Jul	26° / 15°	4	0.8	11.9	8.0
Aug	26° / 16°	24	4	11.9	7.3
Sep	26° / 15°	54	10.3	12	6.3
Oct	26° / 15°	117	18.6	12	5.2
Nov	25° / 15°	130	22.6	12.1	4.6
Dec	25° / 15°	92	18.2	12.1	5.4

Cloud cover in July

ClearMostly clearPartly cloudyMostly cloudyOvercast

The sky is clear or mostly clear about 19% of the time in July, the clearest month of the year.

Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 22% of July, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 60%.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30	31
Clearer (%)	39	39	40	42	42	42	43	44	44	45	44	44	44	45	44	44	43	42	41	42	41	40	39	38	38	37	36	35	35	34	33
Cloudier (%)	61	61	60	58	58	58	57	56	56	55	56	56	56	55	56	56	57	58	59	58	59	60	61	62	62	63	64	65	65	66	67

	Clearer (%)	Cloudier (%)
1	39	61
2	39	61
3	40	60
4	42	58
5	42	58
6	42	58
7	43	57
8	44	56
9	44	56
10	45	55
11	44	56
12	44	56
13	44	56
14	45	55
15	44	56
16	44	56
17	43	57
18	42	58
19	41	59
20	42	58
21	41	59
22	40	60
23	39	61
24	38	62
25	38	62
26	37	63
27	36	64
28	35	65
29	35	65
30	34	66
31	33	67

Chance of precipitation in July

Any precipitation

Kigali gets around 4 mm of rain over 0.8 wet days in July, the driest month. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.

Day to day, the chance of measurable rain averages around 3% and peaks near 6% on the wettest days.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30	31
Rain chance (%)	4	4	4	3	3	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	3	3	3	4	4	4	5	5	5	6	6	6

	Rain chance (%)
1	4
2	4
3	4
4	3
5	3
6	2
7	2
8	2
9	2
10	2
11	2
12	2
13	2
14	2
15	2
16	2
17	2
18	2
19	2
20	3
21	3
22	3
23	4
24	4
25	4
26	5
27	5
28	5
29	6
30	6
31	6

Humidity in July

DryComfortableHumidMuggyOppressiveMiserable

Most of July feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.

By dew point, July lands in the dry band about 88% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30	31
Dry (%)	80	82	83	84	86	87	88	89	90	90	91	92	92	92	93	93	92	92	92	91	90	90	89	88	88	87	86	85	85	84	83
Comfortable (%)	18	17	16	15	14	13	12	11	10	10	9	8	8	8	7	7	8	8	8	9	10	10	11	12	12	13	14	15	15	16	17
Humid (%)	2	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0

	Dry (%)	Comfortable (%)	Humid (%)
1	80	18	2
2	82	17	1
3	83	16	1
4	84	15	1
5	86	14	0
6	87	13	0
7	88	12	0
8	89	11	0
9	90	10	0
10	90	10	0
11	91	9	0
12	92	8	0
13	92	8	0
14	92	8	0
15	93	7	0
16	93	7	0
17	92	8	0
18	92	8	0
19	92	8	0
20	91	9	0
21	90	10	0
22	90	10	0
23	89	11	0
24	88	12	0
25	88	12	0
26	87	13	0
27	86	14	0
28	85	15	0
29	85	15	0
30	84	16	0
31	83	17	0

Wind in July

Winds average 6 km/h in July.

Across July, daily wind ranges from about 6 km/h on the calmest days to 6 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30	31
Wind speed (km/h)	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6
Feels	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm

	Wind speed (km/h)	Feels
1	6	calm
2	6	calm
3	6	calm
4	6	calm
5	6	calm
6	6	calm
7	6	calm
8	6	calm
9	6	calm
10	6	calm
11	6	calm
12	6	calm
13	6	calm
14	6	calm
15	6	calm
16	6	calm
17	6	calm
18	6	calm
19	6	calm
20	6	calm
21	6	calm
22	6	calm
23	6	calm
24	6	calm
25	6	calm
26	6	calm
27	6	calm
28	6	calm
29	6	calm
30	6	calm
31	6	calm

Sunrise & sunset in July

DaylightNight

Daylight runs from about 11 h 54 min at the start of July to 11 h 54 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.

Days grow by about 0 minutes over July. Sunrise moves from 6:06 AM to 6:08 AM, and sunset from 6:00 PM to 6:03 PM.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30	31
Daylight (h)	11.9	11.9	11.9	11.9	11.9	11.9	11.9	11.9	11.9	11.9	11.9	11.9	11.9	11.9	11.9	11.9	11.9	11.9	11.9	11.9	11.9	11.9	11.9	11.9	11.9	11.9	11.9	11.9	11.9	11.9	11.9
Sunrise (AM)	6:06	6:07	6:07	6:07	6:07	6:07	6:07	6:08	6:08	6:08	6:08	6:08	6:08	6:08	6:08	6:08	6:09	6:09	6:09	6:09	6:09	6:09	6:09	6:09	6:09	6:09	6:09	6:09	6:09	6:09	6:08
Sunset (PM)	6:00	6:00	6:00	6:00	6:01	6:01	6:01	6:01	6:01	6:01	6:02	6:02	6:02	6:02	6:02	6:02	6:02	6:03	6:03	6:03	6:03	6:03	6:03	6:03	6:03	6:03	6:03	6:03	6:03	6:03	6:03

	Daylight (h)	Sunrise (AM)	Sunset (PM)
1	11.9	6:06	6:00
2	11.9	6:07	6:00
3	11.9	6:07	6:00
4	11.9	6:07	6:00
5	11.9	6:07	6:01
6	11.9	6:07	6:01
7	11.9	6:07	6:01
8	11.9	6:08	6:01
9	11.9	6:08	6:01
10	11.9	6:08	6:01
11	11.9	6:08	6:02
12	11.9	6:08	6:02
13	11.9	6:08	6:02
14	11.9	6:08	6:02
15	11.9	6:08	6:02
16	11.9	6:08	6:02
17	11.9	6:09	6:02
18	11.9	6:09	6:03
19	11.9	6:09	6:03
20	11.9	6:09	6:03
21	11.9	6:09	6:03
22	11.9	6:09	6:03
23	11.9	6:09	6:03
24	11.9	6:09	6:03
25	11.9	6:09	6:03
26	11.9	6:09	6:03
27	11.9	6:09	6:03
28	11.9	6:09	6:03
29	11.9	6:09	6:03
30	11.9	6:09	6:03
31	11.9	6:08	6:03

Solar energy in July

Daily solar energy (kWh/m²)

Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in July, about 5.06 kWh/m².

For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 4.88 kWh/m² to a high of 5.76 kWh/m² in February across the year — July's 5.06 kWh/m² falls in the middle.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30	31
Solar energy (kWh/m²)	4.9	5.0	5.0	5.0	5.0	5.0	5.0	5.0	5.1	5.1	5.1	5.1	5.1	5.1	5.1	5.0	5.0	5.0	5.0	5.0	5.0	5.0	5.0	5.0	5.0	5.0	5.0	5.0	5.0	5.0	5.0
Level	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright

	Solar energy (kWh/m²)	Level
1	4.9	Bright
2	5.0	Bright
3	5.0	Bright
4	5.0	Bright
5	5.0	Bright
6	5.0	Bright
7	5.0	Bright
8	5.0	Bright
9	5.1	Bright
10	5.1	Bright
11	5.1	Bright
12	5.1	Bright
13	5.1	Bright
14	5.1	Bright
15	5.1	Bright
16	5.0	Bright
17	5.0	Bright
18	5.0	Bright
19	5.0	Bright
20	5.0	Bright
21	5.0	Bright
22	5.0	Bright
23	5.0	Bright
24	5.0	Bright
25	5.0	Bright
26	5.0	Bright
27	5.0	Bright
28	5.0	Bright
29	5.0	Bright
30	5.0	Bright
31	5.0	Bright

Planning a trip in July

Is July a good time to visit Kigali?

Our two travel scores rate July for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).

8.0

Sightseeing

1st-best month of the year

7.4

Beach & pool

1st-best month of the year

July is one of the better times to visit Kigali for general sightseeing. The water and warmth also suit a beach or pool day.

What to pack for Kigali in July

From July's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.

In July, Kigali sees daytime highs around 26°C and nights near 15°C. Worth packing: light clothes and sun protection.

light clothessun protection

UV index in Kigali in July

LowModerateHighVery highExtreme

Clear-sky midday UV in July peaks around 11 (very high — sun protection essential). The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.

Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Kigali peaks around March 16 at about 16 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near June 19 at about 10 (extreme).

The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — every month of the year.

	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec
UV index (midday)	11	15	16	15	12	10	11	11	14	14	13	11
Level	Extreme	Extreme	Extreme	Extreme	Extreme	Extreme	Extreme	Extreme	Extreme	Extreme	Extreme	Extreme

	UV index (midday)	Level
Jan	11	Extreme
Feb	15	Extreme
Mar	16	Extreme
Apr	15	Extreme
May	12	Extreme
Jun	10	Extreme
Jul	11	Extreme
Aug	11	Extreme
Sep	14	Extreme
Oct	14	Extreme
Nov	13	Extreme
Dec	11	Extreme

Air quality in Kigali in July

GoodModeratePoorUnhealthyVery unhealthy

Average fine-particle pollution (PM2.5) through the year — so you can see where July falls, not just the annual average.

Air quality in Kigali is worst in January — around 82 µg/m³ PM2.5 (unhealthy), and holds fairly steady the rest of the year.

Modeled monthly averages (CAMS reanalysis, 2015–2024).

	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec
PM2.5 (µg/m³)	82	80	73	66	66	75	67	72	72	68	72	77
Level	Unhealthy	Unhealthy	Unhealthy	Unhealthy	Unhealthy	Unhealthy	Unhealthy	Unhealthy	Unhealthy	Unhealthy	Unhealthy	Unhealthy

	PM2.5 (µg/m³)	Level
Jan	82	Unhealthy
Feb	80	Unhealthy
Mar	73	Unhealthy
Apr	66	Unhealthy
May	66	Unhealthy
Jun	75	Unhealthy
Jul	67	Unhealthy
Aug	72	Unhealthy
Sep	72	Unhealthy
Oct	68	Unhealthy
Nov	72	Unhealthy
Dec	77	Unhealthy

Location & terrain

Where is Kigali?

Kigali sits at 1.9°S, 30.1°E, 1,542 m above sea level, in Rwanda. The nearest listed city is Kamuhanda / Ruyenzi, 8.0 km away.

Topography around Kigali

How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Kigali.

Within 3 km, the terrain around Kigali has significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 491 m around an average of 1,481 m above sea level; within 16 km, large variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 734 m; within 80 km, extreme variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 2,788 m.

The land around Kigali is covered by artificial surfaces (67%) and trees (24%) within 3 km, cropland (27%), trees (24%) and artificial surfaces (21%) within 16 km, and cropland (41%), grassland (22%) and trees (21%) within 80 km.

3 km

491 m

artificial surfaces 67%

16 km

734 m

cropland 27%

80 km

2,788 m

cropland 41%

treesshrubsgrasslandcroplandartificial surfaceswaterwetland

← June Kigali year-round climate August →Best places to visit in July

July weather nearby: Kamuhanda / Ruyenzi 8.0 km · Ndera 12 km · Shyorongi 15 km · Mugina 22 km · Nyamata 30 km · Gitarama 36 km · Muhanga 40 km · Byumba 42 km

Rwanda travel facts

Travel advisory: Level 3; Reconsider Travel
Power plugs: Type C / E / G; 230 V · 50 Hz
Prices: ≈ 27% of US; price level, 2025
GDP per capita: $1,124; 2025
Happiness: 3.3 / 10; World Happiness, 2021
Homicide rate: 3.6; per 100k, 2020
Road deaths: 29.4; per 100k/yr, 2019
Income group: Low; World Bank
English: Very low; EF EPI 417
Religion

Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.

Data sources

Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Kigali (-1.95°, 30.0588°, elevation 1,542 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Monthly air-quality (PM2.5) seasonality is from the CAMS EAC4 reanalysis (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service), scaled to the WHO annual mean where available. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).

	Avg high (°C)	Avg low (°C)
1	25	15
2	25	15
3	25	15
4	25	15
5	25	15
6	25	15
7	25	15
8	25	15
9	25	15
10	25	15
11	25	15
12	26	15
13	26	15
14	26	15
15	26	15
16	26	15
17	26	15
18	26	15
19	26	15
20	26	15
21	26	15
22	26	15
23	26	15
24	26	15
25	26	15
26	26	15
27	26	16
28	26	16
29	26	16
30	26	16
31	26	16

	Clearer (%)	Cloudier (%)
1	39	61
2	39	61
3	40	60
4	42	58
5	42	58
6	42	58
7	43	57
8	44	56
9	44	56
10	45	55
11	44	56
12	44	56
13	44	56
14	45	55
15	44	56
16	44	56
17	43	57
18	42	58
19	41	59
20	42	58
21	41	59
22	40	60
23	39	61
24	38	62
25	38	62
26	37	63
27	36	64
28	35	65
29	35	65
30	34	66
31	33	67

	Rain chance (%)
1	4
2	4
3	4
4	3
5	3
6	2
7	2
8	2
9	2
10	2
11	2
12	2
13	2
14	2
15	2
16	2
17	2
18	2
19	2
20	3
21	3
22	3
23	4
24	4
25	4
26	5
27	5
28	5
29	6
30	6
31	6

	Dry (%)	Comfortable (%)	Humid (%)
1	80	18	2
2	82	17	1
3	83	16	1
4	84	15	1
5	86	14	0
6	87	13	0
7	88	12	0
8	89	11	0
9	90	10	0
10	90	10	0
11	91	9	0
12	92	8	0
13	92	8	0
14	92	8	0
15	93	7	0
16	93	7	0
17	92	8	0
18	92	8	0
19	92	8	0
20	91	9	0
21	90	10	0
22	90	10	0
23	89	11	0
24	88	12	0
25	88	12	0
26	87	13	0
27	86	14	0
28	85	15	0
29	85	15	0
30	84	16	0
31	83	17	0

	Avg high (°C)	Avg low (°C)
1	25	15
2	25	15
3	25	15
4	25	15
5	25	15
6	25	15
7	25	15
8	25	15
9	25	15
10	25	15
11	25	15
12	26	15
13	26	15
14	26	15
15	26	15
16	26	15
17	26	15
18	26	15
19	26	15
20	26	15
21	26	15
22	26	15
23	26	15
24	26	15
25	26	15
26	26	15
27	26	16
28	26	16
29	26	16
30	26	16
31	26	16

	Clearer (%)	Cloudier (%)
1	39	61
2	39	61
3	40	60
4	42	58
5	42	58
6	42	58
7	43	57
8	44	56
9	44	56
10	45	55
11	44	56
12	44	56
13	44	56
14	45	55
15	44	56
16	44	56
17	43	57
18	42	58
19	41	59
20	42	58
21	41	59
22	40	60
23	39	61
24	38	62
25	38	62
26	37	63
27	36	64
28	35	65
29	35	65
30	34	66
31	33	67

	Rain chance (%)
1	4
2	4
3	4
4	3
5	3
6	2
7	2
8	2
9	2
10	2
11	2
12	2
13	2
14	2
15	2
16	2
17	2
18	2
19	2
20	3
21	3
22	3
23	4
24	4
25	4
26	5
27	5
28	5
29	6
30	6
31	6

	Dry (%)	Comfortable (%)	Humid (%)
1	80	18	2
2	82	17	1
3	83	16	1
4	84	15	1
5	86	14	0
6	87	13	0
7	88	12	0
8	89	11	0
9	90	10	0
10	90	10	0
11	91	9	0
12	92	8	0
13	92	8	0
14	92	8	0
15	93	7	0
16	93	7	0
17	92	8	0
18	92	8	0
19	92	8	0
20	91	9	0
21	90	10	0
22	90	10	0
23	89	11	0
24	88	12	0
25	88	12	0
26	87	13	0
27	86	14	0
28	85	15	0
29	85	15	0
30	84	16	0
31	83	17	0

	Avg high (°C)	Avg low (°C)
1	25	15
2	25	15
3	25	15
4	25	15
5	25	15
6	25	15
7	25	15
8	25	15
9	25	15
10	25	15
11	25	15
12	26	15
13	26	15
14	26	15
15	26	15
16	26	15
17	26	15
18	26	15
19	26	15
20	26	15
21	26	15
22	26	15
23	26	15
24	26	15
25	26	15
26	26	15
27	26	16
28	26	16
29	26	16
30	26	16
31	26	16

	Clearer (%)	Cloudier (%)
1	39	61
2	39	61
3	40	60
4	42	58
5	42	58
6	42	58
7	43	57
8	44	56
9	44	56
10	45	55
11	44	56
12	44	56
13	44	56
14	45	55
15	44	56
16	44	56
17	43	57
18	42	58
19	41	59
20	42	58
21	41	59
22	40	60
23	39	61
24	38	62
25	38	62
26	37	63
27	36	64
28	35	65
29	35	65
30	34	66
31	33	67

	Rain chance (%)
1	4
2	4
3	4
4	3
5	3
6	2
7	2
8	2
9	2
10	2
11	2
12	2
13	2
14	2
15	2
16	2
17	2
18	2
19	2
20	3
21	3
22	3
23	4
24	4
25	4
26	5
27	5
28	5
29	6
30	6
31	6

	Dry (%)	Comfortable (%)	Humid (%)
1	80	18	2
2	82	17	1
3	83	16	1
4	84	15	1
5	86	14	0
6	87	13	0
7	88	12	0
8	89	11	0
9	90	10	0
10	90	10	0
11	91	9	0
12	92	8	0
13	92	8	0
14	92	8	0
15	93	7	0
16	93	7	0
17	92	8	0
18	92	8	0
19	92	8	0
20	91	9	0
21	90	10	0
22	90	10	0
23	89	11	0
24	88	12	0
25	88	12	0
26	87	13	0
27	86	14	0
28	85	15	0
29	85	15	0
30	84	16	0
31	83	17	0