Umutara weather in February
In February, Umutara sees average daytime highs of 26°C and overnight lows near 16°C, with 51 mm of rain across 9.9 wet days and about 12 hours of daylight. It is the 1st-warmest and 8th-wettest month of the year here.
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 26°C through the month. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 12% of the time in February, and the air most often feels comfortable.
Daylight stretches from about 12 h 06 min at the start of February to 12 hours by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, February is Umutara's 6th-clearest and 8th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Umutara's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 26°
- 1st warmest
- Overnight low
- 16°
- 12th coldest
- Rainfall
- 51 mm
- 9.9 wet days
- Daylight
- 12 hours
- 6:12 AM – 6:15 PM
- Cloud cover
- 73%
- 6th clearest
- Wind
- 6 km/h
- 8th windiest
- Solar energy
- 5.86 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 6.2
- out of 10
Temperature in February
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 26°C through the month.
A typical February day in Umutara reaches about 26°C in the afternoon and slips back to 16°C overnight — a 11°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 24°C and 29°C. Set against its neighbours, February runs about 1°C warmer than January and on par with March.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 |
| Avg low (°C) | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 26 | 16 |
| 2 | 26 | 16 |
| 3 | 26 | 16 |
| 4 | 26 | 16 |
| 5 | 27 | 16 |
| 6 | 27 | 16 |
| 7 | 27 | 16 |
| 8 | 27 | 16 |
| 9 | 27 | 16 |
| 10 | 27 | 16 |
| 11 | 27 | 16 |
| 12 | 27 | 16 |
| 13 | 27 | 16 |
| 14 | 26 | 16 |
| 15 | 26 | 16 |
| 16 | 26 | 16 |
| 17 | 26 | 16 |
| 18 | 26 | 16 |
| 19 | 26 | 16 |
| 20 | 26 | 16 |
| 21 | 26 | 16 |
| 22 | 26 | 16 |
| 23 | 26 | 16 |
| 24 | 26 | 16 |
| 25 | 26 | 16 |
| 26 | 26 | 16 |
| 27 | 26 | 16 |
| 28 | 26 | 16 |
Umutara weather by month
How February compares with the rest of the year at a glance. February is the 1st-warmest and 8th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 26° / 15° | 49 | 10.8 | 12.1 | 6.3 |
| Feb | 26° / 16° | 51 | 9.9 | 12 | 6.2 |
| Mar | 26° / 16° | 95 | 16.5 | 12 | 5.5 |
| Apr | 25° / 16° | 123 | 21.2 | 12 | 4.8 |
| May | 25° / 16° | 79 | 15.1 | 11.9 | 5.9 |
| Jun | 25° / 15° | 20 | 4.1 | 11.9 | 7.4 |
| Jul | 26° / 15° | 8 | 1.5 | 11.9 | 7.7 |
| Aug | 26° / 16° | 36 | 6.5 | 12 | 6.9 |
| Sep | 26° / 15° | 65 | 12.4 | 12 | 6.1 |
| Oct | 25° / 15° | 108 | 19.5 | 12 | 5.2 |
| Nov | 25° / 15° | 121 | 21.3 | 12.1 | 4.8 |
| Dec | 25° / 15° | 80 | 16.1 | 12.1 | 5.7 |
Cloud cover in February
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 12% of the time in February.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 17% of February, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 72%. Skies tend to cloud over as the month goes on.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 32 | 33 | 33 | 33 | 32 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 30 | 30 | 29 | 29 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 24 | 24 | 25 | 25 |
| Cloudier (%) | 68 | 67 | 67 | 67 | 68 | 69 | 69 | 69 | 70 | 70 | 71 | 71 | 72 | 72 | 72 | 73 | 73 | 73 | 73 | 74 | 74 | 74 | 74 | 74 | 76 | 76 | 75 | 75 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 32 | 68 |
| 2 | 33 | 67 |
| 3 | 33 | 67 |
| 4 | 33 | 67 |
| 5 | 32 | 68 |
| 6 | 31 | 69 |
| 7 | 31 | 69 |
| 8 | 31 | 69 |
| 9 | 30 | 70 |
| 10 | 30 | 70 |
| 11 | 29 | 71 |
| 12 | 29 | 71 |
| 13 | 28 | 72 |
| 14 | 28 | 72 |
| 15 | 28 | 72 |
| 16 | 27 | 73 |
| 17 | 27 | 73 |
| 18 | 27 | 73 |
| 19 | 27 | 73 |
| 20 | 26 | 74 |
| 21 | 26 | 74 |
| 22 | 26 | 74 |
| 23 | 26 | 74 |
| 24 | 26 | 74 |
| 25 | 24 | 76 |
| 26 | 24 | 76 |
| 27 | 25 | 75 |
| 28 | 25 | 75 |
Chance of precipitation in February
Umutara gets around 51 mm of rain over 9.9 wet days in February. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable rain averages around 36% and peaks near 47% on the wettest days. The odds climb toward the end of the month.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 32 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 35 | 35 | 36 | 37 | 39 | 40 | 41 | 42 | 43 | 44 | 45 | 46 | 47 |
| Rain chance (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 31 |
| 2 | 31 |
| 3 | 31 |
| 4 | 31 |
| 5 | 30 |
| 6 | 30 |
| 7 | 30 |
| 8 | 30 |
| 9 | 31 |
| 10 | 31 |
| 11 | 31 |
| 12 | 32 |
| 13 | 32 |
| 14 | 33 |
| 15 | 34 |
| 16 | 35 |
| 17 | 35 |
| 18 | 36 |
| 19 | 37 |
| 20 | 39 |
| 21 | 40 |
| 22 | 41 |
| 23 | 42 |
| 24 | 43 |
| 25 | 44 |
| 26 | 45 |
| 27 | 46 |
| 28 | 47 |
Humidity in February
Most of February feels comfortable — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, February lands in the comfortable band about 67% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 24 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 24 | 24 | 23 | 22 | 22 | 21 | 21 | 20 | 20 | 19 | 18 | 17 | 17 | 16 | 15 | 14 | 13 | 13 | 12 | 11 |
| Comfortable (%) | 67 | 66 | 66 | 65 | 65 | 65 | 65 | 65 | 67 | 67 | 68 | 69 | 68 | 69 | 69 | 69 | 68 | 69 | 69 | 69 | 68 | 68 | 68 | 68 | 68 | 66 | 66 | 66 |
| Humid (%) | 9 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 21 | 22 | 23 |
| Dry (%) | Comfortable (%) | Humid (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 24 | 67 | 9 |
| 2 | 25 | 66 | 9 |
| 3 | 25 | 66 | 9 |
| 4 | 25 | 65 | 10 |
| 5 | 25 | 65 | 10 |
| 6 | 25 | 65 | 10 |
| 7 | 25 | 65 | 10 |
| 8 | 25 | 65 | 10 |
| 9 | 24 | 67 | 9 |
| 10 | 24 | 67 | 9 |
| 11 | 23 | 68 | 9 |
| 12 | 22 | 69 | 9 |
| 13 | 22 | 68 | 10 |
| 14 | 21 | 69 | 10 |
| 15 | 21 | 69 | 10 |
| 16 | 20 | 69 | 11 |
| 17 | 20 | 68 | 12 |
| 18 | 19 | 69 | 12 |
| 19 | 18 | 69 | 13 |
| 20 | 17 | 69 | 14 |
| 21 | 17 | 68 | 15 |
| 22 | 16 | 68 | 16 |
| 23 | 15 | 68 | 17 |
| 24 | 14 | 68 | 18 |
| 25 | 13 | 68 | 19 |
| 26 | 13 | 66 | 21 |
| 27 | 12 | 66 | 22 |
| 28 | 11 | 66 | 23 |
Wind in February
Winds average 6 km/h in February.
Across February, daily wind ranges from about 6 km/h on the calmest days to 6 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 6 | calm |
| 2 | 6 | calm |
| 3 | 6 | calm |
| 4 | 6 | calm |
| 5 | 6 | calm |
| 6 | 6 | calm |
| 7 | 6 | calm |
| 8 | 6 | calm |
| 9 | 6 | calm |
| 10 | 6 | calm |
| 11 | 6 | calm |
| 12 | 6 | calm |
| 13 | 6 | calm |
| 14 | 6 | calm |
| 15 | 6 | calm |
| 16 | 6 | calm |
| 17 | 6 | calm |
| 18 | 6 | calm |
| 19 | 6 | calm |
| 20 | 6 | calm |
| 21 | 6 | calm |
| 22 | 6 | calm |
| 23 | 6 | calm |
| 24 | 6 | calm |
| 25 | 6 | calm |
| 26 | 6 | calm |
| 27 | 6 | calm |
| 28 | 6 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in February
Daylight runs from about 12 h 06 min at the start of February to 12 hours by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days shrink by about 6 minutes over February. Sunrise moves from 6:11 AM to 6:11 AM, and sunset from 6:14 PM to 6:13 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 6:11 | 6:11 | 6:11 | 6:11 | 6:11 | 6:11 | 6:11 | 6:12 | 6:12 | 6:12 | 6:12 | 6:12 | 6:12 | 6:12 | 6:12 | 6:12 | 6:12 | 6:12 | 6:12 | 6:12 | 6:12 | 6:12 | 6:12 | 6:12 | 6:12 | 6:12 | 6:11 | 6:11 |
| Sunset (PM) | 6:14 | 6:14 | 6:14 | 6:14 | 6:14 | 6:14 | 6:14 | 6:15 | 6:15 | 6:15 | 6:15 | 6:15 | 6:15 | 6:15 | 6:15 | 6:15 | 6:14 | 6:14 | 6:14 | 6:14 | 6:14 | 6:14 | 6:14 | 6:14 | 6:13 | 6:13 | 6:13 | 6:13 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 12.1 | 6:11 | 6:14 |
| 2 | 12.1 | 6:11 | 6:14 |
| 3 | 12.1 | 6:11 | 6:14 |
| 4 | 12.1 | 6:11 | 6:14 |
| 5 | 12.1 | 6:11 | 6:14 |
| 6 | 12.1 | 6:11 | 6:14 |
| 7 | 12.1 | 6:11 | 6:14 |
| 8 | 12.0 | 6:12 | 6:15 |
| 9 | 12.0 | 6:12 | 6:15 |
| 10 | 12.0 | 6:12 | 6:15 |
| 11 | 12.0 | 6:12 | 6:15 |
| 12 | 12.0 | 6:12 | 6:15 |
| 13 | 12.0 | 6:12 | 6:15 |
| 14 | 12.0 | 6:12 | 6:15 |
| 15 | 12.0 | 6:12 | 6:15 |
| 16 | 12.0 | 6:12 | 6:15 |
| 17 | 12.0 | 6:12 | 6:14 |
| 18 | 12.0 | 6:12 | 6:14 |
| 19 | 12.0 | 6:12 | 6:14 |
| 20 | 12.0 | 6:12 | 6:14 |
| 21 | 12.0 | 6:12 | 6:14 |
| 22 | 12.0 | 6:12 | 6:14 |
| 23 | 12.0 | 6:12 | 6:14 |
| 24 | 12.0 | 6:12 | 6:14 |
| 25 | 12.0 | 6:12 | 6:13 |
| 26 | 12.0 | 6:12 | 6:13 |
| 27 | 12.0 | 6:11 | 6:13 |
| 28 | 12.0 | 6:11 | 6:13 |
Solar energy in February
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in February, about 5.86 kWh/m² — the sunniest month for solar.
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 5.1 kWh/m² to a high of 5.86 kWh/m² in February across the year — February's 5.86 kWh/m² sits near the top of that range.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 5.9 |
| Level | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 5.8 | Bright |
| 2 | 5.8 | Bright |
| 3 | 5.8 | Bright |
| 4 | 5.8 | Bright |
| 5 | 5.8 | Bright |
| 6 | 5.8 | Bright |
| 7 | 5.8 | Bright |
| 8 | 5.8 | Bright |
| 9 | 5.8 | Bright |
| 10 | 5.8 | Bright |
| 11 | 5.8 | Bright |
| 12 | 5.8 | Bright |
| 13 | 5.8 | Bright |
| 14 | 5.8 | Bright |
| 15 | 5.8 | Bright |
| 16 | 5.8 | Bright |
| 17 | 5.8 | Bright |
| 18 | 5.9 | Bright |
| 19 | 5.9 | Bright |
| 20 | 5.9 | Bright |
| 21 | 5.9 | Bright |
| 22 | 5.9 | Bright |
| 23 | 5.9 | Bright |
| 24 | 5.9 | Bright |
| 25 | 5.9 | Bright |
| 26 | 5.9 | Bright |
| 27 | 5.9 | Bright |
| 28 | 5.9 | Bright |
Is February a good time to visit Umutara?
Our two travel scores rate February for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
February is a reasonable time to visit Umutara for sightseeing. The water and warmth also suit a beach or pool day.
What to pack for Umutara in February
From February's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In February, Umutara sees daytime highs around 26°C and nights near 16°C. Worth packing: light clothes, rain gear and sun protection. About 10 days see rain.
UV index in Umutara in February
Clear-sky midday UV in February peaks around 16 (very high — sun protection essential). The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Umutara peaks around March 14 at about 16 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near June 19 at about 10 (extreme).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — every month of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 12 | 16 | 16 | 15 | 12 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 14 | 14 | 12 | 11 |
| Level | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 12 | Extreme |
| Feb | 16 | Extreme |
| Mar | 16 | Extreme |
| Apr | 15 | Extreme |
| May | 12 | Extreme |
| Jun | 10 | Extreme |
| Jul | 11 | Extreme |
| Aug | 11 | Extreme |
| Sep | 14 | Extreme |
| Oct | 14 | Extreme |
| Nov | 12 | Extreme |
| Dec | 11 | Extreme |
Air quality in Umutara in February
Average fine-particle pollution (PM2.5) through the year — so you can see where February falls, not just the annual average.
Air quality in Umutara is worst in January — around 99 µg/m³ PM2.5 (unhealthy), and holds fairly steady the rest of the year.
Modeled monthly averages (CAMS reanalysis, 2015–2024).
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | 99 | 98 | 88 | 82 | 80 | 95 | 91 | 87 | 83 | 81 | 86 | 93 |
| Level | Unhealthy | Unhealthy | Unhealthy | Unhealthy | Unhealthy | Unhealthy | Unhealthy | Unhealthy | Unhealthy | Unhealthy | Unhealthy | Unhealthy |
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 99 | Unhealthy |
| Feb | 98 | Unhealthy |
| Mar | 88 | Unhealthy |
| Apr | 82 | Unhealthy |
| May | 80 | Unhealthy |
| Jun | 95 | Unhealthy |
| Jul | 91 | Unhealthy |
| Aug | 87 | Unhealthy |
| Sep | 83 | Unhealthy |
| Oct | 81 | Unhealthy |
| Nov | 86 | Unhealthy |
| Dec | 93 | Unhealthy |
Where is Umutara?
Umutara sits at 1.3°S, 30.3°E, 1,343 m above sea level, in Rwanda. The nearest listed city is Nyagatare, 0.0 km away.
Topography around Umutara
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Umutara.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Umutara has only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 203 m around an average of 1,381 m above sea level; within 16 km, significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 557 m; within 80 km, extreme variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 2,935 m.
The land around Umutara is covered by cropland (47%) and grassland (31%) within 3 km, cropland (56%) and grassland (33%) within 16 km, and grassland (32%), trees (31%) and cropland (20%) within 80 km.
Rwanda travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 3
- Reconsider Travel
- Power plugs
- Type C / E / G
- 230 V · 50 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 27% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $1,124
- 2025
- Happiness
- 3.3 / 10
- World Happiness, 2021
- Homicide rate
- 3.6
- per 100k, 2020
- Road deaths
- 29.4
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- Low
- World Bank
- English
- Very low
- EF EPI 417
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Umutara (-1.2955°, 30.323°, elevation 1,343 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Monthly air-quality (PM2.5) seasonality is from the CAMS EAC4 reanalysis (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service), scaled to the WHO annual mean where available. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).