Prievidza weather in April

In April, Prievidza sees average daytime highs of 13°C and overnight lows near 3°C, with 61 mm of precipitation across 11 wet days and about 13.4 hours of daylight. It is the 6th-warmest and 7th-wettest month of the year here.

Highs climb over the month, from about 11°C in the first days to 16°C by the end. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 24% of the time in April, and the air most often feels dry.

Daylight stretches from about 12 h 30 min at the start of April to 14 h 12 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, April is Prievidza's 5th-clearest and 2nd-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Prievidza's year-round climate.

Daytime high: 13°; 6th warmest
Overnight low: 3°; 6th coldest
Precipitation: 61 mm; 11 wet days
Daylight: 13 h 24 min; 5:03 AM – 6:29 PM
Cloud cover: 62%; 5th clearest
Wind: 9 km/h; 2nd windiest
Solar energy: 4.57 kWh/m²
Travel score: 3.6; out of 10

Prievidza is town in Slovakia.

Air quality: Moderate; PM2.5 14.5 µg/m³ · 2019
Density: 1,014/km²; people per km²
Founded: 1113

Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.

← March Prievidza year-round climate May →Best places to visit in April

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Temperature in April

Average highAverage lowShaded bands: 10–90% of days

Highs climb over the month, from about 11°C in the first days to 16°C by the end.

A typical April day in Prievidza reaches about 13°C in the afternoon and slips back to 3°C overnight — a 10°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 7°C and 19°C. Set against its neighbours, April runs about 6°C warmer than March and about 5°C cooler than May.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30
Avg high (°C)	10	11	11	11	11	11	11	12	12	12	12	12	12	13	13	13	13	14	14	14	14	15	15	15	16	16	16	16	16	16
Avg low (°C)	1	1	1	1	1	1	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	3	3	3	3	3	3	4	4	4	4	4	5	5	5	5	5	6

	Avg high (°C)	Avg low (°C)
1	10	1
2	11	1
3	11	1
4	11	1
5	11	1
6	11	1
7	11	2
8	12	2
9	12	2
10	12	2
11	12	2
12	12	2
13	12	2
14	13	3
15	13	3
16	13	3
17	13	3
18	14	3
19	14	3
20	14	4
21	14	4
22	15	4
23	15	4
24	15	4
25	16	5
26	16	5
27	16	5
28	16	5
29	16	5
30	16	6

How April really feels in Prievidza

Once humidity and wind are folded in, April averages 0 days that feel above 32°C and 14 that feel at or below 0°C — the comfort signal a plain temperature reading hides.

Days feeling ≥ 32°C

heat index over the day's high

Days feeling ≤ 0°C

wind chill below the day's low

The story in April is cold — wind chill drags the overnight "feels like" below the raw low.

Prievidza weather by month

How April compares with the rest of the year at a glance. April is the 6th-warmest and 7th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.

Month	High / Low (°C)	Rainfall (mm)	Wet days	Snow days	Daylight (hours)	Travel score
Jan	0° / -6°	53	10.2	8	8.5	0.0
Feb	2° / -5°	51	10	7.5	9.8	0.0
Mar	7° / -1°	59	10.9	4.5	11.6	0.9
Apr	13° / 3°	61	11	1.6	13.4	3.6
May	18° / 7°	95	14.2	0	15	5.2
Jun	21° / 11°	99	13.9	0	15.9	5.9
Jul	23° / 12°	106	13.5	0	15.5	6.4
Aug	23° / 12°	87	12	0	14.2	6.6
Sep	18° / 8°	78	10.7	0	12.4	5.6
Oct	12° / 4°	64	10.1	0.6	10.5	3.2
Nov	6° / 0°	59	10.8	3.6	9	0.6
Dec	1° / -4°	57	10.6	7.4	8.1	0.0

Cloud cover in April

ClearMostly clearPartly cloudyMostly cloudyOvercast

The sky is clear or mostly clear about 24% of the time in April.

Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 18% of April, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 58%.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30
Clearer (%)	40	40	40	40	40	40	39	39	38	38	38	38	38	39	40	40	40	43	43	45	45	45	46	47	48	47	47	47	46	47
Cloudier (%)	60	60	60	60	60	60	61	61	62	62	62	62	62	61	60	60	60	57	57	55	55	55	54	53	52	53	53	53	54	53

	Clearer (%)	Cloudier (%)
1	40	60
2	40	60
3	40	60
4	40	60
5	40	60
6	40	60
7	39	61
8	39	61
9	38	62
10	38	62
11	38	62
12	38	62
13	38	62
14	39	61
15	40	60
16	40	60
17	40	60
18	43	57
19	43	57
20	45	55
21	45	55
22	45	55
23	46	54
24	47	53
25	48	52
26	47	53
27	47	53
28	47	53
29	46	54
30	47	53

Chance of precipitation in April

Any precipitationSnow

Prievidza gets around 61 mm of rain and snow over 11 wet days in April. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.

Day to day, the chance of measurable precipitation averages around 38% and peaks near 40% on the wettest days, and about 2 days bring snow.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30
Rain chance (%)	34	34	35	35	35	36	36	37	38	38	39	39	39	39	39	39	38	38	38	38	38	37	37	38	38	38	38	39	39	40
Snow chance (%)	10	10	10	9	9	9	8	8	8	8	7	7	7	6	6	6	5	5	4	4	4	3	3	2	2	2	1	1	1	1

	Rain chance (%)	Snow chance (%)
1	34	10
2	34	10
3	35	10
4	35	9
5	35	9
6	36	9
7	36	8
8	37	8
9	38	8
10	38	8
11	39	7
12	39	7
13	39	7
14	39	6
15	39	6
16	39	6
17	38	5
18	38	5
19	38	4
20	38	4
21	38	4
22	37	3
23	37	3
24	38	2
25	38	2
26	38	2
27	38	1
28	39	1
29	39	1
30	40	1

Humidity in April

DryComfortableHumidMuggyOppressiveMiserable

Most of April feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.

By dew point, April lands in the dry band about 100% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30
Dry (%)	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	99	99
Comfortable (%)	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1

	Dry (%)	Comfortable (%)
1	100	0
2	100	0
3	100	0
4	100	0
5	100	0
6	100	0
7	100	0
8	100	0
9	100	0
10	100	0
11	100	0
12	100	0
13	100	0
14	100	0
15	100	0
16	100	0
17	100	0
18	100	0
19	100	0
20	100	0
21	100	0
22	100	0
23	100	0
24	100	0
25	100	0
26	100	0
27	100	0
28	100	0
29	99	1
30	99	1

Wind in April

Winds average 9 km/h in April.

Across April, daily wind ranges from about 9 km/h on the calmest days to 9 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30
Wind speed (km/h)	9	9	9	9	9	9	9	9	9	9	9	9	9	9	9	9	9	9	9	9	9	9	9	9	9	9	9	9	9	9
Feels	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm

	Wind speed (km/h)	Feels
1	9	calm
2	9	calm
3	9	calm
4	9	calm
5	9	calm
6	9	calm
7	9	calm
8	9	calm
9	9	calm
10	9	calm
11	9	calm
12	9	calm
13	9	calm
14	9	calm
15	9	calm
16	9	calm
17	9	calm
18	9	calm
19	9	calm
20	9	calm
21	9	calm
22	9	calm
23	9	calm
24	9	calm
25	9	calm
26	9	calm
27	9	calm
28	9	calm
29	9	calm
30	9	calm

Sunrise & sunset in April

DaylightNight

Daylight runs from about 12 h 30 min at the start of April to 14 h 12 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.

Days grow by about 102 minutes over April. Sunrise moves from 5:34 AM to 4:36 AM, and sunset from 6:06 PM to 6:50 PM.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30
Daylight (h)	12.5	12.6	12.7	12.7	12.8	12.8	12.9	13.0	13.0	13.1	13.1	13.2	13.3	13.3	13.4	13.4	13.5	13.6	13.6	13.7	13.7	13.8	13.8	13.9	14.0	14.0	14.1	14.1	14.2	14.2
Sunrise (AM)	5:34	5:32	5:30	5:28	5:25	5:23	5:21	5:19	5:17	5:15	5:13	5:11	5:09	5:07	5:05	5:03	5:01	4:59	4:57	4:55	4:53	4:51	4:49	4:47	4:45	4:43	4:41	4:39	4:38	4:36
Sunset (PM)	6:06	6:08	6:09	6:11	6:12	6:14	6:15	6:17	6:18	6:20	6:21	6:23	6:24	6:26	6:27	6:29	6:30	6:32	6:33	6:35	6:36	6:38	6:39	6:41	6:42	6:44	6:45	6:47	6:48	6:50

	Daylight (h)	Sunrise (AM)	Sunset (PM)
1	12.5	5:34	6:06
2	12.6	5:32	6:08
3	12.7	5:30	6:09
4	12.7	5:28	6:11
5	12.8	5:25	6:12
6	12.8	5:23	6:14
7	12.9	5:21	6:15
8	13.0	5:19	6:17
9	13.0	5:17	6:18
10	13.1	5:15	6:20
11	13.1	5:13	6:21
12	13.2	5:11	6:23
13	13.3	5:09	6:24
14	13.3	5:07	6:26
15	13.4	5:05	6:27
16	13.4	5:03	6:29
17	13.5	5:01	6:30
18	13.6	4:59	6:32
19	13.6	4:57	6:33
20	13.7	4:55	6:35
21	13.7	4:53	6:36
22	13.8	4:51	6:38
23	13.8	4:49	6:39
24	13.9	4:47	6:41
25	14.0	4:45	6:42
26	14.0	4:43	6:44
27	14.1	4:41	6:45
28	14.1	4:39	6:47
29	14.2	4:38	6:48
30	14.2	4:36	6:50

Solar energy in April

Daily solar energy (kWh/m²)

Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in April, about 4.57 kWh/m².

For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 0.8 kWh/m² to a high of 5.62 kWh/m² in June across the year — April's 4.57 kWh/m² falls in the middle.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30
Solar energy (kWh/m²)	3.9	4.0	4.0	4.0	4.1	4.1	4.2	4.2	4.2	4.3	4.3	4.4	4.4	4.5	4.5	4.6	4.6	4.7	4.7	4.8	4.8	4.8	4.9	4.9	5.0	5.0	5.0	5.1	5.1	5.1
Level	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright

	Solar energy (kWh/m²)	Level
1	3.9	Moderate
2	4.0	Moderate
3	4.0	Moderate
4	4.0	Bright
5	4.1	Bright
6	4.1	Bright
7	4.2	Bright
8	4.2	Bright
9	4.2	Bright
10	4.3	Bright
11	4.3	Bright
12	4.4	Bright
13	4.4	Bright
14	4.5	Bright
15	4.5	Bright
16	4.6	Bright
17	4.6	Bright
18	4.7	Bright
19	4.7	Bright
20	4.8	Bright
21	4.8	Bright
22	4.8	Bright
23	4.9	Bright
24	4.9	Bright
25	5.0	Bright
26	5.0	Bright
27	5.0	Bright
28	5.1	Bright
29	5.1	Bright
30	5.1	Bright

Planning a trip in April

Is April a good time to visit Prievidza?

Our two travel scores rate April for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).

3.6

Sightseeing

6th-best month of the year

0.2

Beach & pool

6th-best month of the year

April is a weaker month for outdoor sightseeing in Prievidza.

What to pack for Prievidza in April

From April's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.

In April, Prievidza sees daytime highs around 13°C and nights near 3°C. Worth packing: a warm layer, rain gear and sun protection. About 11 days see rain.

a warm layerrain gearsun protection

UV index in Prievidza in April

LowModerateHighVery highExtreme

Clear-sky midday UV in April peaks around 6 — enough to warrant sun protection. The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.

Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Prievidza peaks around July 11 at about 8 (very high) — sunscreen and a hat are worth it in the middle of the day. It bottoms out near December 22 at about 1 (low).

The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — in 7 months of the year.

	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec
UV index (midday)	1	2	4	6	6	8	8	7	5	3	1	1
Level	Low	Low	Moderate	High	High	Very high	Very high	High	Moderate	Moderate	Low	Low

	UV index (midday)	Level
Jan	1	Low
Feb	2	Low
Mar	4	Moderate
Apr	6	High
May	6	High
Jun	8	Very high
Jul	8	Very high
Aug	7	High
Sep	5	Moderate
Oct	3	Moderate
Nov	1	Low
Dec	1	Low

Air quality in Prievidza in April

GoodModeratePoorUnhealthyVery unhealthy

Average fine-particle pollution (PM2.5) through the year — so you can see where April falls, not just the annual average.

Air quality in Prievidza is worst in June — around 18 µg/m³ PM2.5 (moderate), about 1.7× the cleanest month (December, 11 µg/m³).

Seasonal pattern from CAMS reanalysis, scaled to Prievidza's WHO annual average of 14.5 µg/m³.

	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec
PM2.5 (µg/m³)	13	13	16	16	16	18	17	16	14	12	12	11
Level	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Good	Good	Good

	PM2.5 (µg/m³)	Level
Jan	13	Moderate
Feb	13	Moderate
Mar	16	Moderate
Apr	16	Moderate
May	16	Moderate
Jun	18	Moderate
Jul	17	Moderate
Aug	16	Moderate
Sep	14	Moderate
Oct	12	Good
Nov	12	Good
Dec	11	Good

Location & terrain

Where is Prievidza?

Prievidza sits at 48.8°N, 18.6°E, 295 m above sea level, in Slovakia. The nearest listed city is Bojnice, 3.0 km away.

Topography around Prievidza

How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Prievidza.

Within 3 km, the terrain around Prievidza has only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 192 m around an average of 300 m above sea level; within 16 km, large variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 1,083 m; within 80 km, very significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 1,894 m.

The land around Prievidza is covered by cropland (35%) and trees (33%) within 3 km, trees (66%) within 16 km, and trees (62%) and cropland (22%) within 80 km.

3 km

192 m

cropland 35%

16 km

1,083 m

trees 66%

80 km

1,894 m

trees 62%

treesgrasslandcroplandartificial surfaces

← March Prievidza year-round climate May →Best places to visit in April

April weather nearby: Bojnice 3.0 km · Handlová 11 km · Partizánske 24 km · Žiar nad Hronom 26 km · Bánovce nad Bebravou 28 km · Banská Bystrica 38 km · Martin 39 km · Rajecke Teplice 39 km

Slovakia travel facts

Travel advisory: Level 1; Exercise Normal Precautions
Power plugs: Type C / E / F; 230 V · 50 Hz
Prices: ≈ 58% of US; price level, 2025
GDP per capita: $28,544; 2025
Happiness: 6.3 / 10; World Happiness, 2025
Safe drinking water: 100%; of population, 2024
Homicide rate: 1.1; per 100k, 2023
Road deaths: 6.1; per 100k/yr, 2019
Income group: High; World Bank
English: Very high; EF EPI 606
Religion

Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.

Data sources

Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Prievidza (48.7745°, 18.6275°, elevation 295 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Monthly air-quality (PM2.5) seasonality is from the CAMS EAC4 reanalysis (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service), scaled to the WHO annual mean where available. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).

	Avg high (°C)	Avg low (°C)
1	10	1
2	11	1
3	11	1
4	11	1
5	11	1
6	11	1
7	11	2
8	12	2
9	12	2
10	12	2
11	12	2
12	12	2
13	12	2
14	13	3
15	13	3
16	13	3
17	13	3
18	14	3
19	14	3
20	14	4
21	14	4
22	15	4
23	15	4
24	15	4
25	16	5
26	16	5
27	16	5
28	16	5
29	16	5
30	16	6

	Clearer (%)	Cloudier (%)
1	40	60
2	40	60
3	40	60
4	40	60
5	40	60
6	40	60
7	39	61
8	39	61
9	38	62
10	38	62
11	38	62
12	38	62
13	38	62
14	39	61
15	40	60
16	40	60
17	40	60
18	43	57
19	43	57
20	45	55
21	45	55
22	45	55
23	46	54
24	47	53
25	48	52
26	47	53
27	47	53
28	47	53
29	46	54
30	47	53

	Rain chance (%)	Snow chance (%)
1	34	10
2	34	10
3	35	10
4	35	9
5	35	9
6	36	9
7	36	8
8	37	8
9	38	8
10	38	8
11	39	7
12	39	7
13	39	7
14	39	6
15	39	6
16	39	6
17	38	5
18	38	5
19	38	4
20	38	4
21	38	4
22	37	3
23	37	3
24	38	2
25	38	2
26	38	2
27	38	1
28	39	1
29	39	1
30	40	1

	Dry (%)	Comfortable (%)
1	100	0
2	100	0
3	100	0
4	100	0
5	100	0
6	100	0
7	100	0
8	100	0
9	100	0
10	100	0
11	100	0
12	100	0
13	100	0
14	100	0
15	100	0
16	100	0
17	100	0
18	100	0
19	100	0
20	100	0
21	100	0
22	100	0
23	100	0
24	100	0
25	100	0
26	100	0
27	100	0
28	100	0
29	99	1
30	99	1

	Avg high (°C)	Avg low (°C)
1	10	1
2	11	1
3	11	1
4	11	1
5	11	1
6	11	1
7	11	2
8	12	2
9	12	2
10	12	2
11	12	2
12	12	2
13	12	2
14	13	3
15	13	3
16	13	3
17	13	3
18	14	3
19	14	3
20	14	4
21	14	4
22	15	4
23	15	4
24	15	4
25	16	5
26	16	5
27	16	5
28	16	5
29	16	5
30	16	6

	Clearer (%)	Cloudier (%)
1	40	60
2	40	60
3	40	60
4	40	60
5	40	60
6	40	60
7	39	61
8	39	61
9	38	62
10	38	62
11	38	62
12	38	62
13	38	62
14	39	61
15	40	60
16	40	60
17	40	60
18	43	57
19	43	57
20	45	55
21	45	55
22	45	55
23	46	54
24	47	53
25	48	52
26	47	53
27	47	53
28	47	53
29	46	54
30	47	53

	Rain chance (%)	Snow chance (%)
1	34	10
2	34	10
3	35	10
4	35	9
5	35	9
6	36	9
7	36	8
8	37	8
9	38	8
10	38	8
11	39	7
12	39	7
13	39	7
14	39	6
15	39	6
16	39	6
17	38	5
18	38	5
19	38	4
20	38	4
21	38	4
22	37	3
23	37	3
24	38	2
25	38	2
26	38	2
27	38	1
28	39	1
29	39	1
30	40	1

	Dry (%)	Comfortable (%)
1	100	0
2	100	0
3	100	0
4	100	0
5	100	0
6	100	0
7	100	0
8	100	0
9	100	0
10	100	0
11	100	0
12	100	0
13	100	0
14	100	0
15	100	0
16	100	0
17	100	0
18	100	0
19	100	0
20	100	0
21	100	0
22	100	0
23	100	0
24	100	0
25	100	0
26	100	0
27	100	0
28	100	0
29	99	1
30	99	1

	Avg high (°C)	Avg low (°C)
1	10	1
2	11	1
3	11	1
4	11	1
5	11	1
6	11	1
7	11	2
8	12	2
9	12	2
10	12	2
11	12	2
12	12	2
13	12	2
14	13	3
15	13	3
16	13	3
17	13	3
18	14	3
19	14	3
20	14	4
21	14	4
22	15	4
23	15	4
24	15	4
25	16	5
26	16	5
27	16	5
28	16	5
29	16	5
30	16	6

	Clearer (%)	Cloudier (%)
1	40	60
2	40	60
3	40	60
4	40	60
5	40	60
6	40	60
7	39	61
8	39	61
9	38	62
10	38	62
11	38	62
12	38	62
13	38	62
14	39	61
15	40	60
16	40	60
17	40	60
18	43	57
19	43	57
20	45	55
21	45	55
22	45	55
23	46	54
24	47	53
25	48	52
26	47	53
27	47	53
28	47	53
29	46	54
30	47	53

	Rain chance (%)	Snow chance (%)
1	34	10
2	34	10
3	35	10
4	35	9
5	35	9
6	36	9
7	36	8
8	37	8
9	38	8
10	38	8
11	39	7
12	39	7
13	39	7
14	39	6
15	39	6
16	39	6
17	38	5
18	38	5
19	38	4
20	38	4
21	38	4
22	37	3
23	37	3
24	38	2
25	38	2
26	38	2
27	38	1
28	39	1
29	39	1
30	40	1

	Dry (%)	Comfortable (%)
1	100	0
2	100	0
3	100	0
4	100	0
5	100	0
6	100	0
7	100	0
8	100	0
9	100	0
10	100	0
11	100	0
12	100	0
13	100	0
14	100	0
15	100	0
16	100	0
17	100	0
18	100	0
19	100	0
20	100	0
21	100	0
22	100	0
23	100	0
24	100	0
25	100	0
26	100	0
27	100	0
28	100	0
29	99	1
30	99	1