Bloemhof weather in February
In February, Bloemhof sees average daytime highs of 30°C and overnight lows near 18°C, with 68 mm of rain across 10.6 wet days and about 13 hours of daylight. It is the 3rd-warmest and 3rd-wettest month of the year here.
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 30°C through the month. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 53% of the time in February, and the air most often feels comfortable.
Daylight stretches from about 13 h 18 min at the start of February to 12 h 36 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, February is Bloemhof's 10th-clearest and 9th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Bloemhof's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 30°
- 3rd warmest
- Overnight low
- 18°
- 11th coldest
- Rainfall
- 68 mm
- 10.6 wet days
- Daylight
- 13 hours
- 6:03 AM – 7:02 PM
- Cloud cover
- 42%
- 10th clearest
- Wind
- 10 km/h
- 9th windiest
- Solar energy
- 6.76 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 5.0
- out of 10
Bloemhof is town in the North West, South Africa.
- Founded
- 1864
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in February
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 30°C through the month.
A typical February day in Bloemhof reaches about 30°C in the afternoon and slips back to 18°C overnight — a 12°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 26°C and 34°C. Set against its neighbours, February runs about 1°C cooler than January and about 2°C warmer than March.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 |
| Avg low (°C) | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 31 | 19 |
| 2 | 31 | 19 |
| 3 | 31 | 19 |
| 4 | 31 | 19 |
| 5 | 31 | 19 |
| 6 | 31 | 19 |
| 7 | 31 | 19 |
| 8 | 30 | 19 |
| 9 | 30 | 19 |
| 10 | 30 | 19 |
| 11 | 30 | 18 |
| 12 | 30 | 18 |
| 13 | 30 | 18 |
| 14 | 30 | 18 |
| 15 | 30 | 18 |
| 16 | 30 | 18 |
| 17 | 30 | 18 |
| 18 | 30 | 18 |
| 19 | 30 | 18 |
| 20 | 30 | 18 |
| 21 | 30 | 18 |
| 22 | 30 | 18 |
| 23 | 30 | 18 |
| 24 | 30 | 18 |
| 25 | 30 | 18 |
| 26 | 30 | 18 |
| 27 | 30 | 18 |
| 28 | 30 | 18 |
How February really feels in Bloemhof
Once humidity and wind are folded in, February averages 0 days that feel above 32°C and 0 that feel at or below 0°C — the comfort signal a plain temperature reading hides.
February sits comfortably in between — no days that feel dangerously hot or drop to a hard freeze once humidity and wind are folded in.
Bloemhof weather by month
How February compares with the rest of the year at a glance. February is the 3rd-warmest and 3rd-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 31° / 19° | 87 | 12.3 | 13.6 | 4.5 |
| Feb | 30° / 18° | 68 | 10.6 | 13 | 5.0 |
| Mar | 29° / 16° | 62 | 10 | 12.2 | 6.1 |
| Apr | 25° / 12° | 41 | 6.5 | 11.4 | 7.8 |
| May | 22° / 7° | 17 | 2.6 | 10.7 | 8.7 |
| Jun | 19° / 4° | 10 | 1.6 | 10.3 | 8.3 |
| Jul | 20° / 3° | 5 | 0.7 | 10.4 | 8.4 |
| Aug | 22° / 6° | 12 | 1.7 | 11 | 8.9 |
| Sep | 27° / 10° | 14 | 2.2 | 11.8 | 8.5 |
| Oct | 29° / 14° | 39 | 6.7 | 12.7 | 6.5 |
| Nov | 30° / 16° | 59 | 8.5 | 13.4 | 5.4 |
| Dec | 31° / 18° | 74 | 11.8 | 13.7 | 4.5 |
Cloud cover in February
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 53% of the time in February.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 24% of February, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 23%.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 75 | 76 | 76 | 76 | 76 | 76 | 76 | 76 | 76 | 76 | 76 | 76 | 76 | 76 | 76 | 76 | 76 | 76 | 76 | 76 | 77 | 78 | 78 | 78 | 80 | 80 | 80 | 81 |
| Cloudier (%) | 25 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 23 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 19 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 75 | 25 |
| 2 | 76 | 24 |
| 3 | 76 | 24 |
| 4 | 76 | 24 |
| 5 | 76 | 24 |
| 6 | 76 | 24 |
| 7 | 76 | 24 |
| 8 | 76 | 24 |
| 9 | 76 | 24 |
| 10 | 76 | 24 |
| 11 | 76 | 24 |
| 12 | 76 | 24 |
| 13 | 76 | 24 |
| 14 | 76 | 24 |
| 15 | 76 | 24 |
| 16 | 76 | 24 |
| 17 | 76 | 24 |
| 18 | 76 | 24 |
| 19 | 76 | 24 |
| 20 | 76 | 24 |
| 21 | 77 | 23 |
| 22 | 78 | 22 |
| 23 | 78 | 22 |
| 24 | 78 | 22 |
| 25 | 80 | 20 |
| 26 | 80 | 20 |
| 27 | 80 | 20 |
| 28 | 81 | 19 |
Chance of precipitation in February
Bloemhof gets around 68 mm of rain over 10.6 wet days in February. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable rain averages around 38% and peaks near 41% on the wettest days. The odds ease toward the end of the month.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 41 | 41 | 41 | 41 | 41 | 40 | 40 | 39 | 39 | 38 | 37 | 37 | 36 | 35 | 35 | 34 | 33 | 33 | 33 |
| Rain chance (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 40 |
| 2 | 40 |
| 3 | 40 |
| 4 | 40 |
| 5 | 40 |
| 6 | 40 |
| 7 | 40 |
| 8 | 40 |
| 9 | 40 |
| 10 | 41 |
| 11 | 41 |
| 12 | 41 |
| 13 | 41 |
| 14 | 41 |
| 15 | 40 |
| 16 | 40 |
| 17 | 39 |
| 18 | 39 |
| 19 | 38 |
| 20 | 37 |
| 21 | 37 |
| 22 | 36 |
| 23 | 35 |
| 24 | 35 |
| 25 | 34 |
| 26 | 33 |
| 27 | 33 |
| 28 | 33 |
Humidity in February
Most of February feels comfortable — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, February lands in the comfortable band about 35% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 30 | 29 | 29 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 27 | 27 | 26 | 26 | 25 | 25 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 26 | 26 | 27 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 |
| Comfortable (%) | 34 | 34 | 35 | 35 | 35 | 35 | 34 | 34 | 34 | 34 | 34 | 34 | 34 | 34 | 34 | 34 | 34 | 35 | 35 | 35 | 35 | 35 | 35 | 35 | 35 | 35 | 35 | 35 |
| Humid (%) | 31 | 31 | 32 | 32 | 33 | 33 | 34 | 34 | 35 | 35 | 36 | 36 | 37 | 37 | 37 | 36 | 36 | 35 | 35 | 34 | 34 | 34 | 33 | 33 | 32 | 31 | 30 | 29 |
| Muggy (%) | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 |
| Dry (%) | Comfortable (%) | Humid (%) | Muggy (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 30 | 34 | 31 | 5 |
| 2 | 29 | 34 | 31 | 5 |
| 3 | 29 | 35 | 32 | 5 |
| 4 | 28 | 35 | 32 | 5 |
| 5 | 28 | 35 | 33 | 5 |
| 6 | 28 | 35 | 33 | 5 |
| 7 | 27 | 34 | 34 | 5 |
| 8 | 27 | 34 | 34 | 5 |
| 9 | 26 | 34 | 35 | 5 |
| 10 | 26 | 34 | 35 | 5 |
| 11 | 25 | 34 | 36 | 5 |
| 12 | 25 | 34 | 36 | 5 |
| 13 | 24 | 34 | 37 | 5 |
| 14 | 24 | 34 | 37 | 5 |
| 15 | 24 | 34 | 37 | 5 |
| 16 | 25 | 34 | 36 | 5 |
| 17 | 25 | 34 | 36 | 5 |
| 18 | 25 | 35 | 35 | 5 |
| 19 | 26 | 35 | 35 | 5 |
| 20 | 26 | 35 | 34 | 4 |
| 21 | 27 | 35 | 34 | 4 |
| 22 | 27 | 35 | 34 | 4 |
| 23 | 28 | 35 | 33 | 4 |
| 24 | 29 | 35 | 33 | 3 |
| 25 | 30 | 35 | 32 | 3 |
| 26 | 31 | 35 | 31 | 3 |
| 27 | 32 | 35 | 30 | 3 |
| 28 | 33 | 35 | 29 | 2 |
Wind in February
Winds average 10 km/h in February.
Across February, daily wind ranges from about 10 km/h on the calmest days to 10 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 10 | calm |
| 2 | 10 | calm |
| 3 | 10 | calm |
| 4 | 10 | calm |
| 5 | 10 | calm |
| 6 | 10 | calm |
| 7 | 10 | calm |
| 8 | 10 | calm |
| 9 | 10 | calm |
| 10 | 10 | calm |
| 11 | 10 | calm |
| 12 | 10 | calm |
| 13 | 10 | calm |
| 14 | 10 | calm |
| 15 | 10 | calm |
| 16 | 10 | calm |
| 17 | 10 | calm |
| 18 | 10 | calm |
| 19 | 10 | calm |
| 20 | 10 | calm |
| 21 | 10 | calm |
| 22 | 10 | calm |
| 23 | 10 | calm |
| 24 | 10 | calm |
| 25 | 10 | calm |
| 26 | 10 | calm |
| 27 | 10 | calm |
| 28 | 10 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in February
Daylight runs from about 13 h 18 min at the start of February to 12 h 36 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days shrink by about 42 minutes over February. Sunrise moves from 5:52 AM to 6:12 AM, and sunset from 7:10 PM to 6:50 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 13.3 | 13.3 | 13.3 | 13.2 | 13.2 | 13.2 | 13.2 | 13.1 | 13.1 | 13.1 | 13.1 | 13.1 | 13.0 | 13.0 | 13.0 | 13.0 | 12.9 | 12.9 | 12.9 | 12.9 | 12.8 | 12.8 | 12.8 | 12.7 | 12.7 | 12.7 | 12.7 | 12.6 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 5:52 | 5:53 | 5:54 | 5:55 | 5:55 | 5:56 | 5:57 | 5:58 | 5:58 | 5:59 | 6:00 | 6:01 | 6:01 | 6:02 | 6:03 | 6:04 | 6:04 | 6:05 | 6:06 | 6:06 | 6:07 | 6:08 | 6:08 | 6:09 | 6:10 | 6:10 | 6:11 | 6:12 |
| Sunset (PM) | 7:10 | 7:09 | 7:09 | 7:08 | 7:08 | 7:07 | 7:07 | 7:06 | 7:06 | 7:05 | 7:04 | 7:04 | 7:03 | 7:02 | 7:02 | 7:01 | 7:00 | 6:59 | 6:58 | 6:58 | 6:57 | 6:56 | 6:55 | 6:54 | 6:53 | 6:52 | 6:51 | 6:50 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 13.3 | 5:52 | 7:10 |
| 2 | 13.3 | 5:53 | 7:09 |
| 3 | 13.3 | 5:54 | 7:09 |
| 4 | 13.2 | 5:55 | 7:08 |
| 5 | 13.2 | 5:55 | 7:08 |
| 6 | 13.2 | 5:56 | 7:07 |
| 7 | 13.2 | 5:57 | 7:07 |
| 8 | 13.1 | 5:58 | 7:06 |
| 9 | 13.1 | 5:58 | 7:06 |
| 10 | 13.1 | 5:59 | 7:05 |
| 11 | 13.1 | 6:00 | 7:04 |
| 12 | 13.1 | 6:01 | 7:04 |
| 13 | 13.0 | 6:01 | 7:03 |
| 14 | 13.0 | 6:02 | 7:02 |
| 15 | 13.0 | 6:03 | 7:02 |
| 16 | 13.0 | 6:04 | 7:01 |
| 17 | 12.9 | 6:04 | 7:00 |
| 18 | 12.9 | 6:05 | 6:59 |
| 19 | 12.9 | 6:06 | 6:58 |
| 20 | 12.9 | 6:06 | 6:58 |
| 21 | 12.8 | 6:07 | 6:57 |
| 22 | 12.8 | 6:08 | 6:56 |
| 23 | 12.8 | 6:08 | 6:55 |
| 24 | 12.7 | 6:09 | 6:54 |
| 25 | 12.7 | 6:10 | 6:53 |
| 26 | 12.7 | 6:10 | 6:52 |
| 27 | 12.7 | 6:11 | 6:51 |
| 28 | 12.6 | 6:12 | 6:50 |
Solar energy in February
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in February, about 6.76 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 3.75 kWh/m² to a high of 7.63 kWh/m² in December across the year — February's 6.76 kWh/m² falls in the middle.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 7.1 | 7.1 | 7.0 | 7.0 | 7.0 | 7.0 | 6.9 | 6.9 | 6.9 | 6.8 | 6.8 | 6.8 | 6.8 | 6.7 | 6.7 | 6.7 | 6.7 | 6.6 | 6.6 | 6.6 | 6.6 | 6.6 | 6.6 | 6.6 | 6.6 | 6.5 | 6.5 | 6.5 |
| Level | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 7.1 | Intense |
| 2 | 7.1 | Intense |
| 3 | 7.0 | Intense |
| 4 | 7.0 | Intense |
| 5 | 7.0 | Intense |
| 6 | 7.0 | Intense |
| 7 | 6.9 | Intense |
| 8 | 6.9 | Intense |
| 9 | 6.9 | Intense |
| 10 | 6.8 | Intense |
| 11 | 6.8 | Intense |
| 12 | 6.8 | Intense |
| 13 | 6.8 | Intense |
| 14 | 6.7 | Intense |
| 15 | 6.7 | Intense |
| 16 | 6.7 | Intense |
| 17 | 6.7 | Intense |
| 18 | 6.6 | Intense |
| 19 | 6.6 | Intense |
| 20 | 6.6 | Intense |
| 21 | 6.6 | Intense |
| 22 | 6.6 | Intense |
| 23 | 6.6 | Intense |
| 24 | 6.6 | Intense |
| 25 | 6.6 | Intense |
| 26 | 6.5 | Intense |
| 27 | 6.5 | Intense |
| 28 | 6.5 | Intense |
Is February a good time to visit Bloemhof?
Our two travel scores rate February for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
February is a reasonable time to visit Bloemhof for sightseeing. The water and warmth also suit a beach or pool day.
What to pack for Bloemhof in February
From February's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In February, Bloemhof sees daytime highs around 30°C and nights near 18°C. Pack light clothes and sun protection. Worth having: rain gear. About 11 days see rain.
UV index in Bloemhof in February
Clear-sky midday UV in February peaks around 13 (very high — sun protection essential). The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Bloemhof peaks around January 13 at about 14 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near June 21 at about 5 (moderate).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — every month of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 15 | 13 | 12 | 8 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 7 | 9 | 10 | 13 | 14 |
| Level | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Very high | High | Moderate | High | High | Very high | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 15 | Extreme |
| Feb | 13 | Extreme |
| Mar | 12 | Extreme |
| Apr | 8 | Very high |
| May | 6 | High |
| Jun | 5 | Moderate |
| Jul | 5 | High |
| Aug | 7 | High |
| Sep | 9 | Very high |
| Oct | 10 | Extreme |
| Nov | 13 | Extreme |
| Dec | 14 | Extreme |
Where is Bloemhof?
Bloemhof sits at 27.6°S, 25.6°E, 1,236 m above sea level, in South Africa. The nearest listed city is Hoopstad, 36 km away.
Topography around Bloemhof
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Bloemhof.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Bloemhof has only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 37 m around an average of 1,228 m above sea level; within 16 km, only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 71 m; within 80 km, significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 404 m.
The land around Bloemhof is covered by grassland (47%) and shrubs (22%) within 3 km, grassland (60%) within 16 km, and grassland (55%) and cropland (32%) within 80 km.
South Africa travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 2
- Exercise Increased Caution
- Power plugs
- Type C / M / N
- 230 V · 50 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 41% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $6,598
- 2025
- Happiness
- 5.0 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 68%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 43.7
- per 100k, 2022
- Road deaths
- 22.2
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- Upper middle
- World Bank
- English
- Very high
- EF EPI 602
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Bloemhof (-27.6469°, 25.607°, elevation 1,236 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).