Koster weather in June
In June, Koster sees average daytime highs of 20°C and overnight lows near 6°C, with 8 mm of rain across 1.2 wet days and about 10.4 hours of daylight. It is the 11th-warmest and 10th-wettest month of the year here.
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 20°C through the month. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 85% of the time in June, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 10 h 30 min at the start of June to 10 h 24 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, June is Koster's 2nd-clearest and 8th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Koster's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 20°
- 11th warmest
- Overnight low
- 6°
- 2nd coldest
- Rainfall
- 8 mm
- 1.2 wet days
- Daylight
- 10 h 24 min
- 7:01 AM – 5:24 PM
- Cloud cover
- 14%
- 2nd clearest
- Wind
- 9 km/h
- 8th windiest
- Solar energy
- 3.91 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 8.4
- out of 10
Koster is place in North West, South Africa.
- Founded
- 1860
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in June
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 20°C through the month.
A typical June day in Koster reaches about 20°C in the afternoon and slips back to 6°C overnight — a 14°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 16°C and 23°C. Set against its neighbours, June runs about 3°C cooler than May and on par with July.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 21 | 21 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 |
| Avg low (°C) | 7 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 21 | 7 |
| 2 | 21 | 7 |
| 3 | 20 | 7 |
| 4 | 20 | 6 |
| 5 | 20 | 6 |
| 6 | 20 | 6 |
| 7 | 20 | 6 |
| 8 | 20 | 6 |
| 9 | 20 | 6 |
| 10 | 20 | 6 |
| 11 | 20 | 6 |
| 12 | 20 | 6 |
| 13 | 20 | 6 |
| 14 | 20 | 6 |
| 15 | 20 | 6 |
| 16 | 20 | 6 |
| 17 | 20 | 6 |
| 18 | 20 | 6 |
| 19 | 19 | 6 |
| 20 | 19 | 5 |
| 21 | 19 | 5 |
| 22 | 19 | 5 |
| 23 | 19 | 5 |
| 24 | 19 | 5 |
| 25 | 19 | 5 |
| 26 | 19 | 5 |
| 27 | 19 | 5 |
| 28 | 19 | 5 |
| 29 | 19 | 5 |
| 30 | 19 | 5 |
Koster weather by month
How June compares with the rest of the year at a glance. June is the 11th-warmest and 10th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 28° / 18° | 98 | 14.4 | 13.4 | 5.5 |
| Feb | 28° / 18° | 96 | 12.3 | 12.9 | 5.9 |
| Mar | 27° / 16° | 76 | 11.1 | 12.2 | 6.7 |
| Apr | 24° / 13° | 36 | 6.5 | 11.4 | 7.8 |
| May | 22° / 9° | 18 | 2.2 | 10.8 | 8.7 |
| Jun | 20° / 6° | 8 | 1.2 | 10.4 | 8.4 |
| Jul | 20° / 5° | 3 | 0.5 | 10.5 | 8.5 |
| Aug | 23° / 8° | 8 | 1.4 | 11.1 | 9.0 |
| Sep | 26° / 12° | 14 | 2.2 | 11.8 | 8.5 |
| Oct | 28° / 15° | 52 | 7.8 | 12.6 | 7.0 |
| Nov | 28° / 16° | 78 | 12.1 | 13.3 | 5.9 |
| Dec | 28° / 17° | 121 | 14.8 | 13.6 | 5.5 |
Cloud cover in June
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 85% of the time in June.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 7% of June, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 8%.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 91 | 92 | 92 | 92 | 91 | 91 | 91 | 91 | 91 | 91 | 91 | 91 | 92 | 92 | 92 | 92 | 92 | 92 | 94 | 94 | 93 | 93 | 93 | 93 | 93 | 93 | 92 | 92 | 92 | 92 |
| Cloudier (%) | 9 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 91 | 9 |
| 2 | 92 | 8 |
| 3 | 92 | 8 |
| 4 | 92 | 8 |
| 5 | 91 | 9 |
| 6 | 91 | 9 |
| 7 | 91 | 9 |
| 8 | 91 | 9 |
| 9 | 91 | 9 |
| 10 | 91 | 9 |
| 11 | 91 | 9 |
| 12 | 91 | 9 |
| 13 | 92 | 8 |
| 14 | 92 | 8 |
| 15 | 92 | 8 |
| 16 | 92 | 8 |
| 17 | 92 | 8 |
| 18 | 92 | 8 |
| 19 | 94 | 6 |
| 20 | 94 | 6 |
| 21 | 93 | 7 |
| 22 | 93 | 7 |
| 23 | 93 | 7 |
| 24 | 93 | 7 |
| 25 | 93 | 7 |
| 26 | 93 | 7 |
| 27 | 92 | 8 |
| 28 | 92 | 8 |
| 29 | 92 | 8 |
| 30 | 92 | 8 |
Chance of precipitation in June
Koster gets around 8 mm of rain over 1.2 wet days in June. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable rain averages around 4% and peaks near 5% on the wettest days.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
| Rain chance (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 4 |
| 2 | 4 |
| 3 | 5 |
| 4 | 5 |
| 5 | 5 |
| 6 | 5 |
| 7 | 5 |
| 8 | 5 |
| 9 | 5 |
| 10 | 5 |
| 11 | 4 |
| 12 | 4 |
| 13 | 4 |
| 14 | 4 |
| 15 | 4 |
| 16 | 3 |
| 17 | 3 |
| 18 | 3 |
| 19 | 3 |
| 20 | 3 |
| 21 | 3 |
| 22 | 3 |
| 23 | 3 |
| 24 | 3 |
| 25 | 3 |
| 26 | 3 |
| 27 | 3 |
| 28 | 3 |
| 29 | 3 |
| 30 | 3 |
Humidity in June
Most of June feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, June lands in the dry band about 100% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| Dry (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 100 |
| 2 | 100 |
| 3 | 100 |
| 4 | 100 |
| 5 | 100 |
| 6 | 100 |
| 7 | 100 |
| 8 | 100 |
| 9 | 100 |
| 10 | 100 |
| 11 | 100 |
| 12 | 100 |
| 13 | 100 |
| 14 | 100 |
| 15 | 100 |
| 16 | 100 |
| 17 | 100 |
| 18 | 100 |
| 19 | 100 |
| 20 | 100 |
| 21 | 100 |
| 22 | 100 |
| 23 | 100 |
| 24 | 100 |
| 25 | 100 |
| 26 | 100 |
| 27 | 100 |
| 28 | 100 |
| 29 | 100 |
| 30 | 100 |
Wind in June
Winds average 9 km/h in June.
Across June, daily wind ranges from about 8 km/h on the calmest days to 9 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 8 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 8 | calm |
| 2 | 8 | calm |
| 3 | 9 | calm |
| 4 | 9 | calm |
| 5 | 9 | calm |
| 6 | 9 | calm |
| 7 | 9 | calm |
| 8 | 9 | calm |
| 9 | 9 | calm |
| 10 | 9 | calm |
| 11 | 9 | calm |
| 12 | 9 | calm |
| 13 | 9 | calm |
| 14 | 9 | calm |
| 15 | 9 | calm |
| 16 | 9 | calm |
| 17 | 9 | calm |
| 18 | 9 | calm |
| 19 | 9 | calm |
| 20 | 9 | calm |
| 21 | 9 | calm |
| 22 | 8 | calm |
| 23 | 8 | calm |
| 24 | 8 | calm |
| 25 | 9 | calm |
| 26 | 9 | calm |
| 27 | 9 | calm |
| 28 | 9 | calm |
| 29 | 9 | calm |
| 30 | 9 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in June
Daylight runs from about 10 h 30 min at the start of June to 10 h 24 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days shrink by about 6 minutes over June. Sunrise moves from 6:55 AM to 7:04 AM, and sunset from 5:25 PM to 5:27 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 10.5 | 10.5 | 10.5 | 10.5 | 10.5 | 10.5 | 10.4 | 10.4 | 10.4 | 10.4 | 10.4 | 10.4 | 10.4 | 10.4 | 10.4 | 10.4 | 10.4 | 10.4 | 10.4 | 10.4 | 10.4 | 10.4 | 10.4 | 10.4 | 10.4 | 10.4 | 10.4 | 10.4 | 10.4 | 10.4 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 6:55 | 6:55 | 6:56 | 6:56 | 6:57 | 6:57 | 6:57 | 6:58 | 6:58 | 6:59 | 6:59 | 6:59 | 7:00 | 7:00 | 7:01 | 7:01 | 7:01 | 7:01 | 7:02 | 7:02 | 7:02 | 7:02 | 7:03 | 7:03 | 7:03 | 7:03 | 7:03 | 7:03 | 7:04 | 7:04 |
| Sunset (PM) | 5:25 | 5:25 | 5:25 | 5:25 | 5:24 | 5:24 | 5:24 | 5:24 | 5:24 | 5:24 | 5:24 | 5:24 | 5:24 | 5:24 | 5:24 | 5:24 | 5:25 | 5:25 | 5:25 | 5:25 | 5:25 | 5:25 | 5:26 | 5:26 | 5:26 | 5:26 | 5:27 | 5:27 | 5:27 | 5:27 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 10.5 | 6:55 | 5:25 |
| 2 | 10.5 | 6:55 | 5:25 |
| 3 | 10.5 | 6:56 | 5:25 |
| 4 | 10.5 | 6:56 | 5:25 |
| 5 | 10.5 | 6:57 | 5:24 |
| 6 | 10.5 | 6:57 | 5:24 |
| 7 | 10.4 | 6:57 | 5:24 |
| 8 | 10.4 | 6:58 | 5:24 |
| 9 | 10.4 | 6:58 | 5:24 |
| 10 | 10.4 | 6:59 | 5:24 |
| 11 | 10.4 | 6:59 | 5:24 |
| 12 | 10.4 | 6:59 | 5:24 |
| 13 | 10.4 | 7:00 | 5:24 |
| 14 | 10.4 | 7:00 | 5:24 |
| 15 | 10.4 | 7:01 | 5:24 |
| 16 | 10.4 | 7:01 | 5:24 |
| 17 | 10.4 | 7:01 | 5:25 |
| 18 | 10.4 | 7:01 | 5:25 |
| 19 | 10.4 | 7:02 | 5:25 |
| 20 | 10.4 | 7:02 | 5:25 |
| 21 | 10.4 | 7:02 | 5:25 |
| 22 | 10.4 | 7:02 | 5:25 |
| 23 | 10.4 | 7:03 | 5:26 |
| 24 | 10.4 | 7:03 | 5:26 |
| 25 | 10.4 | 7:03 | 5:26 |
| 26 | 10.4 | 7:03 | 5:26 |
| 27 | 10.4 | 7:03 | 5:27 |
| 28 | 10.4 | 7:03 | 5:27 |
| 29 | 10.4 | 7:04 | 5:27 |
| 30 | 10.4 | 7:04 | 5:27 |
Solar energy in June
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in June, about 3.91 kWh/m² — the year's lowest.
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 3.91 kWh/m² to a high of 6.8 kWh/m² in December across the year — June's 3.91 kWh/m² sits near the bottom.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 4.1 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 3.9 |
| Level | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 4.1 | Bright |
| 2 | 4.0 | Bright |
| 3 | 4.0 | Bright |
| 4 | 4.0 | Bright |
| 5 | 4.0 | Moderate |
| 6 | 4.0 | Moderate |
| 7 | 4.0 | Moderate |
| 8 | 4.0 | Moderate |
| 9 | 3.9 | Moderate |
| 10 | 3.9 | Moderate |
| 11 | 3.9 | Moderate |
| 12 | 3.9 | Moderate |
| 13 | 3.9 | Moderate |
| 14 | 3.9 | Moderate |
| 15 | 3.9 | Moderate |
| 16 | 3.9 | Moderate |
| 17 | 3.9 | Moderate |
| 18 | 3.9 | Moderate |
| 19 | 3.9 | Moderate |
| 20 | 3.9 | Moderate |
| 21 | 3.9 | Moderate |
| 22 | 3.9 | Moderate |
| 23 | 3.9 | Moderate |
| 24 | 3.9 | Moderate |
| 25 | 3.9 | Moderate |
| 26 | 3.9 | Moderate |
| 27 | 3.9 | Moderate |
| 28 | 3.9 | Moderate |
| 29 | 3.9 | Moderate |
| 30 | 3.9 | Moderate |
Hazard calendar for Koster
None of Koster's seasonal hazards are active in June. The full-year calendar below shows when the rainy season, cyclone risk and dust haze do peak.
Koster's rainy season runs November–March, when most of the year's rain falls.
Is June a good time to visit Koster?
Our two travel scores rate June for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
June is one of the better times to visit Koster for general sightseeing.
What to pack for Koster in June
From June's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In June, Koster sees daytime highs around 20°C and nights near 6°C. Worth packing: a warm layer.
UV index in Koster in June
Clear-sky midday UV in June peaks around 5 — enough to warrant sun protection. The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Koster peaks around January 13 at about 15 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near June 19 at about 5 (high).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — every month of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 15 | 13 | 12 | 9 | 6 | 5 | 6 | 8 | 9 | 11 | 12 | 14 |
| Level | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Very high | High | High | High | Very high | Very high | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 15 | Extreme |
| Feb | 13 | Extreme |
| Mar | 12 | Extreme |
| Apr | 9 | Very high |
| May | 6 | High |
| Jun | 5 | High |
| Jul | 6 | High |
| Aug | 8 | Very high |
| Sep | 9 | Very high |
| Oct | 11 | Extreme |
| Nov | 12 | Extreme |
| Dec | 14 | Extreme |
Air quality in Koster in June
Average fine-particle pollution (PM2.5) through the year — so you can see where June falls, not just the annual average.
Air quality in Koster is worst in June — around 69 µg/m³ PM2.5 (unhealthy), about 5.0× the cleanest month (December, 14 µg/m³).
Modeled monthly averages (CAMS reanalysis, 2015–2024).
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | 15 | 22 | 31 | 46 | 62 | 69 | 66 | 53 | 47 | 28 | 17 | 14 |
| Level | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Poor | Unhealthy | Unhealthy | Unhealthy | Poor | Poor | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate |
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 15 | Moderate |
| Feb | 22 | Moderate |
| Mar | 31 | Moderate |
| Apr | 46 | Poor |
| May | 62 | Unhealthy |
| Jun | 69 | Unhealthy |
| Jul | 66 | Unhealthy |
| Aug | 53 | Poor |
| Sep | 47 | Poor |
| Oct | 28 | Moderate |
| Nov | 17 | Moderate |
| Dec | 14 | Moderate |
Where is Koster?
Koster sits at 25.9°S, 26.9°E, 1,620 m above sea level, in South Africa. The nearest listed city is Rustenburg, 41 km away.
Topography around Koster
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Koster.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Koster has only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 168 m around an average of 1,581 m above sea level; within 16 km, significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 397 m; within 80 km, large variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 868 m.
The land around Koster is covered by grassland (50%) and cropland (31%) within 3 km, grassland (54%) and cropland (26%) within 16 km, and grassland (58%) within 80 km.
South Africa travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 2
- Exercise Increased Caution
- Power plugs
- Type C / M / N
- 230 V · 50 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 41% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $6,598
- 2025
- Happiness
- 5.0 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 68%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 43.7
- per 100k, 2022
- Road deaths
- 22.2
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- Upper middle
- World Bank
- English
- Very high
- EF EPI 602
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Koster (-25.863°, 26.8976°, elevation 1,620 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Monthly air-quality (PM2.5) seasonality is from the CAMS EAC4 reanalysis (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service), scaled to the WHO annual mean where available. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).