Leslie weather in February
In February, Leslie sees average daytime highs of 26°C and overnight lows near 15°C, with 100 mm of rain across 13.2 wet days and about 12.9 hours of daylight. It is the 1st-warmest and 4th-wettest month of the year here.
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 26°C through the month. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 38% of the time in February, and the air most often feels comfortable.
Daylight stretches from about 13 h 12 min at the start of February to 12 h 36 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, February is Leslie's 9th-clearest and 9th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Leslie's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 26°
- 1st warmest
- Overnight low
- 15°
- 11th coldest
- Rainfall
- 100 mm
- 13.2 wet days
- Daylight
- 12 h 54 min
- 5:51 AM – 6:47 PM
- Cloud cover
- 52%
- 9th clearest
- Wind
- 10 km/h
- 9th windiest
- Solar energy
- 6.24 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 6.2
- out of 10
Temperature in February
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 26°C through the month.
A typical February day in Leslie reaches about 26°C in the afternoon and slips back to 15°C overnight — a 11°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 22°C and 29°C. Set against its neighbours, February runs on par with January and about 1°C warmer than March.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 |
| Avg low (°C) | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 26 | 15 |
| 2 | 26 | 15 |
| 3 | 26 | 15 |
| 4 | 26 | 15 |
| 5 | 26 | 15 |
| 6 | 26 | 15 |
| 7 | 26 | 15 |
| 8 | 26 | 15 |
| 9 | 26 | 15 |
| 10 | 26 | 15 |
| 11 | 26 | 15 |
| 12 | 26 | 15 |
| 13 | 26 | 15 |
| 14 | 26 | 15 |
| 15 | 26 | 15 |
| 16 | 26 | 15 |
| 17 | 26 | 15 |
| 18 | 26 | 15 |
| 19 | 26 | 15 |
| 20 | 26 | 15 |
| 21 | 26 | 15 |
| 22 | 26 | 15 |
| 23 | 25 | 15 |
| 24 | 25 | 15 |
| 25 | 25 | 15 |
| 26 | 25 | 15 |
| 27 | 25 | 15 |
| 28 | 25 | 15 |
Leslie weather by month
How February compares with the rest of the year at a glance. February is the 1st-warmest and 4th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 26° / 15° | 129 | 16.1 | 13.5 | 5.9 |
| Feb | 26° / 15° | 100 | 13.2 | 12.9 | 6.2 |
| Mar | 25° / 14° | 93 | 11.4 | 12.2 | 6.9 |
| Apr | 23° / 11° | 41 | 6.6 | 11.4 | 7.6 |
| May | 21° / 7° | 15 | 2.6 | 10.7 | 8.2 |
| Jun | 18° / 4° | 6 | 1.2 | 10.4 | 8.1 |
| Jul | 18° / 4° | 5 | 0.7 | 10.5 | 8.2 |
| Aug | 21° / 7° | 11 | 2 | 11.1 | 8.6 |
| Sep | 25° / 10° | 23 | 3.3 | 11.8 | 8.6 |
| Oct | 25° / 12° | 84 | 11 | 12.6 | 7.0 |
| Nov | 25° / 14° | 104 | 14.2 | 13.3 | 6.2 |
| Dec | 25° / 15° | 137 | 17.5 | 13.6 | 5.7 |
Cloud cover in February
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 38% of the time in February.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 24% of February, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 38%.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 61 | 62 | 62 | 63 | 63 | 63 | 63 | 64 | 63 | 63 | 63 | 61 | 61 | 61 | 61 | 61 | 60 | 59 | 59 | 60 | 60 | 60 | 60 | 62 | 62 | 62 | 64 | 65 |
| Cloudier (%) | 39 | 38 | 38 | 37 | 37 | 37 | 37 | 36 | 37 | 37 | 37 | 39 | 39 | 39 | 39 | 39 | 40 | 41 | 41 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 38 | 38 | 38 | 36 | 35 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 61 | 39 |
| 2 | 62 | 38 |
| 3 | 62 | 38 |
| 4 | 63 | 37 |
| 5 | 63 | 37 |
| 6 | 63 | 37 |
| 7 | 63 | 37 |
| 8 | 64 | 36 |
| 9 | 63 | 37 |
| 10 | 63 | 37 |
| 11 | 63 | 37 |
| 12 | 61 | 39 |
| 13 | 61 | 39 |
| 14 | 61 | 39 |
| 15 | 61 | 39 |
| 16 | 61 | 39 |
| 17 | 60 | 40 |
| 18 | 59 | 41 |
| 19 | 59 | 41 |
| 20 | 60 | 40 |
| 21 | 60 | 40 |
| 22 | 60 | 40 |
| 23 | 60 | 40 |
| 24 | 62 | 38 |
| 25 | 62 | 38 |
| 26 | 62 | 38 |
| 27 | 64 | 36 |
| 28 | 65 | 35 |
Chance of precipitation in February
Leslie gets around 100 mm of rain over 13.2 wet days in February. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable rain averages around 47% and peaks near 52% on the wettest days.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 52 | 51 | 50 | 50 | 49 | 48 | 48 | 47 | 46 | 46 | 46 | 46 | 46 | 47 | 47 | 47 | 47 | 47 | 47 | 48 | 47 | 47 | 47 | 46 | 46 | 45 | 44 | 43 |
| Rain chance (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 52 |
| 2 | 51 |
| 3 | 50 |
| 4 | 50 |
| 5 | 49 |
| 6 | 48 |
| 7 | 48 |
| 8 | 47 |
| 9 | 46 |
| 10 | 46 |
| 11 | 46 |
| 12 | 46 |
| 13 | 46 |
| 14 | 47 |
| 15 | 47 |
| 16 | 47 |
| 17 | 47 |
| 18 | 47 |
| 19 | 47 |
| 20 | 48 |
| 21 | 47 |
| 22 | 47 |
| 23 | 47 |
| 24 | 46 |
| 25 | 46 |
| 26 | 45 |
| 27 | 44 |
| 28 | 43 |
Humidity in February
Most of February feels comfortable — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, February lands in the comfortable band about 49% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 27 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 36 | 37 |
| Comfortable (%) | 52 | 52 | 52 | 52 | 52 | 51 | 51 | 51 | 51 | 50 | 50 | 50 | 50 | 50 | 49 | 49 | 49 | 49 | 48 | 48 | 48 | 48 | 47 | 47 | 46 | 45 | 44 | 44 |
| Humid (%) | 30 | 29 | 28 | 27 | 26 | 26 | 25 | 24 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 20 | 19 |
| Dry (%) | Comfortable (%) | Humid (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 18 | 52 | 30 |
| 2 | 19 | 52 | 29 |
| 3 | 20 | 52 | 28 |
| 4 | 21 | 52 | 27 |
| 5 | 22 | 52 | 26 |
| 6 | 23 | 51 | 26 |
| 7 | 24 | 51 | 25 |
| 8 | 25 | 51 | 24 |
| 9 | 26 | 51 | 23 |
| 10 | 27 | 50 | 23 |
| 11 | 27 | 50 | 23 |
| 12 | 28 | 50 | 22 |
| 13 | 28 | 50 | 22 |
| 14 | 28 | 50 | 22 |
| 15 | 29 | 49 | 22 |
| 16 | 29 | 49 | 22 |
| 17 | 29 | 49 | 22 |
| 18 | 29 | 49 | 22 |
| 19 | 29 | 48 | 22 |
| 20 | 30 | 48 | 22 |
| 21 | 30 | 48 | 22 |
| 22 | 30 | 48 | 22 |
| 23 | 31 | 47 | 22 |
| 24 | 32 | 47 | 21 |
| 25 | 33 | 46 | 21 |
| 26 | 34 | 45 | 21 |
| 27 | 36 | 44 | 20 |
| 28 | 37 | 44 | 19 |
Wind in February
Winds average 10 km/h in February.
Across February, daily wind ranges from about 10 km/h on the calmest days to 10 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 10 | calm |
| 2 | 10 | calm |
| 3 | 10 | calm |
| 4 | 10 | calm |
| 5 | 10 | calm |
| 6 | 10 | calm |
| 7 | 10 | calm |
| 8 | 10 | calm |
| 9 | 10 | calm |
| 10 | 10 | calm |
| 11 | 10 | calm |
| 12 | 10 | calm |
| 13 | 10 | calm |
| 14 | 10 | calm |
| 15 | 10 | calm |
| 16 | 10 | calm |
| 17 | 10 | calm |
| 18 | 10 | calm |
| 19 | 10 | calm |
| 20 | 10 | calm |
| 21 | 10 | calm |
| 22 | 10 | calm |
| 23 | 10 | calm |
| 24 | 10 | calm |
| 25 | 10 | calm |
| 26 | 10 | calm |
| 27 | 10 | calm |
| 28 | 10 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in February
Daylight runs from about 13 h 12 min at the start of February to 12 h 36 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days shrink by about 36 minutes over February. Sunrise moves from 5:41 AM to 5:59 AM, and sunset from 6:55 PM to 6:36 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 13.2 | 13.2 | 13.2 | 13.2 | 13.1 | 13.1 | 13.1 | 13.1 | 13.1 | 13.0 | 13.0 | 13.0 | 13.0 | 12.9 | 12.9 | 12.9 | 12.9 | 12.9 | 12.8 | 12.8 | 12.8 | 12.8 | 12.7 | 12.7 | 12.7 | 12.7 | 12.6 | 12.6 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 5:41 | 5:42 | 5:43 | 5:43 | 5:44 | 5:45 | 5:46 | 5:46 | 5:47 | 5:48 | 5:48 | 5:49 | 5:50 | 5:50 | 5:51 | 5:52 | 5:53 | 5:53 | 5:54 | 5:54 | 5:55 | 5:56 | 5:56 | 5:57 | 5:58 | 5:58 | 5:59 | 5:59 |
| Sunset (PM) | 6:55 | 6:54 | 6:54 | 6:53 | 6:53 | 6:52 | 6:52 | 6:51 | 6:51 | 6:50 | 6:49 | 6:49 | 6:48 | 6:47 | 6:47 | 6:46 | 6:45 | 6:44 | 6:44 | 6:43 | 6:42 | 6:41 | 6:40 | 6:40 | 6:39 | 6:38 | 6:37 | 6:36 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 13.2 | 5:41 | 6:55 |
| 2 | 13.2 | 5:42 | 6:54 |
| 3 | 13.2 | 5:43 | 6:54 |
| 4 | 13.2 | 5:43 | 6:53 |
| 5 | 13.1 | 5:44 | 6:53 |
| 6 | 13.1 | 5:45 | 6:52 |
| 7 | 13.1 | 5:46 | 6:52 |
| 8 | 13.1 | 5:46 | 6:51 |
| 9 | 13.1 | 5:47 | 6:51 |
| 10 | 13.0 | 5:48 | 6:50 |
| 11 | 13.0 | 5:48 | 6:49 |
| 12 | 13.0 | 5:49 | 6:49 |
| 13 | 13.0 | 5:50 | 6:48 |
| 14 | 12.9 | 5:50 | 6:47 |
| 15 | 12.9 | 5:51 | 6:47 |
| 16 | 12.9 | 5:52 | 6:46 |
| 17 | 12.9 | 5:53 | 6:45 |
| 18 | 12.9 | 5:53 | 6:44 |
| 19 | 12.8 | 5:54 | 6:44 |
| 20 | 12.8 | 5:54 | 6:43 |
| 21 | 12.8 | 5:55 | 6:42 |
| 22 | 12.8 | 5:56 | 6:41 |
| 23 | 12.7 | 5:56 | 6:40 |
| 24 | 12.7 | 5:57 | 6:40 |
| 25 | 12.7 | 5:58 | 6:39 |
| 26 | 12.7 | 5:58 | 6:38 |
| 27 | 12.6 | 5:59 | 6:37 |
| 28 | 12.6 | 5:59 | 6:36 |
Solar energy in February
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in February, about 6.24 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 3.92 kWh/m² to a high of 6.7 kWh/m² in December across the year — February's 6.24 kWh/m² falls in the middle.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 6.5 | 6.5 | 6.5 | 6.5 | 6.5 | 6.5 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.2 | 6.2 | 6.2 | 6.1 | 6.1 | 6.1 | 6.1 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 6.0 |
| Level | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 6.5 | Intense |
| 2 | 6.5 | Intense |
| 3 | 6.5 | Intense |
| 4 | 6.5 | Intense |
| 5 | 6.5 | Intense |
| 6 | 6.5 | Intense |
| 7 | 6.4 | Intense |
| 8 | 6.4 | Intense |
| 9 | 6.4 | Intense |
| 10 | 6.4 | Intense |
| 11 | 6.3 | Intense |
| 12 | 6.3 | Intense |
| 13 | 6.3 | Intense |
| 14 | 6.2 | Intense |
| 15 | 6.2 | Intense |
| 16 | 6.2 | Intense |
| 17 | 6.1 | Intense |
| 18 | 6.1 | Intense |
| 19 | 6.1 | Intense |
| 20 | 6.1 | Intense |
| 21 | 6.0 | Intense |
| 22 | 6.0 | Intense |
| 23 | 6.0 | Intense |
| 24 | 6.0 | Intense |
| 25 | 6.0 | Bright |
| 26 | 6.0 | Bright |
| 27 | 6.0 | Bright |
| 28 | 6.0 | Bright |
Hazard calendar for Leslie
In February, Leslie sits inside its rainy season season. The full year is below, with each hazard's peak months called out.
Leslie's rainy season runs October–March, when most of the year's rain falls.
Is February a good time to visit Leslie?
Our two travel scores rate February for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
February is a reasonable time to visit Leslie for sightseeing.
What to pack for Leslie in February
From February's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In February, Leslie sees daytime highs around 26°C and nights near 15°C. Pack rain gear and sun protection. Worth having: light clothes. About 13 days see rain.
UV index in Leslie in February
Clear-sky midday UV in February peaks around 13 (very high — sun protection essential). The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Leslie peaks around January 12 at about 14 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near June 20 at about 5 (high).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — every month of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 14 | 13 | 12 | 9 | 6 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 9 | 10 | 12 | 14 |
| Level | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Very high | High | High | High | Very high | Very high | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 14 | Extreme |
| Feb | 13 | Extreme |
| Mar | 12 | Extreme |
| Apr | 9 | Very high |
| May | 6 | High |
| Jun | 5 | High |
| Jul | 6 | High |
| Aug | 7 | Very high |
| Sep | 9 | Very high |
| Oct | 10 | Extreme |
| Nov | 12 | Extreme |
| Dec | 14 | Extreme |
Air quality in Leslie in February
Average fine-particle pollution (PM2.5) through the year — so you can see where February falls, not just the annual average.
Air quality in Leslie is worst in July — around 87 µg/m³ PM2.5 (unhealthy), about 3.6× the cleanest month (January, 24 µg/m³).
Modeled monthly averages (CAMS reanalysis, 2015–2024).
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | 24 | 31 | 39 | 56 | 73 | 83 | 87 | 72 | 55 | 35 | 26 | 25 |
| Level | Moderate | Moderate | Poor | Unhealthy | Unhealthy | Unhealthy | Unhealthy | Unhealthy | Poor | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate |
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 24 | Moderate |
| Feb | 31 | Moderate |
| Mar | 39 | Poor |
| Apr | 56 | Unhealthy |
| May | 73 | Unhealthy |
| Jun | 83 | Unhealthy |
| Jul | 87 | Unhealthy |
| Aug | 72 | Unhealthy |
| Sep | 55 | Poor |
| Oct | 35 | Moderate |
| Nov | 26 | Moderate |
| Dec | 25 | Moderate |
Where is Leslie?
Leslie sits at 26.4°S, 28.9°E, 1,675 m above sea level, in South Africa. The nearest listed city is Lebohang, 1.0 km away.
Topography around Leslie
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Leslie.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Leslie has only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 82 m around an average of 1,659 m above sea level; within 16 km, only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 187 m; within 80 km, large variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 661 m.
The land around Leslie is covered by grassland (65%) within 3 km, grassland (59%) and cropland (38%) within 16 km, and grassland (54%) and cropland (38%) within 80 km.
South Africa travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 2
- Exercise Increased Caution
- Power plugs
- Type C / M / N
- 230 V · 50 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 41% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $6,598
- 2025
- Happiness
- 5.0 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 68%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 43.7
- per 100k, 2022
- Road deaths
- 22.2
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- Upper middle
- World Bank
- English
- Very high
- EF EPI 602
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Leslie (-26.3674°, 28.9189°, elevation 1,675 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Monthly air-quality (PM2.5) seasonality is from the CAMS EAC4 reanalysis (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service), scaled to the WHO annual mean where available. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).