Mmabatho weather in February
In February, Mmabatho sees average daytime highs of 28°C and overnight lows near 18°C, with 90 mm of rain across 12.2 wet days and about 12.9 hours of daylight. It is the 4th-warmest and 1st-wettest month of the year here.
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 28°C through the month. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 44% of the time in February, and the air most often feels comfortable.
Daylight stretches from about 13 h 12 min at the start of February to 12 h 36 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, February is Mmabatho's 10th-clearest and 9th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Mmabatho's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 28°
- 4th warmest
- Overnight low
- 18°
- 11th coldest
- Rainfall
- 90 mm
- 12.2 wet days
- Daylight
- 12 h 54 min
- 6:05 AM – 6:59 PM
- Cloud cover
- 48%
- 10th clearest
- Wind
- 11 km/h
- 9th windiest
- Solar energy
- 6.46 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 5.8
- out of 10
Mmabatho is town.
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in February
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 28°C through the month.
A typical February day in Mmabatho reaches about 28°C in the afternoon and slips back to 18°C overnight — a 10°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 24°C and 32°C. Set against its neighbours, February runs on par with January and about 1°C warmer than March.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 |
| Avg low (°C) | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 29 | 18 |
| 2 | 29 | 18 |
| 3 | 29 | 18 |
| 4 | 29 | 18 |
| 5 | 29 | 18 |
| 6 | 29 | 18 |
| 7 | 28 | 18 |
| 8 | 28 | 18 |
| 9 | 28 | 18 |
| 10 | 28 | 18 |
| 11 | 28 | 18 |
| 12 | 28 | 18 |
| 13 | 28 | 18 |
| 14 | 28 | 18 |
| 15 | 28 | 18 |
| 16 | 28 | 18 |
| 17 | 28 | 18 |
| 18 | 28 | 18 |
| 19 | 28 | 18 |
| 20 | 28 | 18 |
| 21 | 28 | 18 |
| 22 | 28 | 17 |
| 23 | 28 | 17 |
| 24 | 28 | 17 |
| 25 | 28 | 17 |
| 26 | 28 | 17 |
| 27 | 28 | 17 |
| 28 | 28 | 17 |
Mmabatho weather by month
How February compares with the rest of the year at a glance. February is the 4th-warmest and 1st-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 29° / 18° | 90 | 14.6 | 13.4 | 5.2 |
| Feb | 28° / 18° | 90 | 12.2 | 12.9 | 5.8 |
| Mar | 27° / 16° | 71 | 10.7 | 12.2 | 6.7 |
| Apr | 24° / 12° | 40 | 5.8 | 11.4 | 8.0 |
| May | 22° / 8° | 18 | 2.4 | 10.8 | 8.7 |
| Jun | 20° / 5° | 9 | 1.4 | 10.4 | 8.4 |
| Jul | 20° / 4° | 2 | 0.5 | 10.5 | 8.5 |
| Aug | 23° / 7° | 7 | 1.4 | 11.1 | 9.1 |
| Sep | 26° / 12° | 13 | 1.8 | 11.8 | 8.6 |
| Oct | 28° / 15° | 45 | 7.1 | 12.6 | 6.9 |
| Nov | 29° / 16° | 69 | 11.4 | 13.3 | 5.7 |
| Dec | 29° / 17° | 87 | 14.3 | 13.6 | 5.2 |
Cloud cover in February
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 44% of the time in February.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 27% of February, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 30%.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 70 | 71 | 71 | 70 | 70 | 70 | 70 | 70 | 70 | 69 | 69 | 68 | 69 | 69 | 69 | 69 | 69 | 70 | 70 | 70 | 71 | 71 | 72 | 72 | 72 | 74 | 74 | 74 |
| Cloudier (%) | 30 | 29 | 29 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 31 | 31 | 32 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 29 | 29 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 26 | 26 | 26 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 70 | 30 |
| 2 | 71 | 29 |
| 3 | 71 | 29 |
| 4 | 70 | 30 |
| 5 | 70 | 30 |
| 6 | 70 | 30 |
| 7 | 70 | 30 |
| 8 | 70 | 30 |
| 9 | 70 | 30 |
| 10 | 69 | 31 |
| 11 | 69 | 31 |
| 12 | 68 | 32 |
| 13 | 69 | 31 |
| 14 | 69 | 31 |
| 15 | 69 | 31 |
| 16 | 69 | 31 |
| 17 | 69 | 31 |
| 18 | 70 | 30 |
| 19 | 70 | 30 |
| 20 | 70 | 30 |
| 21 | 71 | 29 |
| 22 | 71 | 29 |
| 23 | 72 | 28 |
| 24 | 72 | 28 |
| 25 | 72 | 28 |
| 26 | 74 | 26 |
| 27 | 74 | 26 |
| 28 | 74 | 26 |
Chance of precipitation in February
Mmabatho gets around 90 mm of rain over 12.2 wet days in February, the wettest month. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable rain averages around 44% and peaks near 48% on the wettest days. The odds ease toward the end of the month.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 48 | 47 | 47 | 47 | 47 | 47 | 47 | 46 | 46 | 46 | 45 | 45 | 44 | 44 | 43 | 43 | 42 | 42 | 42 | 42 | 41 | 41 | 41 | 40 | 40 | 39 | 39 | 38 |
| Rain chance (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 48 |
| 2 | 47 |
| 3 | 47 |
| 4 | 47 |
| 5 | 47 |
| 6 | 47 |
| 7 | 47 |
| 8 | 46 |
| 9 | 46 |
| 10 | 46 |
| 11 | 45 |
| 12 | 45 |
| 13 | 44 |
| 14 | 44 |
| 15 | 43 |
| 16 | 43 |
| 17 | 42 |
| 18 | 42 |
| 19 | 42 |
| 20 | 42 |
| 21 | 41 |
| 22 | 41 |
| 23 | 41 |
| 24 | 40 |
| 25 | 40 |
| 26 | 39 |
| 27 | 39 |
| 28 | 38 |
Humidity in February
Most of February feels comfortable — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, February lands in the comfortable band about 40% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 19 | 19 | 19 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 19 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 26 | 27 |
| Comfortable (%) | 35 | 35 | 36 | 36 | 37 | 37 | 37 | 38 | 39 | 39 | 40 | 40 | 41 | 41 | 41 | 42 | 42 | 42 | 41 | 42 | 42 | 41 | 41 | 41 | 41 | 40 | 40 | 40 |
| Humid (%) | 41 | 41 | 40 | 40 | 39 | 39 | 38 | 38 | 38 | 38 | 38 | 38 | 38 | 38 | 38 | 38 | 38 | 38 | 38 | 38 | 37 | 37 | 36 | 35 | 35 | 34 | 33 | 31 |
| Muggy (%) | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
| Dry (%) | Comfortable (%) | Humid (%) | Muggy (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 19 | 35 | 41 | 5 |
| 2 | 19 | 35 | 41 | 5 |
| 3 | 19 | 36 | 40 | 5 |
| 4 | 20 | 36 | 40 | 5 |
| 5 | 20 | 37 | 39 | 5 |
| 6 | 20 | 37 | 39 | 5 |
| 7 | 20 | 37 | 38 | 5 |
| 8 | 20 | 38 | 38 | 4 |
| 9 | 19 | 39 | 38 | 4 |
| 10 | 19 | 39 | 38 | 4 |
| 11 | 19 | 40 | 38 | 4 |
| 12 | 18 | 40 | 38 | 4 |
| 13 | 18 | 41 | 38 | 3 |
| 14 | 18 | 41 | 38 | 3 |
| 15 | 18 | 41 | 38 | 3 |
| 16 | 18 | 42 | 38 | 3 |
| 17 | 18 | 42 | 38 | 3 |
| 18 | 18 | 42 | 38 | 2 |
| 19 | 18 | 41 | 38 | 2 |
| 20 | 19 | 42 | 38 | 2 |
| 21 | 19 | 42 | 37 | 2 |
| 22 | 20 | 41 | 37 | 2 |
| 23 | 21 | 41 | 36 | 2 |
| 24 | 22 | 41 | 35 | 2 |
| 25 | 23 | 41 | 35 | 2 |
| 26 | 24 | 40 | 34 | 2 |
| 27 | 26 | 40 | 33 | 2 |
| 28 | 27 | 40 | 31 | 2 |
Wind in February
Winds average 11 km/h in February.
Across February, daily wind ranges from about 10 km/h on the calmest days to 11 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 10 | 10 | 10 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 11 | calm |
| 2 | 11 | calm |
| 3 | 11 | calm |
| 4 | 11 | calm |
| 5 | 11 | calm |
| 6 | 11 | calm |
| 7 | 11 | calm |
| 8 | 11 | calm |
| 9 | 11 | calm |
| 10 | 11 | calm |
| 11 | 11 | calm |
| 12 | 11 | calm |
| 13 | 11 | calm |
| 14 | 11 | calm |
| 15 | 11 | calm |
| 16 | 11 | calm |
| 17 | 11 | calm |
| 18 | 11 | calm |
| 19 | 11 | calm |
| 20 | 11 | calm |
| 21 | 11 | calm |
| 22 | 11 | calm |
| 23 | 11 | calm |
| 24 | 11 | calm |
| 25 | 11 | calm |
| 26 | 10 | calm |
| 27 | 10 | calm |
| 28 | 10 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in February
Daylight runs from about 13 h 12 min at the start of February to 12 h 36 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days shrink by about 36 minutes over February. Sunrise moves from 5:55 AM to 6:13 AM, and sunset from 7:07 PM to 6:49 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 13.2 | 13.2 | 13.2 | 13.1 | 13.1 | 13.1 | 13.1 | 13.1 | 13.0 | 13.0 | 13.0 | 13.0 | 12.9 | 12.9 | 12.9 | 12.9 | 12.9 | 12.8 | 12.8 | 12.8 | 12.8 | 12.7 | 12.7 | 12.7 | 12.7 | 12.6 | 12.6 | 12.6 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 5:55 | 5:56 | 5:57 | 5:57 | 5:58 | 5:59 | 5:59 | 6:00 | 6:01 | 6:02 | 6:02 | 6:03 | 6:04 | 6:04 | 6:05 | 6:06 | 6:06 | 6:07 | 6:08 | 6:08 | 6:09 | 6:09 | 6:10 | 6:11 | 6:11 | 6:12 | 6:12 | 6:13 |
| Sunset (PM) | 7:07 | 7:06 | 7:06 | 7:06 | 7:05 | 7:05 | 7:04 | 7:04 | 7:03 | 7:02 | 7:02 | 7:01 | 7:01 | 7:00 | 6:59 | 6:58 | 6:58 | 6:57 | 6:56 | 6:56 | 6:55 | 6:54 | 6:53 | 6:52 | 6:51 | 6:51 | 6:50 | 6:49 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 13.2 | 5:55 | 7:07 |
| 2 | 13.2 | 5:56 | 7:06 |
| 3 | 13.2 | 5:57 | 7:06 |
| 4 | 13.1 | 5:57 | 7:06 |
| 5 | 13.1 | 5:58 | 7:05 |
| 6 | 13.1 | 5:59 | 7:05 |
| 7 | 13.1 | 5:59 | 7:04 |
| 8 | 13.1 | 6:00 | 7:04 |
| 9 | 13.0 | 6:01 | 7:03 |
| 10 | 13.0 | 6:02 | 7:02 |
| 11 | 13.0 | 6:02 | 7:02 |
| 12 | 13.0 | 6:03 | 7:01 |
| 13 | 12.9 | 6:04 | 7:01 |
| 14 | 12.9 | 6:04 | 7:00 |
| 15 | 12.9 | 6:05 | 6:59 |
| 16 | 12.9 | 6:06 | 6:58 |
| 17 | 12.9 | 6:06 | 6:58 |
| 18 | 12.8 | 6:07 | 6:57 |
| 19 | 12.8 | 6:08 | 6:56 |
| 20 | 12.8 | 6:08 | 6:56 |
| 21 | 12.8 | 6:09 | 6:55 |
| 22 | 12.7 | 6:09 | 6:54 |
| 23 | 12.7 | 6:10 | 6:53 |
| 24 | 12.7 | 6:11 | 6:52 |
| 25 | 12.7 | 6:11 | 6:51 |
| 26 | 12.6 | 6:12 | 6:51 |
| 27 | 12.6 | 6:12 | 6:50 |
| 28 | 12.6 | 6:13 | 6:49 |
Solar energy in February
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in February, about 6.46 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 3.94 kWh/m² to a high of 7.1 kWh/m² in December across the year — February's 6.46 kWh/m² falls in the middle.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 6.7 | 6.7 | 6.7 | 6.7 | 6.7 | 6.7 | 6.6 | 6.6 | 6.6 | 6.6 | 6.5 | 6.5 | 6.5 | 6.5 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.2 | 6.2 | 6.2 |
| Level | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 6.7 | Intense |
| 2 | 6.7 | Intense |
| 3 | 6.7 | Intense |
| 4 | 6.7 | Intense |
| 5 | 6.7 | Intense |
| 6 | 6.7 | Intense |
| 7 | 6.6 | Intense |
| 8 | 6.6 | Intense |
| 9 | 6.6 | Intense |
| 10 | 6.6 | Intense |
| 11 | 6.5 | Intense |
| 12 | 6.5 | Intense |
| 13 | 6.5 | Intense |
| 14 | 6.5 | Intense |
| 15 | 6.4 | Intense |
| 16 | 6.4 | Intense |
| 17 | 6.4 | Intense |
| 18 | 6.3 | Intense |
| 19 | 6.3 | Intense |
| 20 | 6.3 | Intense |
| 21 | 6.3 | Intense |
| 22 | 6.3 | Intense |
| 23 | 6.3 | Intense |
| 24 | 6.3 | Intense |
| 25 | 6.3 | Intense |
| 26 | 6.2 | Intense |
| 27 | 6.2 | Intense |
| 28 | 6.2 | Intense |
Hazard calendar for Mmabatho
In February, Mmabatho sits inside its rainy season season. The full year is below, with each hazard's peak months called out.
Mmabatho's rainy season runs October–March, when most of the year's rain falls.
Is February a good time to visit Mmabatho?
Our two travel scores rate February for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
February is a reasonable time to visit Mmabatho for sightseeing. The water and warmth also suit a beach or pool day.
What to pack for Mmabatho in February
From February's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In February, Mmabatho sees daytime highs around 28°C and nights near 18°C. Pack light clothes and sun protection. Worth having: rain gear. About 12 days see rain.
UV index in Mmabatho in February
Clear-sky midday UV in February peaks around 13 (very high — sun protection essential). The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Mmabatho peaks around January 14 at about 14 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near June 19 at about 5 (high).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — every month of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 15 | 13 | 12 | 9 | 6 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 9 | 11 | 12 | 14 |
| Level | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Very high | High | High | High | Very high | Very high | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 15 | Extreme |
| Feb | 13 | Extreme |
| Mar | 12 | Extreme |
| Apr | 9 | Very high |
| May | 6 | High |
| Jun | 5 | High |
| Jul | 6 | High |
| Aug | 7 | Very high |
| Sep | 9 | Very high |
| Oct | 11 | Extreme |
| Nov | 12 | Extreme |
| Dec | 14 | Extreme |
Where is Mmabatho?
Mmabatho sits at 25.9°S, 25.6°E, 1,282 m above sea level, in South Africa. The nearest listed city is Mafikeng, 2.0 km away.
Topography around Mmabatho
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Mmabatho.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Mmabatho has only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 46 m around an average of 1,277 m above sea level; within 16 km, only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 187 m; within 80 km, significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 578 m.
The land around Mmabatho is covered by artificial surfaces (60%) within 3 km, grassland (62%) and shrubs (24%) within 16 km, and grassland (46%) and shrubs (31%) within 80 km.
South Africa travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 2
- Exercise Increased Caution
- Power plugs
- Type C / M / N
- 230 V · 50 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 41% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $6,598
- 2025
- Happiness
- 5.0 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 68%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 43.7
- per 100k, 2022
- Road deaths
- 22.2
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- Upper middle
- World Bank
- English
- Very high
- EF EPI 602
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Mmabatho (-25.85°, 25.6333°, elevation 1,282 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).