Robertson weather in February
In February, Robertson sees average daytime highs of 29°C and overnight lows near 16°C, with 24 mm of rain across 4.5 wet days and about 13.3 hours of daylight. It is the 2nd-warmest and 11th-wettest month of the year here.
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 29°C through the month. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 69% of the time in February, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 13 h 42 min at the start of February to 12 h 48 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, February is Robertson's 1st-clearest and 4th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Robertson's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 29°
- 2nd warmest
- Overnight low
- 16°
- 12th coldest
- Rainfall
- 24 mm
- 4.5 wet days
- Daylight
- 13 h 18 min
- 6:17 AM – 7:33 PM
- Cloud cover
- 29%
- 1st clearest
- Wind
- 9 km/h
- 4th windiest
- Solar energy
- 7.05 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 6.8
- out of 10
Robertson is town in the Western Cape, South Africa.
- Density
- 1,461/km²
- people per km²
- Founded
- 1853
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in February
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 29°C through the month.
A typical February day in Robertson reaches about 29°C in the afternoon and slips back to 16°C overnight — a 13°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 23°C and 34°C. Set against its neighbours, February runs on par with January and about 2°C warmer than March.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 |
| Avg low (°C) | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 15 | 15 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 29 | 16 |
| 2 | 29 | 16 |
| 3 | 29 | 16 |
| 4 | 29 | 16 |
| 5 | 29 | 16 |
| 6 | 29 | 16 |
| 7 | 29 | 16 |
| 8 | 29 | 16 |
| 9 | 29 | 16 |
| 10 | 29 | 16 |
| 11 | 29 | 16 |
| 12 | 29 | 16 |
| 13 | 29 | 16 |
| 14 | 29 | 16 |
| 15 | 29 | 16 |
| 16 | 29 | 16 |
| 17 | 29 | 16 |
| 18 | 28 | 16 |
| 19 | 28 | 16 |
| 20 | 28 | 16 |
| 21 | 28 | 16 |
| 22 | 28 | 16 |
| 23 | 28 | 16 |
| 24 | 28 | 16 |
| 25 | 28 | 16 |
| 26 | 28 | 16 |
| 27 | 28 | 15 |
| 28 | 28 | 15 |
Robertson weather by month
How February compares with the rest of the year at a glance. February is the 2nd-warmest and 11th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 29° / 15° | 26 | 5 | 14 | 6.8 |
| Feb | 29° / 16° | 24 | 4.5 | 13.3 | 6.8 |
| Mar | 27° / 14° | 34 | 6 | 12.3 | 7.5 |
| Apr | 24° / 11° | 32 | 5.5 | 11.2 | 7.9 |
| May | 21° / 8° | 28 | 5 | 10.3 | 7.4 |
| Jun | 17° / 6° | 33 | 6.6 | 9.8 | 6.3 |
| Jul | 17° / 5° | 35 | 6 | 10 | 6.1 |
| Aug | 18° / 6° | 34 | 6.5 | 10.7 | 6.5 |
| Sep | 20° / 8° | 23 | 5.6 | 11.8 | 7.2 |
| Oct | 23° / 10° | 37 | 5.6 | 12.9 | 7.8 |
| Nov | 25° / 12° | 38 | 5.5 | 13.8 | 7.9 |
| Dec | 28° / 14° | 25 | 4.9 | 14.2 | 7.5 |
Cloud cover in February
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 69% of the time in February, the clearest month of the year.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 13% of February, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 19%.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 82 | 82 | 82 | 82 | 82 | 82 | 82 | 82 | 82 | 82 | 82 | 82 | 81 | 81 | 81 | 81 | 81 | 81 | 81 | 82 | 82 | 82 | 81 | 81 | 81 | 81 | 81 | 80 |
| Cloudier (%) | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 20 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 82 | 18 |
| 2 | 82 | 18 |
| 3 | 82 | 18 |
| 4 | 82 | 18 |
| 5 | 82 | 18 |
| 6 | 82 | 18 |
| 7 | 82 | 18 |
| 8 | 82 | 18 |
| 9 | 82 | 18 |
| 10 | 82 | 18 |
| 11 | 82 | 18 |
| 12 | 82 | 18 |
| 13 | 81 | 19 |
| 14 | 81 | 19 |
| 15 | 81 | 19 |
| 16 | 81 | 19 |
| 17 | 81 | 19 |
| 18 | 81 | 19 |
| 19 | 81 | 19 |
| 20 | 82 | 18 |
| 21 | 82 | 18 |
| 22 | 82 | 18 |
| 23 | 81 | 19 |
| 24 | 81 | 19 |
| 25 | 81 | 19 |
| 26 | 81 | 19 |
| 27 | 81 | 19 |
| 28 | 80 | 20 |
Chance of precipitation in February
Robertson gets around 24 mm of rain over 4.5 wet days in February. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable rain averages around 16% and peaks near 18% on the wettest days.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 15 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 17 | 17 | 16 | 16 | 15 | 15 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 15 | 15 | 15 |
| Rain chance (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 15 |
| 2 | 16 |
| 3 | 16 |
| 4 | 16 |
| 5 | 17 |
| 6 | 17 |
| 7 | 17 |
| 8 | 18 |
| 9 | 18 |
| 10 | 18 |
| 11 | 18 |
| 12 | 18 |
| 13 | 18 |
| 14 | 18 |
| 15 | 18 |
| 16 | 17 |
| 17 | 17 |
| 18 | 16 |
| 19 | 16 |
| 20 | 15 |
| 21 | 15 |
| 22 | 14 |
| 23 | 14 |
| 24 | 14 |
| 25 | 14 |
| 26 | 15 |
| 27 | 15 |
| 28 | 15 |
Humidity in February
Most of February feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, February lands in the dry band about 53% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 56 | 56 | 55 | 55 | 54 | 54 | 54 | 54 | 53 | 53 | 53 | 53 | 52 | 52 | 52 | 52 | 51 | 51 | 52 | 52 | 52 | 52 | 52 | 52 | 53 | 52 | 53 | 53 |
| Comfortable (%) | 36 | 36 | 37 | 37 | 37 | 37 | 37 | 37 | 37 | 37 | 37 | 37 | 37 | 37 | 37 | 37 | 37 | 37 | 37 | 37 | 37 | 37 | 38 | 38 | 38 | 39 | 39 | 39 |
| Humid (%) | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 12 | 12 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 10 | 10 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 8 |
| Dry (%) | Comfortable (%) | Humid (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 56 | 36 | 8 |
| 2 | 56 | 36 | 8 |
| 3 | 55 | 37 | 8 |
| 4 | 55 | 37 | 8 |
| 5 | 54 | 37 | 9 |
| 6 | 54 | 37 | 9 |
| 7 | 54 | 37 | 9 |
| 8 | 54 | 37 | 9 |
| 9 | 53 | 37 | 10 |
| 10 | 53 | 37 | 10 |
| 11 | 53 | 37 | 10 |
| 12 | 53 | 37 | 10 |
| 13 | 52 | 37 | 11 |
| 14 | 52 | 37 | 11 |
| 15 | 52 | 37 | 11 |
| 16 | 52 | 37 | 11 |
| 17 | 51 | 37 | 12 |
| 18 | 51 | 37 | 12 |
| 19 | 52 | 37 | 11 |
| 20 | 52 | 37 | 11 |
| 21 | 52 | 37 | 11 |
| 22 | 52 | 37 | 11 |
| 23 | 52 | 38 | 10 |
| 24 | 52 | 38 | 10 |
| 25 | 53 | 38 | 9 |
| 26 | 52 | 39 | 9 |
| 27 | 53 | 39 | 8 |
| 28 | 53 | 39 | 8 |
Wind in February
Winds average 9 km/h in February.
Across February, daily wind ranges from about 9 km/h on the calmest days to 10 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 10 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 10 | calm |
| 2 | 9 | calm |
| 3 | 9 | calm |
| 4 | 9 | calm |
| 5 | 9 | calm |
| 6 | 9 | calm |
| 7 | 9 | calm |
| 8 | 9 | calm |
| 9 | 9 | calm |
| 10 | 9 | calm |
| 11 | 9 | calm |
| 12 | 9 | calm |
| 13 | 9 | calm |
| 14 | 9 | calm |
| 15 | 9 | calm |
| 16 | 9 | calm |
| 17 | 9 | calm |
| 18 | 9 | calm |
| 19 | 9 | calm |
| 20 | 9 | calm |
| 21 | 9 | calm |
| 22 | 9 | calm |
| 23 | 9 | calm |
| 24 | 9 | calm |
| 25 | 9 | calm |
| 26 | 9 | calm |
| 27 | 9 | calm |
| 28 | 9 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in February
Daylight runs from about 13 h 42 min at the start of February to 12 h 48 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days shrink by about 54 minutes over February. Sunrise moves from 6:04 AM to 6:29 AM, and sunset from 7:44 PM to 7:19 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 13.7 | 13.6 | 13.6 | 13.6 | 13.6 | 13.5 | 13.5 | 13.5 | 13.4 | 13.4 | 13.4 | 13.3 | 13.3 | 13.3 | 13.3 | 13.2 | 13.2 | 13.2 | 13.1 | 13.1 | 13.1 | 13.0 | 13.0 | 13.0 | 12.9 | 12.9 | 12.9 | 12.8 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 6:04 | 6:05 | 6:06 | 6:07 | 6:08 | 6:09 | 6:10 | 6:11 | 6:12 | 6:13 | 6:14 | 6:15 | 6:16 | 6:17 | 6:17 | 6:18 | 6:19 | 6:20 | 6:21 | 6:22 | 6:23 | 6:24 | 6:25 | 6:26 | 6:27 | 6:27 | 6:28 | 6:29 |
| Sunset (PM) | 7:44 | 7:43 | 7:42 | 7:42 | 7:41 | 7:40 | 7:40 | 7:39 | 7:38 | 7:37 | 7:36 | 7:35 | 7:34 | 7:34 | 7:33 | 7:32 | 7:31 | 7:30 | 7:29 | 7:28 | 7:27 | 7:25 | 7:24 | 7:23 | 7:22 | 7:21 | 7:20 | 7:19 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 13.7 | 6:04 | 7:44 |
| 2 | 13.6 | 6:05 | 7:43 |
| 3 | 13.6 | 6:06 | 7:42 |
| 4 | 13.6 | 6:07 | 7:42 |
| 5 | 13.6 | 6:08 | 7:41 |
| 6 | 13.5 | 6:09 | 7:40 |
| 7 | 13.5 | 6:10 | 7:40 |
| 8 | 13.5 | 6:11 | 7:39 |
| 9 | 13.4 | 6:12 | 7:38 |
| 10 | 13.4 | 6:13 | 7:37 |
| 11 | 13.4 | 6:14 | 7:36 |
| 12 | 13.3 | 6:15 | 7:35 |
| 13 | 13.3 | 6:16 | 7:34 |
| 14 | 13.3 | 6:17 | 7:34 |
| 15 | 13.3 | 6:17 | 7:33 |
| 16 | 13.2 | 6:18 | 7:32 |
| 17 | 13.2 | 6:19 | 7:31 |
| 18 | 13.2 | 6:20 | 7:30 |
| 19 | 13.1 | 6:21 | 7:29 |
| 20 | 13.1 | 6:22 | 7:28 |
| 21 | 13.1 | 6:23 | 7:27 |
| 22 | 13.0 | 6:24 | 7:25 |
| 23 | 13.0 | 6:25 | 7:24 |
| 24 | 13.0 | 6:26 | 7:23 |
| 25 | 12.9 | 6:27 | 7:22 |
| 26 | 12.9 | 6:27 | 7:21 |
| 27 | 12.9 | 6:28 | 7:20 |
| 28 | 12.8 | 6:29 | 7:19 |
Solar energy in February
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in February, about 7.05 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 2.63 kWh/m² to a high of 7.98 kWh/m² in December across the year — February's 7.05 kWh/m² falls in the middle.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 7.5 | 7.5 | 7.5 | 7.4 | 7.4 | 7.4 | 7.3 | 7.3 | 7.3 | 7.2 | 7.2 | 7.1 | 7.1 | 7.1 | 7.0 | 7.0 | 6.9 | 6.9 | 6.9 | 6.8 | 6.8 | 6.8 | 6.7 | 6.7 | 6.6 | 6.6 | 6.5 | 6.5 |
| Level | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 7.5 | Intense |
| 2 | 7.5 | Intense |
| 3 | 7.5 | Intense |
| 4 | 7.4 | Intense |
| 5 | 7.4 | Intense |
| 6 | 7.4 | Intense |
| 7 | 7.3 | Intense |
| 8 | 7.3 | Intense |
| 9 | 7.3 | Intense |
| 10 | 7.2 | Intense |
| 11 | 7.2 | Intense |
| 12 | 7.1 | Intense |
| 13 | 7.1 | Intense |
| 14 | 7.1 | Intense |
| 15 | 7.0 | Intense |
| 16 | 7.0 | Intense |
| 17 | 6.9 | Intense |
| 18 | 6.9 | Intense |
| 19 | 6.9 | Intense |
| 20 | 6.8 | Intense |
| 21 | 6.8 | Intense |
| 22 | 6.8 | Intense |
| 23 | 6.7 | Intense |
| 24 | 6.7 | Intense |
| 25 | 6.6 | Intense |
| 26 | 6.6 | Intense |
| 27 | 6.5 | Intense |
| 28 | 6.5 | Intense |
Is February a good time to visit Robertson?
Our two travel scores rate February for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
February is a reasonable time to visit Robertson for sightseeing. The water and warmth also suit a beach or pool day.
What to pack for Robertson in February
From February's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In February, Robertson sees daytime highs around 29°C and nights near 16°C. Pack light clothes and sun protection. About 5 days see rain.
UV index in Robertson in February
Clear-sky midday UV in February peaks around 10 (very high — sun protection essential). The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Robertson peaks around January 13 at about 13 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near June 20 at about 3 (moderate).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — in 11 months of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 13 | 10 | 10 | 6 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 6 | 10 | 12 | 12 |
| Level | Extreme | Very high | Very high | High | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | High | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 13 | Extreme |
| Feb | 10 | Very high |
| Mar | 10 | Very high |
| Apr | 6 | High |
| May | 4 | Moderate |
| Jun | 3 | Moderate |
| Jul | 3 | Moderate |
| Aug | 4 | Moderate |
| Sep | 6 | High |
| Oct | 10 | Extreme |
| Nov | 12 | Extreme |
| Dec | 12 | Extreme |
Air quality in Robertson in February
Average fine-particle pollution (PM2.5) through the year — so you can see where February falls, not just the annual average.
Air quality in Robertson is worst in June — around 17 µg/m³ PM2.5 (moderate), about 2.9× the cleanest month (January, 6 µg/m³).
Modeled monthly averages (CAMS reanalysis, 2015–2024).
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | 6 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 16 | 17 | 17 | 16 | 13 | 9 | 7 | 8 |
| Level | Good | Good | Good | Good | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Good | Good | Good |
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 6 | Good |
| Feb | 8 | Good |
| Mar | 9 | Good |
| Apr | 10 | Good |
| May | 16 | Moderate |
| Jun | 17 | Moderate |
| Jul | 17 | Moderate |
| Aug | 16 | Moderate |
| Sep | 13 | Moderate |
| Oct | 9 | Good |
| Nov | 7 | Good |
| Dec | 8 | Good |
Where is Robertson?
Robertson sits at 33.8°S, 19.9°E, 187 m above sea level, in South Africa. The nearest listed city is Ashton, 16 km away.
Topography around Robertson
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Robertson.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Robertson has significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 273 m around an average of 209 m above sea level; within 16 km, very significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 1,558 m; within 80 km, very significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 2,214 m.
The land around Robertson is covered by shrubs (42%) and cropland (21%) within 3 km, shrubs (54%) and grassland (26%) within 16 km, and grassland (44%), shrubs (30%) and cropland (21%) within 80 km.
South Africa travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 2
- Exercise Increased Caution
- Power plugs
- Type C / M / N
- 230 V · 50 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 41% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $6,598
- 2025
- Happiness
- 5.0 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 68%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 43.7
- per 100k, 2022
- Road deaths
- 22.2
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- Upper middle
- World Bank
- English
- Very high
- EF EPI 602
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Robertson (-33.8034°, 19.8854°, elevation 187 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Monthly air-quality (PM2.5) seasonality is from the CAMS EAC4 reanalysis (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service), scaled to the WHO annual mean where available. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).