Andújar weather in March
In March, Andújar sees average daytime highs of 19°C and overnight lows near 8°C, with 45 mm of rain across 7.2 wet days and about 11.7 hours of daylight. It is the 8th-warmest and 5th-wettest month of the year here.
Highs climb over the month, from about 17°C in the first days to 20°C by the end. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 41% of the time in March, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 11 h 06 min at the start of March to 12 h 18 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, March is Andújar's 8th-clearest and 2nd-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Andújar's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 19°
- 8th warmest
- Overnight low
- 8°
- 4th coldest
- Rainfall
- 45 mm
- 7.2 wet days
- Daylight
- 11 h 42 min
- 7:35 AM – 7:17 PM
- Cloud cover
- 49%
- 8th clearest
- Wind
- 8 km/h
- 2nd windiest
- Solar energy
- 4.72 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 6.7
- out of 10
Andújar is capital of Andújar Municipality, Spain.
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in March
Highs climb over the month, from about 17°C in the first days to 20°C by the end.
A typical March day in Andújar reaches about 19°C in the afternoon and slips back to 8°C overnight — a 11°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 14°C and 24°C. Set against its neighbours, March runs about 4°C warmer than February and about 3°C cooler than April.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 17 | 17 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 |
| Avg low (°C) | 6 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 17 | 6 |
| 2 | 17 | 6 |
| 3 | 18 | 7 |
| 4 | 18 | 7 |
| 5 | 18 | 7 |
| 6 | 18 | 7 |
| 7 | 18 | 7 |
| 8 | 18 | 7 |
| 9 | 19 | 7 |
| 10 | 19 | 7 |
| 11 | 19 | 7 |
| 12 | 19 | 7 |
| 13 | 19 | 8 |
| 14 | 19 | 8 |
| 15 | 19 | 8 |
| 16 | 20 | 8 |
| 17 | 20 | 8 |
| 18 | 20 | 8 |
| 19 | 20 | 8 |
| 20 | 20 | 8 |
| 21 | 20 | 8 |
| 22 | 20 | 8 |
| 23 | 20 | 8 |
| 24 | 20 | 9 |
| 25 | 20 | 9 |
| 26 | 20 | 9 |
| 27 | 20 | 9 |
| 28 | 20 | 9 |
| 29 | 20 | 9 |
| 30 | 20 | 9 |
| 31 | 20 | 9 |
How March really feels in Andújar
Once humidity and wind are folded in, March averages 0 days that feel above 32°C and 0 that feel at or below 0°C — the comfort signal a plain temperature reading hides.
March sits comfortably in between — no days that feel dangerously hot or drop to a hard freeze once humidity and wind are folded in.
Andújar weather by month
How March compares with the rest of the year at a glance. March is the 8th-warmest and 5th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 14° / 4° | 48 | 7.8 | 9.7 | 4.4 |
| Feb | 16° / 5° | 44 | 6.9 | 10.5 | 5.3 |
| Mar | 19° / 8° | 45 | 7.2 | 11.7 | 6.7 |
| Apr | 22° / 10° | 45 | 7.8 | 13 | 7.1 |
| May | 26° / 14° | 31 | 6 | 14 | 7.4 |
| Jun | 32° / 19° | 11 | 2.1 | 14.6 | 5.2 |
| Jul | 36° / 21° | 2 | 0.7 | 14.4 | 2.9 |
| Aug | 35° / 21° | 6 | 1.4 | 13.5 | 3.1 |
| Sep | 30° / 18° | 26 | 3.8 | 12.3 | 6.0 |
| Oct | 24° / 13° | 48 | 7.5 | 11 | 7.4 |
| Nov | 18° / 8° | 55 | 7.5 | 9.9 | 6.1 |
| Dec | 15° / 5° | 60 | 7.5 | 9.4 | 4.7 |
Cloud cover in March
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 41% of the time in March.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 15% of March, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 44%.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 53 | 52 | 53 | 53 | 53 | 53 | 54 | 55 | 55 | 57 | 57 | 58 | 59 | 60 | 60 | 60 | 60 | 60 | 59 | 59 | 58 | 57 | 56 | 56 | 54 | 54 | 54 | 54 | 52 | 52 | 53 |
| Cloudier (%) | 47 | 48 | 47 | 47 | 47 | 47 | 46 | 45 | 45 | 43 | 43 | 42 | 41 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 41 | 41 | 42 | 43 | 44 | 44 | 46 | 46 | 46 | 46 | 48 | 48 | 47 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 53 | 47 |
| 2 | 52 | 48 |
| 3 | 53 | 47 |
| 4 | 53 | 47 |
| 5 | 53 | 47 |
| 6 | 53 | 47 |
| 7 | 54 | 46 |
| 8 | 55 | 45 |
| 9 | 55 | 45 |
| 10 | 57 | 43 |
| 11 | 57 | 43 |
| 12 | 58 | 42 |
| 13 | 59 | 41 |
| 14 | 60 | 40 |
| 15 | 60 | 40 |
| 16 | 60 | 40 |
| 17 | 60 | 40 |
| 18 | 60 | 40 |
| 19 | 59 | 41 |
| 20 | 59 | 41 |
| 21 | 58 | 42 |
| 22 | 57 | 43 |
| 23 | 56 | 44 |
| 24 | 56 | 44 |
| 25 | 54 | 46 |
| 26 | 54 | 46 |
| 27 | 54 | 46 |
| 28 | 54 | 46 |
| 29 | 52 | 48 |
| 30 | 52 | 48 |
| 31 | 53 | 47 |
Chance of precipitation in March
Andújar gets around 45 mm of rain over 7.2 wet days in March. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable rain averages around 23% and peaks near 26% on the wettest days.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 26 | 26 | 26 | 25 | 25 | 24 | 24 | 23 | 23 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 23 | 23 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 26 |
| Rain chance (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 26 |
| 2 | 26 |
| 3 | 26 |
| 4 | 25 |
| 5 | 25 |
| 6 | 24 |
| 7 | 24 |
| 8 | 23 |
| 9 | 23 |
| 10 | 22 |
| 11 | 22 |
| 12 | 22 |
| 13 | 21 |
| 14 | 21 |
| 15 | 21 |
| 16 | 21 |
| 17 | 21 |
| 18 | 21 |
| 19 | 22 |
| 20 | 22 |
| 21 | 22 |
| 22 | 23 |
| 23 | 23 |
| 24 | 24 |
| 25 | 24 |
| 26 | 24 |
| 27 | 25 |
| 28 | 25 |
| 29 | 25 |
| 30 | 25 |
| 31 | 26 |
Humidity in March
Most of March feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, March lands in the dry band about 100% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| Comfortable (%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Dry (%) | Comfortable (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 100 | 0 |
| 2 | 100 | 0 |
| 3 | 100 | 0 |
| 4 | 100 | 0 |
| 5 | 99 | 1 |
| 6 | 99 | 1 |
| 7 | 99 | 1 |
| 8 | 99 | 1 |
| 9 | 99 | 1 |
| 10 | 99 | 1 |
| 11 | 99 | 1 |
| 12 | 99 | 1 |
| 13 | 99 | 1 |
| 14 | 99 | 1 |
| 15 | 100 | 0 |
| 16 | 100 | 0 |
| 17 | 100 | 0 |
| 18 | 100 | 0 |
| 19 | 100 | 0 |
| 20 | 100 | 0 |
| 21 | 100 | 0 |
| 22 | 100 | 0 |
| 23 | 100 | 0 |
| 24 | 100 | 0 |
| 25 | 100 | 0 |
| 26 | 100 | 0 |
| 27 | 100 | 0 |
| 28 | 100 | 0 |
| 29 | 100 | 0 |
| 30 | 100 | 0 |
| 31 | 100 | 0 |
Wind in March
Winds average 8 km/h in March.
Across March, daily wind ranges from about 8 km/h on the calmest days to 8 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 8 | calm |
| 2 | 8 | calm |
| 3 | 8 | calm |
| 4 | 8 | calm |
| 5 | 8 | calm |
| 6 | 8 | calm |
| 7 | 8 | calm |
| 8 | 8 | calm |
| 9 | 8 | calm |
| 10 | 8 | calm |
| 11 | 8 | calm |
| 12 | 8 | calm |
| 13 | 8 | calm |
| 14 | 8 | calm |
| 15 | 8 | calm |
| 16 | 8 | calm |
| 17 | 8 | calm |
| 18 | 8 | calm |
| 19 | 8 | calm |
| 20 | 8 | calm |
| 21 | 8 | calm |
| 22 | 8 | calm |
| 23 | 8 | calm |
| 24 | 8 | calm |
| 25 | 8 | calm |
| 26 | 8 | calm |
| 27 | 8 | calm |
| 28 | 8 | calm |
| 29 | 8 | calm |
| 30 | 8 | calm |
| 31 | 8 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in March
Daylight runs from about 11 h 06 min at the start of March to 12 h 18 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days grow by about 72 minutes over March. Sunrise moves from 7:57 AM to 7:11 AM, and sunset from 7:02 PM to 7:31 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 11.1 | 11.1 | 11.2 | 11.2 | 11.2 | 11.3 | 11.3 | 11.4 | 11.4 | 11.4 | 11.5 | 11.5 | 11.6 | 11.6 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.3 | 12.3 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 7:57 | 7:56 | 7:54 | 7:53 | 7:51 | 7:50 | 7:49 | 7:47 | 7:46 | 7:44 | 7:43 | 7:41 | 7:40 | 7:38 | 7:37 | 7:35 | 7:33 | 7:32 | 7:30 | 7:29 | 7:27 | 7:26 | 7:24 | 7:22 | 7:21 | 7:19 | 7:18 | 7:16 | 7:15 | 7:13 | 7:11 |
| Sunset (PM) | 7:02 | 7:03 | 7:04 | 7:05 | 7:06 | 7:07 | 7:08 | 7:09 | 7:10 | 7:11 | 7:12 | 7:13 | 7:14 | 7:15 | 7:16 | 7:17 | 7:18 | 7:19 | 7:20 | 7:21 | 7:22 | 7:22 | 7:23 | 7:24 | 7:25 | 7:26 | 7:27 | 7:28 | 7:29 | 7:30 | 7:31 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 11.1 | 7:57 | 7:02 |
| 2 | 11.1 | 7:56 | 7:03 |
| 3 | 11.2 | 7:54 | 7:04 |
| 4 | 11.2 | 7:53 | 7:05 |
| 5 | 11.2 | 7:51 | 7:06 |
| 6 | 11.3 | 7:50 | 7:07 |
| 7 | 11.3 | 7:49 | 7:08 |
| 8 | 11.4 | 7:47 | 7:09 |
| 9 | 11.4 | 7:46 | 7:10 |
| 10 | 11.4 | 7:44 | 7:11 |
| 11 | 11.5 | 7:43 | 7:12 |
| 12 | 11.5 | 7:41 | 7:13 |
| 13 | 11.6 | 7:40 | 7:14 |
| 14 | 11.6 | 7:38 | 7:15 |
| 15 | 11.7 | 7:37 | 7:16 |
| 16 | 11.7 | 7:35 | 7:17 |
| 17 | 11.7 | 7:33 | 7:18 |
| 18 | 11.8 | 7:32 | 7:19 |
| 19 | 11.8 | 7:30 | 7:20 |
| 20 | 11.9 | 7:29 | 7:21 |
| 21 | 11.9 | 7:27 | 7:22 |
| 22 | 11.9 | 7:26 | 7:22 |
| 23 | 12.0 | 7:24 | 7:23 |
| 24 | 12.0 | 7:22 | 7:24 |
| 25 | 12.1 | 7:21 | 7:25 |
| 26 | 12.1 | 7:19 | 7:26 |
| 27 | 12.2 | 7:18 | 7:27 |
| 28 | 12.2 | 7:16 | 7:28 |
| 29 | 12.2 | 7:15 | 7:29 |
| 30 | 12.3 | 7:13 | 7:30 |
| 31 | 12.3 | 7:11 | 7:31 |
Solar energy in March
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in March, about 4.72 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 2.16 kWh/m² to a high of 7.95 kWh/m² in July across the year — March's 4.72 kWh/m² falls in the middle.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.1 | 4.1 | 4.2 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.5 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 4.9 | 4.9 | 4.9 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.3 | 5.3 |
| Level | Moderate | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 4.0 | Moderate |
| 2 | 4.0 | Bright |
| 3 | 4.1 | Bright |
| 4 | 4.1 | Bright |
| 5 | 4.2 | Bright |
| 6 | 4.3 | Bright |
| 7 | 4.3 | Bright |
| 8 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 9 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 10 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 11 | 4.6 | Bright |
| 12 | 4.6 | Bright |
| 13 | 4.7 | Bright |
| 14 | 4.7 | Bright |
| 15 | 4.8 | Bright |
| 16 | 4.8 | Bright |
| 17 | 4.9 | Bright |
| 18 | 4.9 | Bright |
| 19 | 4.9 | Bright |
| 20 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 21 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 22 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 23 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 24 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 25 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 26 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 27 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 28 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 29 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 30 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 31 | 5.3 | Bright |
Is March a good time to visit Andújar?
Our two travel scores rate March for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
March is a reasonable time to visit Andújar for sightseeing.
What to pack for Andújar in March
From March's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In March, Andújar sees daytime highs around 19°C and nights near 8°C. Worth packing: a warm layer and sun protection. About 7 days see rain.
UV index in Andújar in March
Clear-sky midday UV in March peaks around 7 — enough to warrant sun protection. The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Andújar peaks around July 18 at about 10 (very high) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near December 19 at about 2 (low).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — in 8 months of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 2 | 3 | 7 | 8 | 7 | 9 | 10 | 9 | 7 | 5 | 3 | 2 |
| Level | Moderate | Moderate | High | Very high | Very high | Very high | Very high | Very high | High | Moderate | Moderate | Low |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 2 | Moderate |
| Feb | 3 | Moderate |
| Mar | 7 | High |
| Apr | 8 | Very high |
| May | 7 | Very high |
| Jun | 9 | Very high |
| Jul | 10 | Very high |
| Aug | 9 | Very high |
| Sep | 7 | High |
| Oct | 5 | Moderate |
| Nov | 3 | Moderate |
| Dec | 2 | Low |
Where is Andújar?
Andújar sits at 38.0°N, 4.1°W, 216 m above sea level, in Spain. The nearest listed city is Bailén, 25 km away.
Topography around Andújar
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Andújar.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Andújar has only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 128 m around an average of 218 m above sea level; within 16 km, significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 533 m; within 80 km, very significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 2,065 m.
The land around Andújar is covered by trees (45%) and cropland (32%) within 3 km, trees (75%) within 16 km, and trees (60%) and grassland (26%) within 80 km.
Spain travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 2
- Exercise Increased Caution
- Power plugs
- Type C / F
- 230 V · 50 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 65% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $38,627
- 2025
- Happiness
- 6.5 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 99%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 0.7
- per 100k, 2023
- Road deaths
- 3.9
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- High
- World Bank
- English
- Moderate
- EF EPI 540
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Andújar (38.0392°, -4.0508°, elevation 216 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).