Collado-Villalba weather in September
In September, Collado-Villalba sees average daytime highs of 23°C and overnight lows near 12°C, with 40 mm of rain across 6.9 wet days and about 12.3 hours of daylight. It is the 4th-warmest and 9th-wettest month of the year here.
Highs ease over the month, from about 26°C in the first days to 20°C by the end. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 47% of the time in September, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 12 h 54 min at the start of September to 11 h 36 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, September is Collado-Villalba's 4th-clearest and 12th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Collado-Villalba's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 23°
- 4th warmest
- Overnight low
- 12°
- 9th coldest
- Rainfall
- 40 mm
- 6.9 wet days
- Daylight
- 12 h 18 min
- 7:02 AM – 7:18 PM
- Cloud cover
- 44%
- 4th clearest
- Wind
- 7 km/h
- 12th windiest
- Solar energy
- 5.17 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 7.4
- out of 10
Collado-Villalba is capital city of Collado Villalba municipality, Madrid, Spain.
- Air quality
- Moderate
- PM2.5 10.6 µg/m³ · 2019
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in September
Highs ease over the month, from about 26°C in the first days to 20°C by the end.
A typical September day in Collado-Villalba reaches about 23°C in the afternoon and slips back to 12°C overnight — a 11°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 17°C and 28°C. Set against its neighbours, September runs about 5°C cooler than August and about 6°C warmer than October.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 |
| Avg low (°C) | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 26 | 14 |
| 2 | 26 | 14 |
| 3 | 26 | 14 |
| 4 | 26 | 14 |
| 5 | 25 | 13 |
| 6 | 25 | 13 |
| 7 | 25 | 13 |
| 8 | 25 | 13 |
| 9 | 24 | 13 |
| 10 | 24 | 13 |
| 11 | 24 | 13 |
| 12 | 24 | 12 |
| 13 | 23 | 12 |
| 14 | 23 | 12 |
| 15 | 23 | 12 |
| 16 | 23 | 12 |
| 17 | 22 | 12 |
| 18 | 22 | 11 |
| 19 | 22 | 11 |
| 20 | 22 | 11 |
| 21 | 22 | 11 |
| 22 | 21 | 11 |
| 23 | 21 | 11 |
| 24 | 21 | 11 |
| 25 | 21 | 10 |
| 26 | 21 | 10 |
| 27 | 20 | 10 |
| 28 | 20 | 10 |
| 29 | 20 | 10 |
| 30 | 20 | 10 |
How September really feels in Collado-Villalba
Once humidity and wind are folded in, September averages 0 days that feel above 32°C and 0 that feel at or below 0°C — the comfort signal a plain temperature reading hides.
September sits comfortably in between — no days that feel dangerously hot or drop to a hard freeze once humidity and wind are folded in.
Collado-Villalba weather by month
How September compares with the rest of the year at a glance. September is the 4th-warmest and 9th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Snow days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 7° / 0° | 59 | 9.6 | 4.9 | 9.4 | 0.9 |
| Feb | 9° / 1° | 49 | 8.6 | 4.3 | 10.4 | 1.7 |
| Mar | 12° / 3° | 62 | 10.1 | 2.8 | 11.7 | 3.2 |
| Apr | 14° / 5° | 75 | 12.3 | 1.9 | 13 | 4.0 |
| May | 19° / 8° | 75 | 12 | 0.3 | 14.2 | 5.7 |
| Jun | 24° / 12° | 38 | 7.6 | 0 | 14.9 | 7.4 |
| Jul | 29° / 15° | 18 | 4.3 | 0 | 14.6 | 7.1 |
| Aug | 28° / 15° | 21 | 5.2 | 0 | 13.6 | 7.1 |
| Sep | 23° / 12° | 40 | 6.9 | 0 | 12.3 | 7.4 |
| Oct | 17° / 8° | 80 | 10 | 0.2 | 10.9 | 5.3 |
| Nov | 11° / 3° | 74 | 10.4 | 1.8 | 9.7 | 2.5 |
| Dec | 8° / 1° | 63 | 9.1 | 2.8 | 9.1 | 1.2 |
Cloud cover in September
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 47% of the time in September.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 21% of September, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 33%. Skies tend to cloud over as the month goes on.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 80 | 80 | 79 | 78 | 76 | 76 | 74 | 74 | 73 | 72 | 71 | 69 | 69 | 67 | 67 | 65 | 65 | 63 | 62 | 62 | 61 | 61 | 60 | 60 | 60 | 59 | 59 | 58 | 58 | 58 |
| Cloudier (%) | 20 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 24 | 24 | 26 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 31 | 31 | 33 | 33 | 35 | 35 | 37 | 38 | 38 | 39 | 39 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 41 | 41 | 42 | 42 | 42 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 80 | 20 |
| 2 | 80 | 20 |
| 3 | 79 | 21 |
| 4 | 78 | 22 |
| 5 | 76 | 24 |
| 6 | 76 | 24 |
| 7 | 74 | 26 |
| 8 | 74 | 26 |
| 9 | 73 | 27 |
| 10 | 72 | 28 |
| 11 | 71 | 29 |
| 12 | 69 | 31 |
| 13 | 69 | 31 |
| 14 | 67 | 33 |
| 15 | 67 | 33 |
| 16 | 65 | 35 |
| 17 | 65 | 35 |
| 18 | 63 | 37 |
| 19 | 62 | 38 |
| 20 | 62 | 38 |
| 21 | 61 | 39 |
| 22 | 61 | 39 |
| 23 | 60 | 40 |
| 24 | 60 | 40 |
| 25 | 60 | 40 |
| 26 | 59 | 41 |
| 27 | 59 | 41 |
| 28 | 58 | 42 |
| 29 | 58 | 42 |
| 30 | 58 | 42 |
Chance of precipitation in September
Collado-Villalba gets around 40 mm of rain over 6.9 wet days in September. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable rain averages around 22% and peaks near 25% on the wettest days.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 20 | 20 | 21 | 21 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 23 | 23 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 23 | 23 |
| Rain chance (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 18 |
| 2 | 18 |
| 3 | 18 |
| 4 | 18 |
| 5 | 19 |
| 6 | 19 |
| 7 | 19 |
| 8 | 20 |
| 9 | 20 |
| 10 | 21 |
| 11 | 21 |
| 12 | 22 |
| 13 | 22 |
| 14 | 22 |
| 15 | 23 |
| 16 | 23 |
| 17 | 24 |
| 18 | 24 |
| 19 | 24 |
| 20 | 25 |
| 21 | 25 |
| 22 | 25 |
| 23 | 25 |
| 24 | 25 |
| 25 | 25 |
| 26 | 24 |
| 27 | 24 |
| 28 | 24 |
| 29 | 23 |
| 30 | 23 |
Humidity in September
Most of September feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, September lands in the dry band about 97% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 96 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 |
| Comfortable (%) | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
| Dry (%) | Comfortable (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 96 | 4 |
| 2 | 96 | 4 |
| 3 | 96 | 4 |
| 4 | 96 | 4 |
| 5 | 96 | 4 |
| 6 | 96 | 4 |
| 7 | 96 | 4 |
| 8 | 96 | 4 |
| 9 | 96 | 4 |
| 10 | 96 | 4 |
| 11 | 96 | 4 |
| 12 | 96 | 4 |
| 13 | 96 | 4 |
| 14 | 97 | 3 |
| 15 | 97 | 3 |
| 16 | 97 | 3 |
| 17 | 97 | 3 |
| 18 | 97 | 3 |
| 19 | 97 | 3 |
| 20 | 97 | 3 |
| 21 | 97 | 3 |
| 22 | 97 | 3 |
| 23 | 98 | 2 |
| 24 | 98 | 2 |
| 25 | 98 | 2 |
| 26 | 98 | 2 |
| 27 | 98 | 2 |
| 28 | 98 | 2 |
| 29 | 98 | 2 |
| 30 | 98 | 2 |
Wind in September
Winds average 7 km/h in September, the calmest month.
Across September, daily wind ranges from about 7 km/h on the calmest days to 8 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 7 | calm |
| 2 | 7 | calm |
| 3 | 7 | calm |
| 4 | 7 | calm |
| 5 | 7 | calm |
| 6 | 7 | calm |
| 7 | 7 | calm |
| 8 | 7 | calm |
| 9 | 7 | calm |
| 10 | 7 | calm |
| 11 | 8 | calm |
| 12 | 8 | calm |
| 13 | 8 | calm |
| 14 | 8 | calm |
| 15 | 8 | calm |
| 16 | 8 | calm |
| 17 | 8 | calm |
| 18 | 8 | calm |
| 19 | 8 | calm |
| 20 | 8 | calm |
| 21 | 8 | calm |
| 22 | 8 | calm |
| 23 | 8 | calm |
| 24 | 8 | calm |
| 25 | 8 | calm |
| 26 | 8 | calm |
| 27 | 8 | calm |
| 28 | 8 | calm |
| 29 | 8 | calm |
| 30 | 8 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in September
Daylight runs from about 12 h 54 min at the start of September to 11 h 36 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days shrink by about 78 minutes over September. Sunrise moves from 6:47 AM to 7:17 AM, and sunset from 7:44 PM to 6:54 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 12.9 | 12.9 | 12.9 | 12.8 | 12.8 | 12.7 | 12.7 | 12.6 | 12.6 | 12.5 | 12.5 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.6 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 6:47 | 6:48 | 6:49 | 6:50 | 6:51 | 6:52 | 6:53 | 6:54 | 6:55 | 6:56 | 6:57 | 6:58 | 6:59 | 7:00 | 7:01 | 7:02 | 7:03 | 7:04 | 7:05 | 7:06 | 7:07 | 7:08 | 7:09 | 7:11 | 7:12 | 7:13 | 7:14 | 7:15 | 7:16 | 7:17 |
| Sunset (PM) | 7:44 | 7:42 | 7:41 | 7:39 | 7:37 | 7:36 | 7:34 | 7:32 | 7:31 | 7:29 | 7:27 | 7:25 | 7:24 | 7:22 | 7:20 | 7:18 | 7:17 | 7:15 | 7:13 | 7:11 | 7:10 | 7:08 | 7:06 | 7:04 | 7:03 | 7:01 | 6:59 | 6:57 | 6:56 | 6:54 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 12.9 | 6:47 | 7:44 |
| 2 | 12.9 | 6:48 | 7:42 |
| 3 | 12.9 | 6:49 | 7:41 |
| 4 | 12.8 | 6:50 | 7:39 |
| 5 | 12.8 | 6:51 | 7:37 |
| 6 | 12.7 | 6:52 | 7:36 |
| 7 | 12.7 | 6:53 | 7:34 |
| 8 | 12.6 | 6:54 | 7:32 |
| 9 | 12.6 | 6:55 | 7:31 |
| 10 | 12.5 | 6:56 | 7:29 |
| 11 | 12.5 | 6:57 | 7:27 |
| 12 | 12.4 | 6:58 | 7:25 |
| 13 | 12.4 | 6:59 | 7:24 |
| 14 | 12.4 | 7:00 | 7:22 |
| 15 | 12.3 | 7:01 | 7:20 |
| 16 | 12.3 | 7:02 | 7:18 |
| 17 | 12.2 | 7:03 | 7:17 |
| 18 | 12.2 | 7:04 | 7:15 |
| 19 | 12.1 | 7:05 | 7:13 |
| 20 | 12.1 | 7:06 | 7:11 |
| 21 | 12.0 | 7:07 | 7:10 |
| 22 | 12.0 | 7:08 | 7:08 |
| 23 | 11.9 | 7:09 | 7:06 |
| 24 | 11.9 | 7:11 | 7:04 |
| 25 | 11.8 | 7:12 | 7:03 |
| 26 | 11.8 | 7:13 | 7:01 |
| 27 | 11.8 | 7:14 | 6:59 |
| 28 | 11.7 | 7:15 | 6:57 |
| 29 | 11.7 | 7:16 | 6:56 |
| 30 | 11.6 | 7:17 | 6:54 |
Solar energy in September
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in September, about 5.17 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 1.79 kWh/m² to a high of 7.66 kWh/m² in July across the year — September's 5.17 kWh/m² falls in the middle.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 6.0 | 6.0 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 5.6 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.4 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.2 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.0 | 4.9 | 4.9 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.6 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.3 |
| Level | Intense | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 6.0 | Intense |
| 2 | 6.0 | Bright |
| 3 | 5.9 | Bright |
| 4 | 5.9 | Bright |
| 5 | 5.8 | Bright |
| 6 | 5.8 | Bright |
| 7 | 5.7 | Bright |
| 8 | 5.7 | Bright |
| 9 | 5.6 | Bright |
| 10 | 5.5 | Bright |
| 11 | 5.5 | Bright |
| 12 | 5.4 | Bright |
| 13 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 14 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 15 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 16 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 17 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 18 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 19 | 4.9 | Bright |
| 20 | 4.9 | Bright |
| 21 | 4.8 | Bright |
| 22 | 4.8 | Bright |
| 23 | 4.7 | Bright |
| 24 | 4.7 | Bright |
| 25 | 4.6 | Bright |
| 26 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 27 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 28 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 29 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 30 | 4.3 | Bright |
Is September a good time to visit Collado-Villalba?
Our two travel scores rate September for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
September is one of the better times to visit Collado-Villalba for general sightseeing.
What to pack for Collado-Villalba in September
From September's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In September, Collado-Villalba sees daytime highs around 23°C and nights near 12°C. Worth packing: light clothes and sun protection. About 7 days see rain.
UV index in Collado-Villalba in September
Clear-sky midday UV in September peaks around 7 — enough to warrant sun protection. The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Collado-Villalba peaks around July 15 at about 10 (very high) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near December 20 at about 2 (low).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — in 8 months of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 2 | 3 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 9 | 10 | 9 | 7 | 4 | 2 | 2 |
| Level | Low | Moderate | High | High | High | Very high | Very high | Very high | High | Moderate | Moderate | Low |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 2 | Low |
| Feb | 3 | Moderate |
| Mar | 6 | High |
| Apr | 7 | High |
| May | 7 | High |
| Jun | 9 | Very high |
| Jul | 10 | Very high |
| Aug | 9 | Very high |
| Sep | 7 | High |
| Oct | 4 | Moderate |
| Nov | 2 | Moderate |
| Dec | 2 | Low |
Where is Collado-Villalba?
Collado-Villalba sits at 40.6°N, 4.0°W, 884 m above sea level, in Spain. The nearest listed city is Galapagar, 6.0 km away.
Topography around Collado-Villalba
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Collado-Villalba.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Collado-Villalba has only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 222 m around an average of 908 m above sea level; within 16 km, very significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 1,601 m; within 80 km, very significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 2,012 m.
The land around Collado-Villalba is covered by trees (36%), grassland (31%) and artificial surfaces (28%) within 3 km, trees (50%) and grassland (37%) within 16 km, and grassland (37%), cropland (32%) and trees (25%) within 80 km.
Spain travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 2
- Exercise Increased Caution
- Power plugs
- Type C / F
- 230 V · 50 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 65% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $38,627
- 2025
- Happiness
- 6.5 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 99%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 0.7
- per 100k, 2023
- Road deaths
- 3.9
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- High
- World Bank
- English
- Moderate
- EF EPI 540
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Collado-Villalba (40.6351°, -4.0049°, elevation 884 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).