Jaén weather in April
In April, Jaén sees average daytime highs of 19°C and overnight lows near 8°C, with 69 mm of precipitation across 9.6 wet days and about 12.9 hours of daylight. It is the 7th-warmest and 3rd-wettest month of the year here.
Highs climb over the month, from about 18°C in the first days to 20°C by the end. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 39% of the time in April, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 12 h 24 min at the start of April to 13 h 30 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, April is Jaén's 10th-clearest and 1st-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Jaén's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 19°
- 7th warmest
- Overnight low
- 8°
- 6th coldest
- Precipitation
- 69 mm
- 9.6 wet days
- Daylight
- 13 hours
- 6:46 AM – 7:45 PM
- Cloud cover
- 50%
- 10th clearest
- Wind
- 8 km/h
- 1st windiest
- Solar energy
- 5.88 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 6.3
- out of 10
Jaén is settlement in Spain.
- Air quality
- Good
- PM10 28.7 µg/m³ · 2010
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in April
Highs climb over the month, from about 18°C in the first days to 20°C by the end.
A typical April day in Jaén reaches about 19°C in the afternoon and slips back to 8°C overnight — a 11°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 13°C and 24°C. Set against its neighbours, April runs about 2°C warmer than March and about 4°C cooler than May.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 21 |
| Avg low (°C) | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 10 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 18 | 7 |
| 2 | 18 | 7 |
| 3 | 18 | 7 |
| 4 | 18 | 7 |
| 5 | 18 | 7 |
| 6 | 18 | 7 |
| 7 | 18 | 7 |
| 8 | 18 | 7 |
| 9 | 18 | 7 |
| 10 | 19 | 8 |
| 11 | 19 | 8 |
| 12 | 19 | 8 |
| 13 | 19 | 8 |
| 14 | 19 | 8 |
| 15 | 19 | 8 |
| 16 | 19 | 8 |
| 17 | 19 | 8 |
| 18 | 19 | 8 |
| 19 | 19 | 8 |
| 20 | 19 | 8 |
| 21 | 19 | 9 |
| 22 | 20 | 9 |
| 23 | 20 | 9 |
| 24 | 20 | 9 |
| 25 | 20 | 9 |
| 26 | 20 | 9 |
| 27 | 20 | 9 |
| 28 | 20 | 9 |
| 29 | 20 | 9 |
| 30 | 21 | 10 |
How April really feels in Jaén
Once humidity and wind are folded in, April averages 0 days that feel above 32°C and 0 that feel at or below 0°C — the comfort signal a plain temperature reading hides.
April sits comfortably in between — no days that feel dangerously hot or drop to a hard freeze once humidity and wind are folded in.
Jaén weather by month
How April compares with the rest of the year at a glance. April is the 7th-warmest and 3rd-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Snow days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 12° / 3° | 56 | 8.1 | 0.7 | 9.7 | 3.5 |
| Feb | 14° / 4° | 54 | 7.8 | 0.5 | 10.5 | 4.2 |
| Mar | 17° / 6° | 63 | 8.6 | 0.2 | 11.7 | 5.7 |
| Apr | 19° / 8° | 69 | 9.6 | 0.1 | 12.9 | 6.3 |
| May | 23° / 12° | 56 | 8.2 | 0 | 14 | 7.4 |
| Jun | 28° / 16° | 23 | 3.6 | 0 | 14.6 | 7.1 |
| Jul | 33° / 18° | 5 | 1.7 | 0 | 14.3 | 5.0 |
| Aug | 32° / 18° | 13 | 3 | 0 | 13.5 | 4.9 |
| Sep | 27° / 15° | 42 | 5.8 | 0 | 12.3 | 7.1 |
| Oct | 22° / 11° | 65 | 8.3 | 0 | 11 | 7.1 |
| Nov | 16° / 6° | 69 | 8.1 | 0.1 | 10 | 5.2 |
| Dec | 13° / 4° | 71 | 8.3 | 0.2 | 9.4 | 3.8 |
Cloud cover in April
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 39% of the time in April.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 17% of April, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 44%.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 52 | 53 | 53 | 54 | 54 | 55 | 56 | 56 | 57 | 57 | 57 | 57 | 57 | 57 | 56 | 56 | 56 | 55 | 55 | 56 | 55 | 55 | 55 | 56 | 56 | 57 | 57 | 57 | 58 | 59 |
| Cloudier (%) | 48 | 47 | 47 | 46 | 46 | 45 | 44 | 44 | 43 | 43 | 43 | 43 | 43 | 43 | 44 | 44 | 44 | 45 | 45 | 44 | 45 | 45 | 45 | 44 | 44 | 43 | 43 | 43 | 42 | 41 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 52 | 48 |
| 2 | 53 | 47 |
| 3 | 53 | 47 |
| 4 | 54 | 46 |
| 5 | 54 | 46 |
| 6 | 55 | 45 |
| 7 | 56 | 44 |
| 8 | 56 | 44 |
| 9 | 57 | 43 |
| 10 | 57 | 43 |
| 11 | 57 | 43 |
| 12 | 57 | 43 |
| 13 | 57 | 43 |
| 14 | 57 | 43 |
| 15 | 56 | 44 |
| 16 | 56 | 44 |
| 17 | 56 | 44 |
| 18 | 55 | 45 |
| 19 | 55 | 45 |
| 20 | 56 | 44 |
| 21 | 55 | 45 |
| 22 | 55 | 45 |
| 23 | 55 | 45 |
| 24 | 56 | 44 |
| 25 | 56 | 44 |
| 26 | 57 | 43 |
| 27 | 57 | 43 |
| 28 | 57 | 43 |
| 29 | 58 | 42 |
| 30 | 59 | 41 |
Chance of precipitation in April
Jaén gets around 69 mm of rain and snow over 9.6 wet days in April. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable precipitation averages around 32% and peaks near 32% on the wettest days, and about 0 day brings snow.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 |
| Rain chance (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 31 |
| 2 | 31 |
| 3 | 31 |
| 4 | 31 |
| 5 | 31 |
| 6 | 31 |
| 7 | 31 |
| 8 | 31 |
| 9 | 32 |
| 10 | 32 |
| 11 | 32 |
| 12 | 32 |
| 13 | 32 |
| 14 | 32 |
| 15 | 32 |
| 16 | 32 |
| 17 | 32 |
| 18 | 32 |
| 19 | 32 |
| 20 | 32 |
| 21 | 32 |
| 22 | 32 |
| 23 | 32 |
| 24 | 32 |
| 25 | 32 |
| 26 | 31 |
| 27 | 31 |
| 28 | 31 |
| 29 | 31 |
| 30 | 31 |
Humidity in April
Most of April feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, April lands in the dry band about 100% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 99 |
| Comfortable (%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Dry (%) | Comfortable (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 100 | 0 |
| 2 | 100 | 0 |
| 3 | 100 | 0 |
| 4 | 100 | 0 |
| 5 | 100 | 0 |
| 6 | 100 | 0 |
| 7 | 100 | 0 |
| 8 | 100 | 0 |
| 9 | 100 | 0 |
| 10 | 100 | 0 |
| 11 | 100 | 0 |
| 12 | 100 | 0 |
| 13 | 100 | 0 |
| 14 | 100 | 0 |
| 15 | 100 | 0 |
| 16 | 100 | 0 |
| 17 | 100 | 0 |
| 18 | 100 | 0 |
| 19 | 100 | 0 |
| 20 | 100 | 0 |
| 21 | 100 | 0 |
| 22 | 100 | 0 |
| 23 | 100 | 0 |
| 24 | 100 | 0 |
| 25 | 100 | 0 |
| 26 | 100 | 0 |
| 27 | 100 | 0 |
| 28 | 100 | 0 |
| 29 | 100 | 0 |
| 30 | 99 | 1 |
Wind in April
Winds average 8 km/h in April, the windiest month of the year.
Across April, daily wind ranges from about 8 km/h on the calmest days to 8 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 8 | calm |
| 2 | 8 | calm |
| 3 | 8 | calm |
| 4 | 8 | calm |
| 5 | 8 | calm |
| 6 | 8 | calm |
| 7 | 8 | calm |
| 8 | 8 | calm |
| 9 | 8 | calm |
| 10 | 8 | calm |
| 11 | 8 | calm |
| 12 | 8 | calm |
| 13 | 8 | calm |
| 14 | 8 | calm |
| 15 | 8 | calm |
| 16 | 8 | calm |
| 17 | 8 | calm |
| 18 | 8 | calm |
| 19 | 8 | calm |
| 20 | 8 | calm |
| 21 | 8 | calm |
| 22 | 8 | calm |
| 23 | 8 | calm |
| 24 | 8 | calm |
| 25 | 8 | calm |
| 26 | 8 | calm |
| 27 | 8 | calm |
| 28 | 8 | calm |
| 29 | 8 | calm |
| 30 | 8 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in April
Daylight runs from about 12 h 24 min at the start of April to 13 h 30 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days grow by about 66 minutes over April. Sunrise moves from 7:09 AM to 6:27 AM, and sunset from 7:31 PM to 7:58 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.5 | 12.5 | 12.6 | 12.6 | 12.7 | 12.7 | 12.7 | 12.8 | 12.8 | 12.9 | 12.9 | 12.9 | 13.0 | 13.0 | 13.1 | 13.1 | 13.1 | 13.2 | 13.2 | 13.2 | 13.3 | 13.3 | 13.4 | 13.4 | 13.4 | 13.5 | 13.5 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 7:09 | 7:07 | 7:06 | 7:04 | 7:03 | 7:01 | 7:00 | 6:58 | 6:57 | 6:55 | 6:54 | 6:52 | 6:51 | 6:49 | 6:48 | 6:46 | 6:45 | 6:43 | 6:42 | 6:40 | 6:39 | 6:38 | 6:36 | 6:35 | 6:34 | 6:32 | 6:31 | 6:30 | 6:29 | 6:27 |
| Sunset (PM) | 7:31 | 7:32 | 7:33 | 7:34 | 7:34 | 7:35 | 7:36 | 7:37 | 7:38 | 7:39 | 7:40 | 7:41 | 7:42 | 7:43 | 7:44 | 7:45 | 7:46 | 7:46 | 7:47 | 7:48 | 7:49 | 7:50 | 7:51 | 7:52 | 7:53 | 7:54 | 7:55 | 7:56 | 7:57 | 7:58 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 12.4 | 7:09 | 7:31 |
| 2 | 12.4 | 7:07 | 7:32 |
| 3 | 12.4 | 7:06 | 7:33 |
| 4 | 12.5 | 7:04 | 7:34 |
| 5 | 12.5 | 7:03 | 7:34 |
| 6 | 12.6 | 7:01 | 7:35 |
| 7 | 12.6 | 7:00 | 7:36 |
| 8 | 12.7 | 6:58 | 7:37 |
| 9 | 12.7 | 6:57 | 7:38 |
| 10 | 12.7 | 6:55 | 7:39 |
| 11 | 12.8 | 6:54 | 7:40 |
| 12 | 12.8 | 6:52 | 7:41 |
| 13 | 12.9 | 6:51 | 7:42 |
| 14 | 12.9 | 6:49 | 7:43 |
| 15 | 12.9 | 6:48 | 7:44 |
| 16 | 13.0 | 6:46 | 7:45 |
| 17 | 13.0 | 6:45 | 7:46 |
| 18 | 13.1 | 6:43 | 7:46 |
| 19 | 13.1 | 6:42 | 7:47 |
| 20 | 13.1 | 6:40 | 7:48 |
| 21 | 13.2 | 6:39 | 7:49 |
| 22 | 13.2 | 6:38 | 7:50 |
| 23 | 13.2 | 6:36 | 7:51 |
| 24 | 13.3 | 6:35 | 7:52 |
| 25 | 13.3 | 6:34 | 7:53 |
| 26 | 13.4 | 6:32 | 7:54 |
| 27 | 13.4 | 6:31 | 7:55 |
| 28 | 13.4 | 6:30 | 7:56 |
| 29 | 13.5 | 6:29 | 7:57 |
| 30 | 13.5 | 6:27 | 7:58 |
Solar energy in April
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in April, about 5.88 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 2.2 kWh/m² to a high of 7.97 kWh/m² in July across the year — April's 5.88 kWh/m² falls in the middle.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.6 | 5.6 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 6.1 | 6.1 | 6.1 | 6.2 | 6.2 | 6.2 | 6.3 |
| Level | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 5.4 | Bright |
| 2 | 5.4 | Bright |
| 3 | 5.5 | Bright |
| 4 | 5.5 | Bright |
| 5 | 5.6 | Bright |
| 6 | 5.6 | Bright |
| 7 | 5.7 | Bright |
| 8 | 5.7 | Bright |
| 9 | 5.7 | Bright |
| 10 | 5.8 | Bright |
| 11 | 5.8 | Bright |
| 12 | 5.8 | Bright |
| 13 | 5.8 | Bright |
| 14 | 5.9 | Bright |
| 15 | 5.9 | Bright |
| 16 | 5.9 | Bright |
| 17 | 5.9 | Bright |
| 18 | 5.9 | Bright |
| 19 | 6.0 | Bright |
| 20 | 6.0 | Bright |
| 21 | 6.0 | Intense |
| 22 | 6.0 | Intense |
| 23 | 6.0 | Intense |
| 24 | 6.1 | Intense |
| 25 | 6.1 | Intense |
| 26 | 6.1 | Intense |
| 27 | 6.2 | Intense |
| 28 | 6.2 | Intense |
| 29 | 6.2 | Intense |
| 30 | 6.3 | Intense |
Is April a good time to visit Jaén?
Our two travel scores rate April for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
April is a reasonable time to visit Jaén for sightseeing.
What to pack for Jaén in April
From April's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In April, Jaén sees daytime highs around 19°C and nights near 8°C. Worth packing: rain gear and sun protection. About 10 days see rain.
UV index in Jaén in April
Clear-sky midday UV in April peaks around 8 (very high — sun protection essential). The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Jaén peaks around July 18 at about 10 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near December 19 at about 2 (moderate).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — in 9 months of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 3 | 3 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 11 | 9 | 7 | 5 | 3 | 2 |
| Level | Moderate | Moderate | Very high | Very high | Very high | Very high | Extreme | Very high | Very high | High | Moderate | Moderate |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 3 | Moderate |
| Feb | 3 | Moderate |
| Mar | 7 | Very high |
| Apr | 8 | Very high |
| May | 8 | Very high |
| Jun | 9 | Very high |
| Jul | 11 | Extreme |
| Aug | 9 | Very high |
| Sep | 7 | Very high |
| Oct | 5 | High |
| Nov | 3 | Moderate |
| Dec | 2 | Moderate |
Where is Jaén?
Jaén sits at 37.8°N, 3.8°W, 558 m above sea level, in Spain. The nearest listed city is Martos, 17 km away.
Topography around Jaén
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Jaén.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Jaén has large variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 769 m around an average of 561 m above sea level; within 16 km, very significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 1,561 m; within 80 km, very significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 2,239 m.
The land around Jaén is covered by trees (52%), artificial surfaces (24%) and grassland (20%) within 3 km, trees (64%) and grassland (24%) within 16 km, and trees (63%) and grassland (22%) within 80 km.
Spain travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 2
- Exercise Increased Caution
- Power plugs
- Type C / F
- 230 V · 50 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 65% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $38,627
- 2025
- Happiness
- 6.5 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 99%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 0.7
- per 100k, 2023
- Road deaths
- 3.9
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- High
- World Bank
- English
- Moderate
- EF EPI 540
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Jaén (37.7692°, -3.7903°, elevation 558 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).