Lugo weather in February
In February, Lugo sees average daytime highs of 11°C and overnight lows near 4°C, with 81 mm of precipitation across 10.4 wet days and about 10.2 hours of daylight. It is the 10th-warmest and 7th-wettest month of the year here.
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 11°C through the month. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 23% of the time in February, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 9 h 42 min at the start of February to 10 h 54 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, February is Lugo's 9th-clearest and 3rd-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Lugo's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 11°
- 10th warmest
- Overnight low
- 4°
- 1st coldest
- Precipitation
- 81 mm
- 10.4 wet days
- Daylight
- 10 h 12 min
- 8:37 AM – 6:52 PM
- Cloud cover
- 67%
- 9th clearest
- Wind
- 13 km/h
- 3rd windiest
- Solar energy
- 2.44 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 2.7
- out of 10
Lugo is city in Galicia, Spain.
- Air quality
- Good
- PM2.5 8.4 µg/m³ · 2019
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in February
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 11°C through the month.
A typical February day in Lugo reaches about 11°C in the afternoon and slips back to 4°C overnight — a 7°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 7°C and 15°C. Set against its neighbours, February runs about 1°C warmer than January and about 2°C cooler than March.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 |
| Avg low (°C) | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 11 | 4 |
| 2 | 11 | 4 |
| 3 | 11 | 4 |
| 4 | 11 | 4 |
| 5 | 11 | 4 |
| 6 | 11 | 4 |
| 7 | 11 | 4 |
| 8 | 11 | 4 |
| 9 | 11 | 4 |
| 10 | 11 | 4 |
| 11 | 11 | 4 |
| 12 | 11 | 4 |
| 13 | 11 | 4 |
| 14 | 11 | 4 |
| 15 | 11 | 4 |
| 16 | 11 | 4 |
| 17 | 11 | 4 |
| 18 | 11 | 4 |
| 19 | 11 | 4 |
| 20 | 11 | 4 |
| 21 | 11 | 4 |
| 22 | 11 | 4 |
| 23 | 12 | 4 |
| 24 | 12 | 4 |
| 25 | 12 | 4 |
| 26 | 12 | 4 |
| 27 | 12 | 4 |
| 28 | 12 | 4 |
Lugo weather by month
How February compares with the rest of the year at a glance. February is the 10th-warmest and 7th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Snow days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 10° / 4° | 107 | 13 | 0.6 | 9.2 | 2.1 |
| Feb | 11° / 4° | 81 | 10.4 | 0.9 | 10.2 | 2.7 |
| Mar | 14° / 5° | 86 | 11.6 | 0.4 | 11.6 | 3.7 |
| Apr | 15° / 7° | 91 | 13.3 | 0.1 | 13.1 | 4.1 |
| May | 18° / 9° | 74 | 12.4 | 0 | 14.4 | 5.3 |
| Jun | 21° / 12° | 48 | 8.1 | 0 | 15.1 | 6.7 |
| Jul | 23° / 13° | 25 | 4.9 | 0 | 14.8 | 7.9 |
| Aug | 24° / 14° | 35 | 5.9 | 0 | 13.8 | 7.8 |
| Sep | 21° / 12° | 55 | 8.3 | 0 | 12.3 | 6.8 |
| Oct | 17° / 10° | 109 | 12.5 | 0 | 10.8 | 5.2 |
| Nov | 13° / 7° | 119 | 14.1 | 0.1 | 9.5 | 3.1 |
| Dec | 11° / 5° | 115 | 12.8 | 0.3 | 8.9 | 2.4 |
Cloud cover in February
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 23% of the time in February.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 10% of February, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 67%.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 31 | 30 | 30 | 31 | 30 | 30 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 33 | 33 | 33 | 33 | 34 | 34 | 35 | 35 | 35 | 36 | 35 | 34 | 34 | 35 | 34 | 34 | 33 | 33 | 33 |
| Cloudier (%) | 69 | 70 | 70 | 69 | 70 | 70 | 68 | 68 | 68 | 67 | 67 | 67 | 67 | 66 | 66 | 65 | 65 | 65 | 64 | 65 | 66 | 66 | 65 | 66 | 66 | 67 | 67 | 67 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 31 | 69 |
| 2 | 30 | 70 |
| 3 | 30 | 70 |
| 4 | 31 | 69 |
| 5 | 30 | 70 |
| 6 | 30 | 70 |
| 7 | 32 | 68 |
| 8 | 32 | 68 |
| 9 | 32 | 68 |
| 10 | 33 | 67 |
| 11 | 33 | 67 |
| 12 | 33 | 67 |
| 13 | 33 | 67 |
| 14 | 34 | 66 |
| 15 | 34 | 66 |
| 16 | 35 | 65 |
| 17 | 35 | 65 |
| 18 | 35 | 65 |
| 19 | 36 | 64 |
| 20 | 35 | 65 |
| 21 | 34 | 66 |
| 22 | 34 | 66 |
| 23 | 35 | 65 |
| 24 | 34 | 66 |
| 25 | 34 | 66 |
| 26 | 33 | 67 |
| 27 | 33 | 67 |
| 28 | 33 | 67 |
Chance of precipitation in February
Lugo gets around 81 mm of rain and snow over 10.4 wet days in February. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable precipitation averages around 37% and peaks near 40% on the wettest days, and about 1 day brings snow.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 38 | 39 | 39 | 39 | 39 | 39 | 38 | 38 | 38 | 37 | 37 | 36 | 36 | 36 | 35 | 35 | 35 | 35 | 35 | 36 | 36 | 37 | 37 | 38 | 39 | 39 | 40 | 40 |
| Snow chance (%) | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
| Rain chance (%) | Snow chance (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 38 | 2 |
| 2 | 39 | 2 |
| 3 | 39 | 2 |
| 4 | 39 | 2 |
| 5 | 39 | 2 |
| 6 | 39 | 2 |
| 7 | 38 | 2 |
| 8 | 38 | 2 |
| 9 | 38 | 2 |
| 10 | 37 | 2 |
| 11 | 37 | 2 |
| 12 | 36 | 2 |
| 13 | 36 | 2 |
| 14 | 36 | 2 |
| 15 | 35 | 2 |
| 16 | 35 | 2 |
| 17 | 35 | 2 |
| 18 | 35 | 2 |
| 19 | 35 | 3 |
| 20 | 36 | 3 |
| 21 | 36 | 3 |
| 22 | 37 | 3 |
| 23 | 37 | 4 |
| 24 | 38 | 4 |
| 25 | 39 | 4 |
| 26 | 39 | 4 |
| 27 | 40 | 4 |
| 28 | 40 | 4 |
Humidity in February
Most of February feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, February lands in the dry band about 100% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| Dry (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 100 |
| 2 | 100 |
| 3 | 100 |
| 4 | 100 |
| 5 | 100 |
| 6 | 100 |
| 7 | 100 |
| 8 | 100 |
| 9 | 100 |
| 10 | 100 |
| 11 | 100 |
| 12 | 100 |
| 13 | 100 |
| 14 | 100 |
| 15 | 100 |
| 16 | 100 |
| 17 | 100 |
| 18 | 100 |
| 19 | 100 |
| 20 | 100 |
| 21 | 100 |
| 22 | 100 |
| 23 | 100 |
| 24 | 100 |
| 25 | 100 |
| 26 | 100 |
| 27 | 100 |
| 28 | 100 |
Wind in February
Winds average 13 km/h in February.
Across February, daily wind ranges from about 13 km/h on the calmest days to 13 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 |
| Feels | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 13 | light breeze |
| 2 | 13 | light breeze |
| 3 | 13 | light breeze |
| 4 | 13 | light breeze |
| 5 | 13 | light breeze |
| 6 | 13 | light breeze |
| 7 | 13 | light breeze |
| 8 | 13 | light breeze |
| 9 | 13 | light breeze |
| 10 | 13 | light breeze |
| 11 | 13 | light breeze |
| 12 | 13 | light breeze |
| 13 | 13 | light breeze |
| 14 | 13 | light breeze |
| 15 | 13 | light breeze |
| 16 | 13 | light breeze |
| 17 | 13 | light breeze |
| 18 | 13 | light breeze |
| 19 | 13 | light breeze |
| 20 | 13 | light breeze |
| 21 | 13 | light breeze |
| 22 | 13 | light breeze |
| 23 | 13 | light breeze |
| 24 | 13 | light breeze |
| 25 | 13 | light breeze |
| 26 | 13 | light breeze |
| 27 | 13 | light breeze |
| 28 | 13 | light breeze |
Sunrise & sunset in February
Daylight runs from about 9 h 42 min at the start of February to 10 h 54 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days grow by about 72 minutes over February. Sunrise moves from 8:54 AM to 8:18 AM, and sunset from 6:34 PM to 7:09 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 9.7 | 9.7 | 9.7 | 9.8 | 9.8 | 9.9 | 9.9 | 9.9 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 10.1 | 10.1 | 10.2 | 10.2 | 10.2 | 10.3 | 10.3 | 10.4 | 10.4 | 10.5 | 10.5 | 10.6 | 10.6 | 10.7 | 10.7 | 10.8 | 10.8 | 10.9 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 8:54 | 8:53 | 8:52 | 8:51 | 8:50 | 8:48 | 8:47 | 8:46 | 8:45 | 8:44 | 8:43 | 8:41 | 8:40 | 8:39 | 8:37 | 8:36 | 8:35 | 8:33 | 8:32 | 8:30 | 8:29 | 8:27 | 8:26 | 8:24 | 8:23 | 8:21 | 8:20 | 8:18 |
| Sunset (PM) | 6:34 | 6:35 | 6:36 | 6:38 | 6:39 | 6:40 | 6:42 | 6:43 | 6:44 | 6:46 | 6:47 | 6:48 | 6:50 | 6:51 | 6:52 | 6:54 | 6:55 | 6:56 | 6:58 | 6:59 | 7:00 | 7:01 | 7:03 | 7:04 | 7:05 | 7:07 | 7:08 | 7:09 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 9.7 | 8:54 | 6:34 |
| 2 | 9.7 | 8:53 | 6:35 |
| 3 | 9.7 | 8:52 | 6:36 |
| 4 | 9.8 | 8:51 | 6:38 |
| 5 | 9.8 | 8:50 | 6:39 |
| 6 | 9.9 | 8:48 | 6:40 |
| 7 | 9.9 | 8:47 | 6:42 |
| 8 | 9.9 | 8:46 | 6:43 |
| 9 | 10.0 | 8:45 | 6:44 |
| 10 | 10.0 | 8:44 | 6:46 |
| 11 | 10.1 | 8:43 | 6:47 |
| 12 | 10.1 | 8:41 | 6:48 |
| 13 | 10.2 | 8:40 | 6:50 |
| 14 | 10.2 | 8:39 | 6:51 |
| 15 | 10.2 | 8:37 | 6:52 |
| 16 | 10.3 | 8:36 | 6:54 |
| 17 | 10.3 | 8:35 | 6:55 |
| 18 | 10.4 | 8:33 | 6:56 |
| 19 | 10.4 | 8:32 | 6:58 |
| 20 | 10.5 | 8:30 | 6:59 |
| 21 | 10.5 | 8:29 | 7:00 |
| 22 | 10.6 | 8:27 | 7:01 |
| 23 | 10.6 | 8:26 | 7:03 |
| 24 | 10.7 | 8:24 | 7:04 |
| 25 | 10.7 | 8:23 | 7:05 |
| 26 | 10.8 | 8:21 | 7:07 |
| 27 | 10.8 | 8:20 | 7:08 |
| 28 | 10.9 | 8:18 | 7:09 |
Solar energy in February
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in February, about 2.44 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 1.32 kWh/m² to a high of 6.33 kWh/m² in July across the year — February's 2.44 kWh/m² falls in the middle.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 1.9 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.1 | 2.1 | 2.1 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 2.4 | 2.4 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 2.7 | 2.7 | 2.7 | 2.8 | 2.8 | 2.8 | 2.9 | 2.9 |
| Level | Dim | Dim | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 1.9 | Dim |
| 2 | 2.0 | Dim |
| 3 | 2.0 | Moderate |
| 4 | 2.0 | Moderate |
| 5 | 2.1 | Moderate |
| 6 | 2.1 | Moderate |
| 7 | 2.1 | Moderate |
| 8 | 2.2 | Moderate |
| 9 | 2.2 | Moderate |
| 10 | 2.3 | Moderate |
| 11 | 2.3 | Moderate |
| 12 | 2.3 | Moderate |
| 13 | 2.4 | Moderate |
| 14 | 2.4 | Moderate |
| 15 | 2.5 | Moderate |
| 16 | 2.5 | Moderate |
| 17 | 2.5 | Moderate |
| 18 | 2.6 | Moderate |
| 19 | 2.6 | Moderate |
| 20 | 2.6 | Moderate |
| 21 | 2.7 | Moderate |
| 22 | 2.7 | Moderate |
| 23 | 2.7 | Moderate |
| 24 | 2.8 | Moderate |
| 25 | 2.8 | Moderate |
| 26 | 2.8 | Moderate |
| 27 | 2.9 | Moderate |
| 28 | 2.9 | Moderate |
Is February a good time to visit Lugo?
Our two travel scores rate February for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
February is a weaker month for outdoor sightseeing in Lugo.
What to pack for Lugo in February
From February's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In February, Lugo sees daytime highs around 11°C and nights near 4°C. Pack a warm layer. Worth having: rain gear. About 10 days see rain.
UV index in Lugo in February
Clear-sky midday UV in February peaks around 3. The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Lugo peaks around June 23 at about 8 (very high) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near January 1 at about 1 (low).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — in 8 months of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 1 | 3 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 6 | 4 | 2 | 1 |
| Level | Low | Moderate | Moderate | High | High | Very high | Very high | Very high | High | Moderate | Low | Low |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 1 | Low |
| Feb | 3 | Moderate |
| Mar | 5 | Moderate |
| Apr | 6 | High |
| May | 6 | High |
| Jun | 8 | Very high |
| Jul | 8 | Very high |
| Aug | 8 | Very high |
| Sep | 6 | High |
| Oct | 4 | Moderate |
| Nov | 2 | Low |
| Dec | 1 | Low |
Air quality in Lugo in February
Average fine-particle pollution (PM2.5) through the year — so you can see where February falls, not just the annual average.
Air quality in Lugo is worst in July — around 16 µg/m³ PM2.5 (moderate), about 2.8× the cleanest month (November, 6 µg/m³).
Seasonal pattern from CAMS reanalysis, scaled to Lugo's WHO annual average of 8.4 µg/m³.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | 7 | 8 | 10 | 10 | 7 | 7 | 16 | 8 | 8 | 10 | 6 | 6 |
| Level | Good | Good | Good | Good | Good | Good | Moderate | Good | Good | Good | Good | Good |
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 7 | Good |
| Feb | 8 | Good |
| Mar | 10 | Good |
| Apr | 10 | Good |
| May | 7 | Good |
| Jun | 7 | Good |
| Jul | 16 | Moderate |
| Aug | 8 | Good |
| Sep | 8 | Good |
| Oct | 10 | Good |
| Nov | 6 | Good |
| Dec | 6 | Good |
Where is Lugo?
Lugo sits at 43.0°N, 7.6°W, 465 m above sea level, in Spain. The nearest listed city is Monforte de Lemos, 54 km away.
Topography around Lugo
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Lugo.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Lugo has only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 150 m around an average of 438 m above sea level; within 16 km, significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 444 m; within 80 km, very significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 1,928 m.
The land around Lugo is covered by trees (42%), grassland (28%) and artificial surfaces (26%) within 3 km, trees (55%) and grassland (34%) within 16 km, and trees (61%) and grassland (32%) within 80 km.
Spain travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 2
- Exercise Increased Caution
- Power plugs
- Type C / F
- 230 V · 50 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 65% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $38,627
- 2025
- Happiness
- 6.5 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 99%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 0.7
- per 100k, 2023
- Road deaths
- 3.9
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- High
- World Bank
- English
- Moderate
- EF EPI 540
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Lugo (43.0099°, -7.556°, elevation 465 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Monthly air-quality (PM2.5) seasonality is from the CAMS EAC4 reanalysis (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service), scaled to the WHO annual mean where available. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).