Oliver-Valdefierro weather in December
In December, Oliver-Valdefierro sees average daytime highs of 12°C and overnight lows near 4°C, with 25 mm of precipitation across 5.6 wet days and about 9 hours of daylight. It is the 11th-warmest and 9th-wettest month of the year here.
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 12°C through the month. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 39% of the time in December, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 9 h 12 min at the start of December to 9 hours by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, December is Oliver-Valdefierro's 12th-clearest and 12th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Oliver-Valdefierro's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 12°
- 11th warmest
- Overnight low
- 4°
- 2nd coldest
- Precipitation
- 25 mm
- 5.6 wet days
- Daylight
- 9 hours
- 8:30 AM – 5:30 PM
- Cloud cover
- 53%
- 12th clearest
- Wind
- 12 km/h
- 12th windiest
- Solar energy
- 1.81 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 3.6
- out of 10
- Density
- 6,981/km²
- people per km²
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in December
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 12°C through the month.
A typical December day in Oliver-Valdefierro reaches about 12°C in the afternoon and slips back to 4°C overnight — a 8°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 8°C and 16°C. Set against its neighbours, December runs about 4°C cooler than November and on par with January.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 |
| Avg low (°C) | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 13 | 5 |
| 2 | 13 | 5 |
| 3 | 13 | 5 |
| 4 | 13 | 5 |
| 5 | 13 | 5 |
| 6 | 13 | 5 |
| 7 | 13 | 5 |
| 8 | 12 | 5 |
| 9 | 12 | 4 |
| 10 | 12 | 4 |
| 11 | 12 | 4 |
| 12 | 12 | 4 |
| 13 | 12 | 4 |
| 14 | 12 | 4 |
| 15 | 12 | 4 |
| 16 | 12 | 4 |
| 17 | 12 | 4 |
| 18 | 12 | 4 |
| 19 | 12 | 4 |
| 20 | 12 | 4 |
| 21 | 12 | 4 |
| 22 | 12 | 4 |
| 23 | 12 | 4 |
| 24 | 12 | 4 |
| 25 | 12 | 4 |
| 26 | 12 | 3 |
| 27 | 12 | 3 |
| 28 | 12 | 3 |
| 29 | 12 | 3 |
| 30 | 12 | 3 |
| 31 | 12 | 3 |
How December really feels in Oliver-Valdefierro
Once humidity and wind are folded in, December averages 0 days that feel above 32°C and 0 that feel at or below 0°C — the comfort signal a plain temperature reading hides.
December sits comfortably in between — no days that feel dangerously hot or drop to a hard freeze once humidity and wind are folded in.
Oliver-Valdefierro weather by month
How December compares with the rest of the year at a glance. December is the 11th-warmest and 9th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 12° / 4° | 28 | 6.4 | 9.3 | 3.4 |
| Feb | 14° / 4° | 21 | 4.6 | 10.3 | 4.6 |
| Mar | 18° / 7° | 31 | 5.5 | 11.7 | 6.5 |
| Apr | 21° / 9° | 42 | 6.5 | 13.1 | 7.0 |
| May | 25° / 13° | 32 | 6 | 14.3 | 7.4 |
| Jun | 30° / 17° | 26 | 4.9 | 15 | 5.7 |
| Jul | 33° / 19° | 15 | 3.7 | 14.7 | 4.1 |
| Aug | 33° / 19° | 20 | 4.2 | 13.7 | 4.4 |
| Sep | 28° / 15° | 26 | 4.3 | 12.3 | 7.2 |
| Oct | 22° / 12° | 43 | 6.3 | 10.9 | 7.4 |
| Nov | 16° / 7° | 42 | 6.6 | 9.7 | 5.3 |
| Dec | 12° / 4° | 25 | 5.6 | 9 | 3.6 |
Cloud cover in December
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 39% of the time in December, the cloudiest month of the year.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 15% of December, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 46%.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 54 | 53 | 53 | 53 | 52 | 53 | 52 | 52 | 52 | 52 | 53 | 52 | 52 | 53 | 53 | 53 | 54 | 54 | 54 | 55 | 55 | 55 | 55 | 55 | 55 | 55 | 56 | 56 | 56 | 56 | 56 |
| Cloudier (%) | 46 | 47 | 47 | 47 | 48 | 47 | 48 | 48 | 48 | 48 | 47 | 48 | 48 | 47 | 47 | 47 | 46 | 46 | 46 | 45 | 45 | 45 | 45 | 45 | 45 | 45 | 44 | 44 | 44 | 44 | 44 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 54 | 46 |
| 2 | 53 | 47 |
| 3 | 53 | 47 |
| 4 | 53 | 47 |
| 5 | 52 | 48 |
| 6 | 53 | 47 |
| 7 | 52 | 48 |
| 8 | 52 | 48 |
| 9 | 52 | 48 |
| 10 | 52 | 48 |
| 11 | 53 | 47 |
| 12 | 52 | 48 |
| 13 | 52 | 48 |
| 14 | 53 | 47 |
| 15 | 53 | 47 |
| 16 | 53 | 47 |
| 17 | 54 | 46 |
| 18 | 54 | 46 |
| 19 | 54 | 46 |
| 20 | 55 | 45 |
| 21 | 55 | 45 |
| 22 | 55 | 45 |
| 23 | 55 | 45 |
| 24 | 55 | 45 |
| 25 | 55 | 45 |
| 26 | 55 | 45 |
| 27 | 56 | 44 |
| 28 | 56 | 44 |
| 29 | 56 | 44 |
| 30 | 56 | 44 |
| 31 | 56 | 44 |
Chance of precipitation in December
Oliver-Valdefierro gets around 25 mm of rain and snow over 5.6 wet days in December. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable precipitation averages around 19% and peaks near 21% on the wettest days, and about 0 day brings snow.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 21 | 21 | 21 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 21 |
| Rain chance (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 21 |
| 2 | 21 |
| 3 | 21 |
| 4 | 20 |
| 5 | 20 |
| 6 | 20 |
| 7 | 19 |
| 8 | 19 |
| 9 | 19 |
| 10 | 18 |
| 11 | 18 |
| 12 | 18 |
| 13 | 17 |
| 14 | 17 |
| 15 | 17 |
| 16 | 17 |
| 17 | 17 |
| 18 | 17 |
| 19 | 17 |
| 20 | 17 |
| 21 | 18 |
| 22 | 18 |
| 23 | 18 |
| 24 | 18 |
| 25 | 19 |
| 26 | 19 |
| 27 | 19 |
| 28 | 20 |
| 29 | 20 |
| 30 | 20 |
| 31 | 21 |
Humidity in December
Most of December feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, December lands in the dry band about 100% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| Dry (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 100 |
| 2 | 100 |
| 3 | 100 |
| 4 | 100 |
| 5 | 100 |
| 6 | 100 |
| 7 | 100 |
| 8 | 100 |
| 9 | 100 |
| 10 | 100 |
| 11 | 100 |
| 12 | 100 |
| 13 | 100 |
| 14 | 100 |
| 15 | 100 |
| 16 | 100 |
| 17 | 100 |
| 18 | 100 |
| 19 | 100 |
| 20 | 100 |
| 21 | 100 |
| 22 | 100 |
| 23 | 100 |
| 24 | 100 |
| 25 | 100 |
| 26 | 100 |
| 27 | 100 |
| 28 | 100 |
| 29 | 100 |
| 30 | 100 |
| 31 | 100 |
Wind in December
Winds average 12 km/h in December, the calmest month.
Across December, daily wind ranges from about 12 km/h on the calmest days to 13 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 13 | 13 | 13 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 |
| Feels | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 13 | light breeze |
| 2 | 13 | light breeze |
| 3 | 13 | light breeze |
| 4 | 12 | light breeze |
| 5 | 12 | light breeze |
| 6 | 12 | light breeze |
| 7 | 12 | light breeze |
| 8 | 12 | light breeze |
| 9 | 12 | light breeze |
| 10 | 12 | light breeze |
| 11 | 12 | light breeze |
| 12 | 12 | light breeze |
| 13 | 12 | light breeze |
| 14 | 12 | light breeze |
| 15 | 12 | light breeze |
| 16 | 12 | light breeze |
| 17 | 12 | light breeze |
| 18 | 12 | light breeze |
| 19 | 12 | light breeze |
| 20 | 12 | light breeze |
| 21 | 12 | light breeze |
| 22 | 12 | light breeze |
| 23 | 12 | light breeze |
| 24 | 12 | light breeze |
| 25 | 12 | light breeze |
| 26 | 12 | light breeze |
| 27 | 12 | light breeze |
| 28 | 12 | light breeze |
| 29 | 12 | light breeze |
| 30 | 12 | light breeze |
| 31 | 12 | light breeze |
Sunrise & sunset in December
Daylight runs from about 9 h 12 min at the start of December to 9 hours by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days shrink by about 12 minutes over December. Sunrise moves from 8:17 AM to 8:36 AM, and sunset from 5:30 PM to 5:37 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 9.2 | 9.2 | 9.2 | 9.1 | 9.1 | 9.1 | 9.1 | 9.1 | 9.1 | 9.1 | 9.0 | 9.0 | 9.0 | 9.0 | 9.0 | 9.0 | 9.0 | 9.0 | 9.0 | 9.0 | 9.0 | 9.0 | 9.0 | 9.0 | 9.0 | 9.0 | 9.0 | 9.0 | 9.0 | 9.0 | 9.0 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 8:17 | 8:18 | 8:19 | 8:20 | 8:21 | 8:22 | 8:23 | 8:24 | 8:25 | 8:26 | 8:26 | 8:27 | 8:28 | 8:29 | 8:29 | 8:30 | 8:31 | 8:31 | 8:32 | 8:32 | 8:33 | 8:33 | 8:34 | 8:34 | 8:35 | 8:35 | 8:35 | 8:36 | 8:36 | 8:36 | 8:36 |
| Sunset (PM) | 5:30 | 5:29 | 5:29 | 5:29 | 5:29 | 5:29 | 5:29 | 5:29 | 5:29 | 5:29 | 5:29 | 5:29 | 5:29 | 5:29 | 5:30 | 5:30 | 5:30 | 5:30 | 5:31 | 5:31 | 5:32 | 5:32 | 5:32 | 5:33 | 5:34 | 5:34 | 5:35 | 5:35 | 5:36 | 5:37 | 5:37 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 9.2 | 8:17 | 5:30 |
| 2 | 9.2 | 8:18 | 5:29 |
| 3 | 9.2 | 8:19 | 5:29 |
| 4 | 9.1 | 8:20 | 5:29 |
| 5 | 9.1 | 8:21 | 5:29 |
| 6 | 9.1 | 8:22 | 5:29 |
| 7 | 9.1 | 8:23 | 5:29 |
| 8 | 9.1 | 8:24 | 5:29 |
| 9 | 9.1 | 8:25 | 5:29 |
| 10 | 9.1 | 8:26 | 5:29 |
| 11 | 9.0 | 8:26 | 5:29 |
| 12 | 9.0 | 8:27 | 5:29 |
| 13 | 9.0 | 8:28 | 5:29 |
| 14 | 9.0 | 8:29 | 5:29 |
| 15 | 9.0 | 8:29 | 5:30 |
| 16 | 9.0 | 8:30 | 5:30 |
| 17 | 9.0 | 8:31 | 5:30 |
| 18 | 9.0 | 8:31 | 5:30 |
| 19 | 9.0 | 8:32 | 5:31 |
| 20 | 9.0 | 8:32 | 5:31 |
| 21 | 9.0 | 8:33 | 5:32 |
| 22 | 9.0 | 8:33 | 5:32 |
| 23 | 9.0 | 8:34 | 5:32 |
| 24 | 9.0 | 8:34 | 5:33 |
| 25 | 9.0 | 8:35 | 5:34 |
| 26 | 9.0 | 8:35 | 5:34 |
| 27 | 9.0 | 8:35 | 5:35 |
| 28 | 9.0 | 8:36 | 5:35 |
| 29 | 9.0 | 8:36 | 5:36 |
| 30 | 9.0 | 8:36 | 5:37 |
| 31 | 9.0 | 8:36 | 5:37 |
Solar energy in December
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in December, about 1.81 kWh/m² — the year's lowest.
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 1.81 kWh/m² to a high of 7.44 kWh/m² in July across the year — December's 1.81 kWh/m² sits near the bottom.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 1.9 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 1.9 |
| Level | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 1.9 | Dim |
| 2 | 1.9 | Dim |
| 3 | 1.9 | Dim |
| 4 | 1.9 | Dim |
| 5 | 1.9 | Dim |
| 6 | 1.9 | Dim |
| 7 | 1.9 | Dim |
| 8 | 1.8 | Dim |
| 9 | 1.8 | Dim |
| 10 | 1.8 | Dim |
| 11 | 1.8 | Dim |
| 12 | 1.8 | Dim |
| 13 | 1.8 | Dim |
| 14 | 1.8 | Dim |
| 15 | 1.8 | Dim |
| 16 | 1.8 | Dim |
| 17 | 1.8 | Dim |
| 18 | 1.8 | Dim |
| 19 | 1.8 | Dim |
| 20 | 1.8 | Dim |
| 21 | 1.8 | Dim |
| 22 | 1.8 | Dim |
| 23 | 1.8 | Dim |
| 24 | 1.8 | Dim |
| 25 | 1.8 | Dim |
| 26 | 1.8 | Dim |
| 27 | 1.8 | Dim |
| 28 | 1.8 | Dim |
| 29 | 1.9 | Dim |
| 30 | 1.9 | Dim |
| 31 | 1.9 | Dim |
Is December a good time to visit Oliver-Valdefierro?
Our two travel scores rate December for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
December is a weaker month for outdoor sightseeing in Oliver-Valdefierro.
What to pack for Oliver-Valdefierro in December
From December's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In December, Oliver-Valdefierro sees daytime highs around 12°C and nights near 4°C. Worth packing: a warm layer. About 6 days see rain.
UV index in Oliver-Valdefierro in December
Clear-sky midday UV in December peaks around 2. The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Oliver-Valdefierro peaks around July 15 at about 10 (very high) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near December 20 at about 2 (low).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — in 8 months of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 2 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 7 | 9 | 10 | 8 | 6 | 4 | 2 | 2 |
| Level | Low | Moderate | High | High | High | Very high | Very high | Very high | High | Moderate | Moderate | Low |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 2 | Low |
| Feb | 3 | Moderate |
| Mar | 5 | High |
| Apr | 7 | High |
| May | 7 | High |
| Jun | 9 | Very high |
| Jul | 10 | Very high |
| Aug | 8 | Very high |
| Sep | 6 | High |
| Oct | 4 | Moderate |
| Nov | 2 | Moderate |
| Dec | 2 | Low |
Where is Oliver-Valdefierro?
Oliver-Valdefierro sits at 41.6°N, 0.9°W, 197 m above sea level, in Spain. The nearest listed city is Montecanal, 2.0 km away.
Topography around Oliver-Valdefierro
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Oliver-Valdefierro.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Oliver-Valdefierro has only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 121 m around an average of 234 m above sea level; within 16 km, significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 471 m; within 80 km, very significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 2,164 m.
The land around Oliver-Valdefierro is covered by artificial surfaces (50%) within 3 km, grassland (46%) and cropland (23%) within 16 km, and cropland (47%) and grassland (31%) within 80 km.
Spain travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 2
- Exercise Increased Caution
- Power plugs
- Type C / F
- 230 V · 50 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 65% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $38,627
- 2025
- Happiness
- 6.5 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 99%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 0.7
- per 100k, 2023
- Road deaths
- 3.9
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- High
- World Bank
- English
- Moderate
- EF EPI 540
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Oliver-Valdefierro (41.6445°, -0.9335°, elevation 197 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).