Salamanca weather in July
In July, Salamanca sees average daytime highs of 29°C and overnight lows near 15°C, with 12 mm of rain across 2.9 wet days and about 14.6 hours of daylight. It is the 1st-warmest and 12th-wettest month of the year here.
Highs climb over the month, from about 28°C in the first days to 29°C by the end. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 74% of the time in July, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 14 h 54 min at the start of July to 14 h 12 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, July is Salamanca's 1st-clearest and 10th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Salamanca's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 29°
- 1st warmest
- Overnight low
- 15°
- 12th coldest
- Rainfall
- 12 mm
- 2.9 wet days
- Daylight
- 14 h 42 min
- 6:08 AM – 8:48 PM
- Cloud cover
- 25%
- 1st clearest
- Wind
- 10 km/h
- 10th windiest
- Solar energy
- 7.67 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 7.2
- out of 10
Salamanca is Spanish city, capital of the homonymous municipality in Castilla y León, Spain.
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in July
Highs climb over the month, from about 28°C in the first days to 29°C by the end.
A typical July day in Salamanca reaches about 29°C in the afternoon and slips back to 15°C overnight — a 14°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 24°C and 33°C. Set against its neighbours, July runs about 4°C warmer than June and on par with August.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 27 | 27 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 |
| Avg low (°C) | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 27 | 14 |
| 2 | 27 | 14 |
| 3 | 28 | 14 |
| 4 | 28 | 14 |
| 5 | 28 | 14 |
| 6 | 28 | 14 |
| 7 | 28 | 14 |
| 8 | 28 | 14 |
| 9 | 28 | 14 |
| 10 | 28 | 14 |
| 11 | 28 | 14 |
| 12 | 29 | 14 |
| 13 | 29 | 15 |
| 14 | 29 | 15 |
| 15 | 29 | 15 |
| 16 | 29 | 15 |
| 17 | 29 | 15 |
| 18 | 29 | 15 |
| 19 | 29 | 15 |
| 20 | 29 | 15 |
| 21 | 29 | 15 |
| 22 | 29 | 15 |
| 23 | 29 | 15 |
| 24 | 29 | 15 |
| 25 | 29 | 15 |
| 26 | 29 | 15 |
| 27 | 29 | 15 |
| 28 | 29 | 15 |
| 29 | 29 | 15 |
| 30 | 29 | 15 |
| 31 | 29 | 15 |
How July really feels in Salamanca
Once humidity and wind are folded in, July averages 0 days that feel above 32°C and 0 that feel at or below 0°C — the comfort signal a plain temperature reading hides.
July sits comfortably in between — no days that feel dangerously hot or drop to a hard freeze once humidity and wind are folded in.
Salamanca weather by month
How July compares with the rest of the year at a glance. July is the 1st-warmest and 12th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Snow days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 9° / 1° | 44 | 8.1 | 1 | 9.4 | 1.6 |
| Feb | 11° / 2° | 35 | 7.1 | 1.2 | 10.4 | 2.6 |
| Mar | 14° / 4° | 41 | 8.4 | 0.4 | 11.7 | 4.2 |
| Apr | 16° / 6° | 51 | 10.5 | 0.2 | 13.1 | 4.9 |
| May | 20° / 9° | 47 | 9.7 | 0 | 14.3 | 6.4 |
| Jun | 25° / 12° | 23 | 5.4 | 0 | 14.9 | 7.8 |
| Jul | 29° / 15° | 12 | 2.9 | 0 | 14.6 | 7.2 |
| Aug | 28° / 14° | 13 | 3.1 | 0 | 13.6 | 7.3 |
| Sep | 24° / 12° | 27 | 5 | 0 | 12.3 | 7.9 |
| Oct | 18° / 9° | 62 | 9 | 0 | 10.9 | 5.9 |
| Nov | 12° / 4° | 52 | 9.2 | 0.1 | 9.7 | 3.2 |
| Dec | 9° / 2° | 48 | 7.4 | 0.5 | 9.1 | 1.9 |
Cloud cover in July
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 74% of the time in July, the clearest month of the year.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 11% of July, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 15%. Skies tend to open up as the month goes on.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 78 | 78 | 78 | 78 | 80 | 80 | 81 | 81 | 83 | 83 | 84 | 85 | 86 | 87 | 87 | 87 | 88 | 89 | 89 | 89 | 89 | 89 | 89 | 88 | 88 | 88 | 88 | 88 | 87 | 87 | 87 |
| Cloudier (%) | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 20 | 20 | 19 | 19 | 17 | 17 | 16 | 15 | 14 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 12 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 13 | 13 | 13 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 78 | 22 |
| 2 | 78 | 22 |
| 3 | 78 | 22 |
| 4 | 78 | 22 |
| 5 | 80 | 20 |
| 6 | 80 | 20 |
| 7 | 81 | 19 |
| 8 | 81 | 19 |
| 9 | 83 | 17 |
| 10 | 83 | 17 |
| 11 | 84 | 16 |
| 12 | 85 | 15 |
| 13 | 86 | 14 |
| 14 | 87 | 13 |
| 15 | 87 | 13 |
| 16 | 87 | 13 |
| 17 | 88 | 12 |
| 18 | 89 | 11 |
| 19 | 89 | 11 |
| 20 | 89 | 11 |
| 21 | 89 | 11 |
| 22 | 89 | 11 |
| 23 | 89 | 11 |
| 24 | 88 | 12 |
| 25 | 88 | 12 |
| 26 | 88 | 12 |
| 27 | 88 | 12 |
| 28 | 88 | 12 |
| 29 | 87 | 13 |
| 30 | 87 | 13 |
| 31 | 87 | 13 |
Chance of precipitation in July
Salamanca gets around 12 mm of rain over 2.9 wet days in July, the driest month. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable rain averages around 10% and peaks near 12% on the wettest days.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 12 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 |
| Rain chance (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 12 |
| 2 | 11 |
| 3 | 11 |
| 4 | 11 |
| 5 | 11 |
| 6 | 11 |
| 7 | 11 |
| 8 | 11 |
| 9 | 11 |
| 10 | 11 |
| 11 | 10 |
| 12 | 10 |
| 13 | 10 |
| 14 | 10 |
| 15 | 10 |
| 16 | 10 |
| 17 | 9 |
| 18 | 9 |
| 19 | 9 |
| 20 | 9 |
| 21 | 9 |
| 22 | 9 |
| 23 | 9 |
| 24 | 9 |
| 25 | 9 |
| 26 | 9 |
| 27 | 9 |
| 28 | 9 |
| 29 | 9 |
| 30 | 9 |
| 31 | 9 |
Humidity in July
Most of July feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, July lands in the dry band about 90% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 91 | 91 | 91 | 91 | 91 | 91 | 91 | 91 | 91 | 91 | 91 | 91 | 91 | 91 | 91 | 91 | 91 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 90 |
| Comfortable (%) | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 |
| Dry (%) | Comfortable (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 91 | 9 |
| 2 | 91 | 9 |
| 3 | 91 | 9 |
| 4 | 91 | 9 |
| 5 | 91 | 9 |
| 6 | 91 | 9 |
| 7 | 91 | 9 |
| 8 | 91 | 9 |
| 9 | 91 | 9 |
| 10 | 91 | 9 |
| 11 | 91 | 9 |
| 12 | 91 | 9 |
| 13 | 91 | 9 |
| 14 | 91 | 9 |
| 15 | 91 | 9 |
| 16 | 91 | 9 |
| 17 | 91 | 9 |
| 18 | 90 | 10 |
| 19 | 90 | 10 |
| 20 | 90 | 10 |
| 21 | 90 | 10 |
| 22 | 90 | 10 |
| 23 | 90 | 10 |
| 24 | 90 | 10 |
| 25 | 90 | 10 |
| 26 | 90 | 10 |
| 27 | 90 | 10 |
| 28 | 90 | 10 |
| 29 | 90 | 10 |
| 30 | 90 | 10 |
| 31 | 90 | 10 |
Wind in July
Winds average 10 km/h in July.
Across July, daily wind ranges from about 10 km/h on the calmest days to 10 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 10 | calm |
| 2 | 10 | calm |
| 3 | 10 | calm |
| 4 | 10 | calm |
| 5 | 10 | calm |
| 6 | 10 | calm |
| 7 | 10 | calm |
| 8 | 10 | calm |
| 9 | 10 | calm |
| 10 | 10 | calm |
| 11 | 10 | calm |
| 12 | 10 | calm |
| 13 | 10 | calm |
| 14 | 10 | calm |
| 15 | 10 | calm |
| 16 | 10 | calm |
| 17 | 10 | calm |
| 18 | 10 | calm |
| 19 | 10 | calm |
| 20 | 10 | calm |
| 21 | 10 | calm |
| 22 | 10 | calm |
| 23 | 10 | calm |
| 24 | 10 | calm |
| 25 | 10 | calm |
| 26 | 10 | calm |
| 27 | 10 | calm |
| 28 | 10 | calm |
| 29 | 10 | calm |
| 30 | 10 | calm |
| 31 | 10 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in July
Daylight runs from about 14 h 54 min at the start of July to 14 h 12 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days shrink by about 42 minutes over July. Sunrise moves from 5:59 AM to 6:21 AM, and sunset from 8:53 PM to 8:36 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 14.9 | 14.9 | 14.9 | 14.9 | 14.9 | 14.9 | 14.8 | 14.8 | 14.8 | 14.8 | 14.8 | 14.8 | 14.7 | 14.7 | 14.7 | 14.7 | 14.7 | 14.6 | 14.6 | 14.6 | 14.6 | 14.5 | 14.5 | 14.5 | 14.4 | 14.4 | 14.4 | 14.3 | 14.3 | 14.3 | 14.2 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 5:59 | 5:59 | 6:00 | 6:00 | 6:01 | 6:01 | 6:02 | 6:02 | 6:03 | 6:04 | 6:04 | 6:05 | 6:06 | 6:07 | 6:07 | 6:08 | 6:09 | 6:10 | 6:10 | 6:11 | 6:12 | 6:13 | 6:14 | 6:15 | 6:16 | 6:17 | 6:18 | 6:18 | 6:19 | 6:20 | 6:21 |
| Sunset (PM) | 8:53 | 8:53 | 8:53 | 8:53 | 8:53 | 8:53 | 8:52 | 8:52 | 8:52 | 8:51 | 8:51 | 8:51 | 8:50 | 8:50 | 8:49 | 8:48 | 8:48 | 8:47 | 8:47 | 8:46 | 8:45 | 8:44 | 8:44 | 8:43 | 8:42 | 8:41 | 8:40 | 8:39 | 8:38 | 8:37 | 8:36 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 14.9 | 5:59 | 8:53 |
| 2 | 14.9 | 5:59 | 8:53 |
| 3 | 14.9 | 6:00 | 8:53 |
| 4 | 14.9 | 6:00 | 8:53 |
| 5 | 14.9 | 6:01 | 8:53 |
| 6 | 14.9 | 6:01 | 8:53 |
| 7 | 14.8 | 6:02 | 8:52 |
| 8 | 14.8 | 6:02 | 8:52 |
| 9 | 14.8 | 6:03 | 8:52 |
| 10 | 14.8 | 6:04 | 8:51 |
| 11 | 14.8 | 6:04 | 8:51 |
| 12 | 14.8 | 6:05 | 8:51 |
| 13 | 14.7 | 6:06 | 8:50 |
| 14 | 14.7 | 6:07 | 8:50 |
| 15 | 14.7 | 6:07 | 8:49 |
| 16 | 14.7 | 6:08 | 8:48 |
| 17 | 14.7 | 6:09 | 8:48 |
| 18 | 14.6 | 6:10 | 8:47 |
| 19 | 14.6 | 6:10 | 8:47 |
| 20 | 14.6 | 6:11 | 8:46 |
| 21 | 14.6 | 6:12 | 8:45 |
| 22 | 14.5 | 6:13 | 8:44 |
| 23 | 14.5 | 6:14 | 8:44 |
| 24 | 14.5 | 6:15 | 8:43 |
| 25 | 14.4 | 6:16 | 8:42 |
| 26 | 14.4 | 6:17 | 8:41 |
| 27 | 14.4 | 6:18 | 8:40 |
| 28 | 14.3 | 6:18 | 8:39 |
| 29 | 14.3 | 6:19 | 8:38 |
| 30 | 14.3 | 6:20 | 8:37 |
| 31 | 14.2 | 6:21 | 8:36 |
Solar energy in July
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in July, about 7.67 kWh/m² — the sunniest month for solar.
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 1.69 kWh/m² to a high of 7.67 kWh/m² in July across the year — July's 7.67 kWh/m² sits near the top of that range.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 7.7 | 7.7 | 7.7 | 7.7 | 7.7 | 7.7 | 7.7 | 7.7 | 7.7 | 7.7 | 7.7 | 7.7 | 7.7 | 7.7 | 7.7 | 7.7 | 7.7 | 7.7 | 7.7 | 7.7 | 7.7 | 7.7 | 7.7 | 7.6 | 7.6 | 7.6 | 7.5 | 7.5 | 7.5 | 7.5 | 7.4 |
| Level | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 7.7 | Intense |
| 2 | 7.7 | Intense |
| 3 | 7.7 | Intense |
| 4 | 7.7 | Intense |
| 5 | 7.7 | Intense |
| 6 | 7.7 | Intense |
| 7 | 7.7 | Intense |
| 8 | 7.7 | Intense |
| 9 | 7.7 | Intense |
| 10 | 7.7 | Intense |
| 11 | 7.7 | Intense |
| 12 | 7.7 | Intense |
| 13 | 7.7 | Intense |
| 14 | 7.7 | Intense |
| 15 | 7.7 | Intense |
| 16 | 7.7 | Intense |
| 17 | 7.7 | Intense |
| 18 | 7.7 | Intense |
| 19 | 7.7 | Intense |
| 20 | 7.7 | Intense |
| 21 | 7.7 | Intense |
| 22 | 7.7 | Intense |
| 23 | 7.7 | Intense |
| 24 | 7.6 | Intense |
| 25 | 7.6 | Intense |
| 26 | 7.6 | Intense |
| 27 | 7.5 | Intense |
| 28 | 7.5 | Intense |
| 29 | 7.5 | Intense |
| 30 | 7.5 | Intense |
| 31 | 7.4 | Intense |
Is July a good time to visit Salamanca?
Our two travel scores rate July for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
July is one of the better times to visit Salamanca for general sightseeing. The water and warmth also suit a beach or pool day.
What to pack for Salamanca in July
From July's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In July, Salamanca sees daytime highs around 29°C and nights near 15°C. Pack light clothes and sun protection.
UV index in Salamanca in July
Clear-sky midday UV in July peaks around 10 (very high — sun protection essential). The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Salamanca peaks around July 16 at about 10 (very high) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near December 20 at about 2 (low).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — in 8 months of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 2 | 2 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 9 | 10 | 9 | 6 | 5 | 2 | 2 |
| Level | Low | Moderate | High | High | High | Very high | Very high | Very high | High | Moderate | Moderate | Low |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 2 | Low |
| Feb | 2 | Moderate |
| Mar | 6 | High |
| Apr | 6 | High |
| May | 7 | High |
| Jun | 9 | Very high |
| Jul | 10 | Very high |
| Aug | 9 | Very high |
| Sep | 6 | High |
| Oct | 5 | Moderate |
| Nov | 2 | Moderate |
| Dec | 2 | Low |
Where is Salamanca?
Salamanca sits at 41.0°N, 5.7°W, 815 m above sea level, in Spain. The nearest listed city is Zamora, 60 km away.
Topography around Salamanca
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Salamanca.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Salamanca has only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 106 m around an average of 807 m above sea level; within 16 km, only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 236 m; within 80 km, very significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 2,090 m.
The land around Salamanca is covered by artificial surfaces (47%) and cropland (23%) within 3 km, cropland (65%) and grassland (22%) within 16 km, and grassland (45%) and cropland (39%) within 80 km.
Spain travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 2
- Exercise Increased Caution
- Power plugs
- Type C / F
- 230 V · 50 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 65% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $38,627
- 2025
- Happiness
- 6.5 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 99%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 0.7
- per 100k, 2023
- Road deaths
- 3.9
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- High
- World Bank
- English
- Moderate
- EF EPI 540
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Salamanca (40.9688°, -5.6639°, elevation 815 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).