San Cristobal weather in June
In June, San Cristobal sees average daytime highs of 30°C and overnight lows near 17°C, with 18 mm of rain across 3.6 wet days and about 14.8 hours of daylight. It is the 3rd-warmest and 10th-wettest month of the year here.
Highs climb over the month, from about 27°C in the first days to 32°C by the end. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 60% of the time in June, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 14 h 42 min at the start of June to 14 h 54 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, June is San Cristobal's 3rd-clearest and 4th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see San Cristobal's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 30°
- 3rd warmest
- Overnight low
- 17°
- 10th coldest
- Rainfall
- 18 mm
- 3.6 wet days
- Daylight
- 14 h 54 min
- 5:49 AM – 8:41 PM
- Cloud cover
- 35%
- 3rd clearest
- Wind
- 9 km/h
- 4th windiest
- Solar energy
- 7.62 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 6.3
- out of 10
Temperature in June
Highs climb over the month, from about 27°C in the first days to 32°C by the end.
A typical June day in San Cristobal reaches about 30°C in the afternoon and slips back to 17°C overnight — a 13°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 23°C and 35°C. Set against its neighbours, June runs about 6°C warmer than May and about 4°C cooler than July.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 |
| Avg low (°C) | 14 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 27 | 14 |
| 2 | 27 | 15 |
| 3 | 27 | 15 |
| 4 | 27 | 15 |
| 5 | 27 | 15 |
| 6 | 28 | 15 |
| 7 | 28 | 15 |
| 8 | 28 | 15 |
| 9 | 28 | 15 |
| 10 | 28 | 16 |
| 11 | 29 | 16 |
| 12 | 29 | 16 |
| 13 | 29 | 16 |
| 14 | 29 | 16 |
| 15 | 30 | 16 |
| 16 | 30 | 17 |
| 17 | 30 | 17 |
| 18 | 30 | 17 |
| 19 | 31 | 17 |
| 20 | 31 | 17 |
| 21 | 31 | 17 |
| 22 | 31 | 18 |
| 23 | 31 | 18 |
| 24 | 32 | 18 |
| 25 | 32 | 18 |
| 26 | 32 | 18 |
| 27 | 32 | 18 |
| 28 | 32 | 18 |
| 29 | 32 | 18 |
| 30 | 32 | 18 |
How June really feels in San Cristobal
Once humidity and wind are folded in, June averages 3 days that feel above 32°C and 0 that feel at or below 0°C — the comfort signal a plain temperature reading hides.
The story in June is heat — humidity pushes the afternoon "feels like" well above the raw temperature.
San Cristobal weather by month
How June compares with the rest of the year at a glance. June is the 3rd-warmest and 10th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Snow days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 11° / 2° | 37 | 6.8 | 0.4 | 9.5 | 2.8 |
| Feb | 13° / 3° | 33 | 5.7 | 0.5 | 10.4 | 4.0 |
| Mar | 17° / 5° | 39 | 6.8 | 0.2 | 11.7 | 5.9 |
| Apr | 19° / 8° | 46 | 7.5 | 0 | 13 | 6.6 |
| May | 24° / 12° | 41 | 7.3 | 0 | 14.2 | 7.4 |
| Jun | 30° / 17° | 18 | 3.6 | 0 | 14.8 | 6.3 |
| Jul | 34° / 19° | 7 | 1.4 | 0 | 14.6 | 4.1 |
| Aug | 33° / 19° | 10 | 2.4 | 0 | 13.6 | 4.4 |
| Sep | 28° / 15° | 22 | 3.7 | 0 | 12.3 | 7.2 |
| Oct | 21° / 11° | 57 | 7.5 | 0 | 10.9 | 7.0 |
| Nov | 15° / 6° | 52 | 7.4 | 0 | 9.8 | 4.6 |
| Dec | 11° / 3° | 45 | 7.1 | 0.3 | 9.2 | 2.9 |
Cloud cover in June
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 60% of the time in June.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 16% of June, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 23%. Skies tend to open up as the month goes on.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 68 | 68 | 68 | 68 | 69 | 70 | 70 | 70 | 71 | 72 | 73 | 73 | 74 | 74 | 76 | 76 | 77 | 78 | 79 | 80 | 81 | 81 | 83 | 83 | 84 | 85 | 85 | 86 | 87 | 87 |
| Cloudier (%) | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 31 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 29 | 28 | 27 | 27 | 26 | 26 | 24 | 24 | 23 | 22 | 21 | 20 | 19 | 19 | 17 | 17 | 16 | 15 | 15 | 14 | 13 | 13 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 68 | 32 |
| 2 | 68 | 32 |
| 3 | 68 | 32 |
| 4 | 68 | 32 |
| 5 | 69 | 31 |
| 6 | 70 | 30 |
| 7 | 70 | 30 |
| 8 | 70 | 30 |
| 9 | 71 | 29 |
| 10 | 72 | 28 |
| 11 | 73 | 27 |
| 12 | 73 | 27 |
| 13 | 74 | 26 |
| 14 | 74 | 26 |
| 15 | 76 | 24 |
| 16 | 76 | 24 |
| 17 | 77 | 23 |
| 18 | 78 | 22 |
| 19 | 79 | 21 |
| 20 | 80 | 20 |
| 21 | 81 | 19 |
| 22 | 81 | 19 |
| 23 | 83 | 17 |
| 24 | 83 | 17 |
| 25 | 84 | 16 |
| 26 | 85 | 15 |
| 27 | 85 | 15 |
| 28 | 86 | 14 |
| 29 | 87 | 13 |
| 30 | 87 | 13 |
Chance of precipitation in June
San Cristobal gets around 18 mm of rain over 3.6 wet days in June. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable rain averages around 12% and peaks near 18% on the wettest days. The odds ease toward the end of the month.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 18 | 18 | 18 | 17 | 17 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 15 | 15 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 13 | 12 | 12 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 10 | 10 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 7 |
| Rain chance (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 18 |
| 2 | 18 |
| 3 | 18 |
| 4 | 17 |
| 5 | 17 |
| 6 | 16 |
| 7 | 16 |
| 8 | 16 |
| 9 | 15 |
| 10 | 15 |
| 11 | 14 |
| 12 | 14 |
| 13 | 14 |
| 14 | 13 |
| 15 | 12 |
| 16 | 12 |
| 17 | 11 |
| 18 | 11 |
| 19 | 11 |
| 20 | 10 |
| 21 | 10 |
| 22 | 9 |
| 23 | 9 |
| 24 | 9 |
| 25 | 8 |
| 26 | 8 |
| 27 | 8 |
| 28 | 8 |
| 29 | 8 |
| 30 | 7 |
Humidity in June
Most of June feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, June lands in the dry band about 92% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 92 | 92 | 92 | 92 | 92 | 92 | 92 | 92 | 92 | 92 | 92 | 92 | 91 | 91 | 91 | 91 | 91 | 91 | 91 | 91 | 91 | 91 | 91 | 91 | 91 | 91 | 92 | 92 | 93 | 93 |
| Comfortable (%) | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 7 |
| Dry (%) | Comfortable (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 92 | 8 |
| 2 | 92 | 8 |
| 3 | 92 | 8 |
| 4 | 92 | 8 |
| 5 | 92 | 8 |
| 6 | 92 | 8 |
| 7 | 92 | 8 |
| 8 | 92 | 8 |
| 9 | 92 | 8 |
| 10 | 92 | 8 |
| 11 | 92 | 8 |
| 12 | 92 | 8 |
| 13 | 91 | 9 |
| 14 | 91 | 9 |
| 15 | 91 | 9 |
| 16 | 91 | 9 |
| 17 | 91 | 9 |
| 18 | 91 | 9 |
| 19 | 91 | 9 |
| 20 | 91 | 9 |
| 21 | 91 | 9 |
| 22 | 91 | 9 |
| 23 | 91 | 9 |
| 24 | 91 | 9 |
| 25 | 91 | 9 |
| 26 | 91 | 9 |
| 27 | 92 | 8 |
| 28 | 92 | 8 |
| 29 | 93 | 7 |
| 30 | 93 | 7 |
Wind in June
Winds average 9 km/h in June.
Across June, daily wind ranges from about 9 km/h on the calmest days to 9 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 9 | calm |
| 2 | 9 | calm |
| 3 | 9 | calm |
| 4 | 9 | calm |
| 5 | 9 | calm |
| 6 | 9 | calm |
| 7 | 9 | calm |
| 8 | 9 | calm |
| 9 | 9 | calm |
| 10 | 9 | calm |
| 11 | 9 | calm |
| 12 | 9 | calm |
| 13 | 9 | calm |
| 14 | 9 | calm |
| 15 | 9 | calm |
| 16 | 9 | calm |
| 17 | 9 | calm |
| 18 | 9 | calm |
| 19 | 9 | calm |
| 20 | 9 | calm |
| 21 | 9 | calm |
| 22 | 9 | calm |
| 23 | 9 | calm |
| 24 | 9 | calm |
| 25 | 9 | calm |
| 26 | 9 | calm |
| 27 | 9 | calm |
| 28 | 9 | calm |
| 29 | 9 | calm |
| 30 | 9 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in June
Daylight runs from about 14 h 42 min at the start of June to 14 h 54 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days grow by about 12 minutes over June. Sunrise moves from 5:53 AM to 5:52 AM, and sunset from 8:32 PM to 8:43 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 14.7 | 14.7 | 14.7 | 14.7 | 14.7 | 14.7 | 14.8 | 14.8 | 14.8 | 14.8 | 14.8 | 14.8 | 14.8 | 14.8 | 14.9 | 14.9 | 14.9 | 14.9 | 14.9 | 14.9 | 14.9 | 14.9 | 14.9 | 14.9 | 14.9 | 14.9 | 14.9 | 14.9 | 14.9 | 14.9 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 5:53 | 5:52 | 5:52 | 5:51 | 5:51 | 5:51 | 5:50 | 5:50 | 5:50 | 5:50 | 5:50 | 5:49 | 5:49 | 5:49 | 5:49 | 5:49 | 5:49 | 5:49 | 5:49 | 5:50 | 5:50 | 5:50 | 5:50 | 5:50 | 5:51 | 5:51 | 5:51 | 5:52 | 5:52 | 5:52 |
| Sunset (PM) | 8:32 | 8:33 | 8:33 | 8:34 | 8:35 | 8:35 | 8:36 | 8:37 | 8:37 | 8:38 | 8:38 | 8:39 | 8:39 | 8:40 | 8:40 | 8:41 | 8:41 | 8:42 | 8:42 | 8:42 | 8:42 | 8:43 | 8:43 | 8:43 | 8:43 | 8:43 | 8:43 | 8:43 | 8:43 | 8:43 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 14.7 | 5:53 | 8:32 |
| 2 | 14.7 | 5:52 | 8:33 |
| 3 | 14.7 | 5:52 | 8:33 |
| 4 | 14.7 | 5:51 | 8:34 |
| 5 | 14.7 | 5:51 | 8:35 |
| 6 | 14.7 | 5:51 | 8:35 |
| 7 | 14.8 | 5:50 | 8:36 |
| 8 | 14.8 | 5:50 | 8:37 |
| 9 | 14.8 | 5:50 | 8:37 |
| 10 | 14.8 | 5:50 | 8:38 |
| 11 | 14.8 | 5:50 | 8:38 |
| 12 | 14.8 | 5:49 | 8:39 |
| 13 | 14.8 | 5:49 | 8:39 |
| 14 | 14.8 | 5:49 | 8:40 |
| 15 | 14.9 | 5:49 | 8:40 |
| 16 | 14.9 | 5:49 | 8:41 |
| 17 | 14.9 | 5:49 | 8:41 |
| 18 | 14.9 | 5:49 | 8:42 |
| 19 | 14.9 | 5:49 | 8:42 |
| 20 | 14.9 | 5:50 | 8:42 |
| 21 | 14.9 | 5:50 | 8:42 |
| 22 | 14.9 | 5:50 | 8:43 |
| 23 | 14.9 | 5:50 | 8:43 |
| 24 | 14.9 | 5:50 | 8:43 |
| 25 | 14.9 | 5:51 | 8:43 |
| 26 | 14.9 | 5:51 | 8:43 |
| 27 | 14.9 | 5:51 | 8:43 |
| 28 | 14.9 | 5:52 | 8:43 |
| 29 | 14.9 | 5:52 | 8:43 |
| 30 | 14.9 | 5:52 | 8:43 |
Solar energy in June
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in June, about 7.62 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 1.86 kWh/m² to a high of 7.85 kWh/m² in July across the year — June's 7.62 kWh/m² sits near the top of that range.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 7.3 | 7.3 | 7.3 | 7.3 | 7.3 | 7.4 | 7.4 | 7.4 | 7.4 | 7.5 | 7.5 | 7.5 | 7.5 | 7.6 | 7.6 | 7.6 | 7.7 | 7.7 | 7.7 | 7.7 | 7.8 | 7.8 | 7.8 | 7.8 | 7.8 | 7.8 | 7.9 | 7.9 | 7.9 | 7.9 |
| Level | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 7.3 | Intense |
| 2 | 7.3 | Intense |
| 3 | 7.3 | Intense |
| 4 | 7.3 | Intense |
| 5 | 7.3 | Intense |
| 6 | 7.4 | Intense |
| 7 | 7.4 | Intense |
| 8 | 7.4 | Intense |
| 9 | 7.4 | Intense |
| 10 | 7.5 | Intense |
| 11 | 7.5 | Intense |
| 12 | 7.5 | Intense |
| 13 | 7.5 | Intense |
| 14 | 7.6 | Intense |
| 15 | 7.6 | Intense |
| 16 | 7.6 | Intense |
| 17 | 7.7 | Intense |
| 18 | 7.7 | Intense |
| 19 | 7.7 | Intense |
| 20 | 7.7 | Intense |
| 21 | 7.8 | Intense |
| 22 | 7.8 | Intense |
| 23 | 7.8 | Intense |
| 24 | 7.8 | Intense |
| 25 | 7.8 | Intense |
| 26 | 7.8 | Intense |
| 27 | 7.9 | Intense |
| 28 | 7.9 | Intense |
| 29 | 7.9 | Intense |
| 30 | 7.9 | Intense |
Is June a good time to visit San Cristobal?
Our two travel scores rate June for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
June is a reasonable time to visit San Cristobal for sightseeing. The water and warmth also suit a beach or pool day.
What to pack for San Cristobal in June
From June's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In June, San Cristobal sees daytime highs around 30°C and nights near 17°C. Pack light clothes and sun protection. About 4 days see rain.
UV index in San Cristobal in June
Clear-sky midday UV in June peaks around 9 (very high — sun protection essential). The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in San Cristobal peaks around July 15 at about 10 (very high) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near December 19 at about 2 (low).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — in 8 months of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 2 | 2 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 9 | 10 | 9 | 6 | 4 | 2 | 2 |
| Level | Moderate | Moderate | High | High | High | Very high | Very high | Very high | High | Moderate | Moderate | Low |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 2 | Moderate |
| Feb | 2 | Moderate |
| Mar | 6 | High |
| Apr | 7 | High |
| May | 7 | High |
| Jun | 9 | Very high |
| Jul | 10 | Very high |
| Aug | 9 | Very high |
| Sep | 6 | High |
| Oct | 4 | Moderate |
| Nov | 2 | Moderate |
| Dec | 2 | Low |
Where is San Cristobal?
San Cristobal sits at 40.3°N, 3.7°W, 593 m above sea level, in Spain. The nearest listed city is Butarque, 1.0 km away.
Topography around San Cristobal
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of San Cristobal.
Within 3 km, the terrain around San Cristobal has only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 84 m around an average of 593 m above sea level; within 16 km, significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 280 m; within 80 km, very significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 2,009 m.
The land around San Cristobal is covered by artificial surfaces (58%) within 3 km, artificial surfaces (40%), grassland (24%) and cropland (22%) within 16 km, and cropland (40%) and grassland (33%) within 80 km.
Spain travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 2
- Exercise Increased Caution
- Power plugs
- Type C / F
- 230 V · 50 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 65% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $38,627
- 2025
- Happiness
- 6.5 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 99%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 0.7
- per 100k, 2023
- Road deaths
- 3.9
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- High
- World Bank
- English
- Moderate
- EF EPI 540
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for San Cristobal (40.3408°, -3.6884°, elevation 593 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).