Sant Antoni weather in February
In February, Sant Antoni sees average daytime highs of 13°C and overnight lows near 6°C, with 36 mm of precipitation across 6.3 wet days and about 10.3 hours of daylight. It is the 10th-warmest and 10th-wettest month of the year here.
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 13°C through the month. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 43% of the time in February, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 9 h 48 min at the start of February to 10 h 54 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, February is Sant Antoni's 5th-clearest and 3rd-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Sant Antoni's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 13°
- 10th warmest
- Overnight low
- 6°
- 2nd coldest
- Precipitation
- 36 mm
- 6.3 wet days
- Daylight
- 10 h 18 min
- 7:56 AM – 6:16 PM
- Cloud cover
- 47%
- 5th clearest
- Wind
- 10 km/h
- 3rd windiest
- Solar energy
- 3.03 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 4.1
- out of 10
Temperature in February
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 13°C through the month.
A typical February day in Sant Antoni reaches about 13°C in the afternoon and slips back to 6°C overnight — a 7°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 9°C and 16°C. Set against its neighbours, February runs about 1°C warmer than January and about 2°C cooler than March.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 |
| Avg low (°C) | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 13 | 5 |
| 2 | 13 | 5 |
| 3 | 13 | 5 |
| 4 | 13 | 5 |
| 5 | 13 | 5 |
| 6 | 13 | 5 |
| 7 | 13 | 5 |
| 8 | 13 | 5 |
| 9 | 13 | 6 |
| 10 | 13 | 6 |
| 11 | 13 | 6 |
| 12 | 13 | 6 |
| 13 | 13 | 6 |
| 14 | 13 | 6 |
| 15 | 13 | 6 |
| 16 | 13 | 6 |
| 17 | 13 | 6 |
| 18 | 13 | 6 |
| 19 | 13 | 6 |
| 20 | 13 | 6 |
| 21 | 13 | 6 |
| 22 | 14 | 6 |
| 23 | 14 | 6 |
| 24 | 14 | 6 |
| 25 | 14 | 6 |
| 26 | 14 | 6 |
| 27 | 14 | 6 |
| 28 | 14 | 6 |
Sant Antoni weather by month
How February compares with the rest of the year at a glance. February is the 10th-warmest and 10th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 12° / 5° | 40 | 6.2 | 9.4 | 3.8 |
| Feb | 13° / 6° | 36 | 6.3 | 10.3 | 4.1 |
| Mar | 15° / 8° | 40 | 6.7 | 11.7 | 5.1 |
| Apr | 17° / 10° | 52 | 8.2 | 13.1 | 5.8 |
| May | 20° / 13° | 45 | 7.5 | 14.3 | 6.8 |
| Jun | 24° / 17° | 34 | 5.6 | 14.9 | 7.9 |
| Jul | 27° / 20° | 25 | 4.7 | 14.7 | 7.9 |
| Aug | 27° / 20° | 40 | 6.6 | 13.7 | 7.3 |
| Sep | 24° / 18° | 77 | 10.6 | 12.3 | 6.9 |
| Oct | 20° / 14° | 90 | 10 | 10.9 | 6.5 |
| Nov | 16° / 9° | 60 | 8 | 9.7 | 5.4 |
| Dec | 13° / 6° | 41 | 5.7 | 9.1 | 4.2 |
Cloud cover in February
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 43% of the time in February.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 16% of February, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 41%.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 60 | 60 | 61 | 61 | 61 | 61 | 62 | 62 | 62 | 62 | 61 | 61 | 61 | 61 | 61 | 61 | 60 | 60 | 59 | 59 | 59 | 57 | 57 | 57 | 55 | 55 | 55 | 55 |
| Cloudier (%) | 40 | 40 | 39 | 39 | 39 | 39 | 38 | 38 | 38 | 38 | 39 | 39 | 39 | 39 | 39 | 39 | 40 | 40 | 41 | 41 | 41 | 43 | 43 | 43 | 45 | 45 | 45 | 45 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 60 | 40 |
| 2 | 60 | 40 |
| 3 | 61 | 39 |
| 4 | 61 | 39 |
| 5 | 61 | 39 |
| 6 | 61 | 39 |
| 7 | 62 | 38 |
| 8 | 62 | 38 |
| 9 | 62 | 38 |
| 10 | 62 | 38 |
| 11 | 61 | 39 |
| 12 | 61 | 39 |
| 13 | 61 | 39 |
| 14 | 61 | 39 |
| 15 | 61 | 39 |
| 16 | 61 | 39 |
| 17 | 60 | 40 |
| 18 | 60 | 40 |
| 19 | 59 | 41 |
| 20 | 59 | 41 |
| 21 | 59 | 41 |
| 22 | 57 | 43 |
| 23 | 57 | 43 |
| 24 | 57 | 43 |
| 25 | 55 | 45 |
| 26 | 55 | 45 |
| 27 | 55 | 45 |
| 28 | 55 | 45 |
Chance of precipitation in February
Sant Antoni gets around 36 mm of rain and snow over 6.3 wet days in February. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable precipitation averages around 23% and peaks near 24% on the wettest days, and about 0 day brings snow.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 23 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 |
| Snow chance (%) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
| Rain chance (%) | Snow chance (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 23 | 1 |
| 2 | 22 | 1 |
| 3 | 22 | 1 |
| 4 | 22 | 1 |
| 5 | 22 | 1 |
| 6 | 22 | 1 |
| 7 | 22 | 0 |
| 8 | 22 | 0 |
| 9 | 22 | 0 |
| 10 | 22 | 0 |
| 11 | 22 | 0 |
| 12 | 22 | 1 |
| 13 | 22 | 1 |
| 14 | 22 | 1 |
| 15 | 22 | 1 |
| 16 | 22 | 1 |
| 17 | 22 | 1 |
| 18 | 23 | 1 |
| 19 | 23 | 1 |
| 20 | 23 | 1 |
| 21 | 23 | 2 |
| 22 | 23 | 2 |
| 23 | 23 | 2 |
| 24 | 24 | 2 |
| 25 | 24 | 2 |
| 26 | 24 | 2 |
| 27 | 24 | 2 |
| 28 | 24 | 2 |
Humidity in February
Most of February feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, February lands in the dry band about 100% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| Dry (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 100 |
| 2 | 100 |
| 3 | 100 |
| 4 | 100 |
| 5 | 100 |
| 6 | 100 |
| 7 | 100 |
| 8 | 100 |
| 9 | 100 |
| 10 | 100 |
| 11 | 100 |
| 12 | 100 |
| 13 | 100 |
| 14 | 100 |
| 15 | 100 |
| 16 | 100 |
| 17 | 100 |
| 18 | 100 |
| 19 | 100 |
| 20 | 100 |
| 21 | 100 |
| 22 | 100 |
| 23 | 100 |
| 24 | 100 |
| 25 | 100 |
| 26 | 100 |
| 27 | 100 |
| 28 | 100 |
Wind in February
Winds average 10 km/h in February.
Across February, daily wind ranges from about 9 km/h on the calmest days to 10 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 10 | calm |
| 2 | 10 | calm |
| 3 | 10 | calm |
| 4 | 10 | calm |
| 5 | 10 | calm |
| 6 | 10 | calm |
| 7 | 10 | calm |
| 8 | 10 | calm |
| 9 | 10 | calm |
| 10 | 10 | calm |
| 11 | 10 | calm |
| 12 | 10 | calm |
| 13 | 9 | calm |
| 14 | 9 | calm |
| 15 | 9 | calm |
| 16 | 9 | calm |
| 17 | 9 | calm |
| 18 | 9 | calm |
| 19 | 9 | calm |
| 20 | 10 | calm |
| 21 | 10 | calm |
| 22 | 10 | calm |
| 23 | 10 | calm |
| 24 | 10 | calm |
| 25 | 10 | calm |
| 26 | 10 | calm |
| 27 | 10 | calm |
| 28 | 10 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in February
Daylight runs from about 9 h 48 min at the start of February to 10 h 54 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days grow by about 66 minutes over February. Sunrise moves from 8:11 AM to 7:37 AM, and sunset from 5:59 PM to 6:32 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 9.8 | 9.8 | 9.9 | 9.9 | 9.9 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 10.1 | 10.1 | 10.1 | 10.2 | 10.2 | 10.3 | 10.3 | 10.3 | 10.4 | 10.4 | 10.5 | 10.5 | 10.6 | 10.6 | 10.6 | 10.7 | 10.7 | 10.8 | 10.8 | 10.9 | 10.9 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 8:11 | 8:10 | 8:09 | 8:08 | 8:07 | 8:06 | 8:05 | 8:04 | 8:03 | 8:02 | 8:00 | 7:59 | 7:58 | 7:57 | 7:56 | 7:54 | 7:53 | 7:52 | 7:50 | 7:49 | 7:48 | 7:46 | 7:45 | 7:43 | 7:42 | 7:40 | 7:39 | 7:37 |
| Sunset (PM) | 5:59 | 6:00 | 6:01 | 6:03 | 6:04 | 6:05 | 6:06 | 6:08 | 6:09 | 6:10 | 6:11 | 6:13 | 6:14 | 6:15 | 6:16 | 6:18 | 6:19 | 6:20 | 6:21 | 6:23 | 6:24 | 6:25 | 6:26 | 6:27 | 6:29 | 6:30 | 6:31 | 6:32 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 9.8 | 8:11 | 5:59 |
| 2 | 9.8 | 8:10 | 6:00 |
| 3 | 9.9 | 8:09 | 6:01 |
| 4 | 9.9 | 8:08 | 6:03 |
| 5 | 9.9 | 8:07 | 6:04 |
| 6 | 10.0 | 8:06 | 6:05 |
| 7 | 10.0 | 8:05 | 6:06 |
| 8 | 10.1 | 8:04 | 6:08 |
| 9 | 10.1 | 8:03 | 6:09 |
| 10 | 10.1 | 8:02 | 6:10 |
| 11 | 10.2 | 8:00 | 6:11 |
| 12 | 10.2 | 7:59 | 6:13 |
| 13 | 10.3 | 7:58 | 6:14 |
| 14 | 10.3 | 7:57 | 6:15 |
| 15 | 10.3 | 7:56 | 6:16 |
| 16 | 10.4 | 7:54 | 6:18 |
| 17 | 10.4 | 7:53 | 6:19 |
| 18 | 10.5 | 7:52 | 6:20 |
| 19 | 10.5 | 7:50 | 6:21 |
| 20 | 10.6 | 7:49 | 6:23 |
| 21 | 10.6 | 7:48 | 6:24 |
| 22 | 10.6 | 7:46 | 6:25 |
| 23 | 10.7 | 7:45 | 6:26 |
| 24 | 10.7 | 7:43 | 6:27 |
| 25 | 10.8 | 7:42 | 6:29 |
| 26 | 10.8 | 7:40 | 6:30 |
| 27 | 10.9 | 7:39 | 6:31 |
| 28 | 10.9 | 7:37 | 6:32 |
Solar energy in February
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in February, about 3.03 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 1.84 kWh/m² to a high of 6.83 kWh/m² in June across the year — February's 3.03 kWh/m² falls in the middle.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 2.5 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 2.7 | 2.7 | 2.7 | 2.8 | 2.8 | 2.8 | 2.9 | 2.9 | 2.9 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.1 | 3.1 | 3.1 | 3.2 | 3.2 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 3.4 | 3.4 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.6 |
| Level | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2.5 | Moderate |
| 2 | 2.6 | Moderate |
| 3 | 2.6 | Moderate |
| 4 | 2.7 | Moderate |
| 5 | 2.7 | Moderate |
| 6 | 2.7 | Moderate |
| 7 | 2.8 | Moderate |
| 8 | 2.8 | Moderate |
| 9 | 2.8 | Moderate |
| 10 | 2.9 | Moderate |
| 11 | 2.9 | Moderate |
| 12 | 2.9 | Moderate |
| 13 | 3.0 | Moderate |
| 14 | 3.0 | Moderate |
| 15 | 3.0 | Moderate |
| 16 | 3.1 | Moderate |
| 17 | 3.1 | Moderate |
| 18 | 3.1 | Moderate |
| 19 | 3.2 | Moderate |
| 20 | 3.2 | Moderate |
| 21 | 3.3 | Moderate |
| 22 | 3.3 | Moderate |
| 23 | 3.3 | Moderate |
| 24 | 3.4 | Moderate |
| 25 | 3.4 | Moderate |
| 26 | 3.5 | Moderate |
| 27 | 3.5 | Moderate |
| 28 | 3.6 | Moderate |
Is February a good time to visit Sant Antoni?
Our two travel scores rate February for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
February is a reasonable time to visit Sant Antoni for sightseeing.
What to pack for Sant Antoni in February
From February's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In February, Sant Antoni sees daytime highs around 13°C and nights near 6°C. Worth packing: a warm layer. About 6 days see rain.
Sea temperature near Sant Antoni in February
The nearest coast averages about 13°C in February — the other half of the beach question. The full-year curve and swim-comfort zones are below.
The sea at the nearest coast (about 18 km away) is warmest in August at about 25°C and coldest in February near 13°C.
It's comfortable for a long swim from Jun 11 to Oct 23 — about 4.4 months when the water holds above 20°C.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sea temperature (°C) | 14 | 13 | 13 | 14 | 17 | 21 | 24 | 25 | 24 | 21 | 17 | 15 |
| Comfort | Bracing | Bracing | Bracing | Bracing | Cool | Refreshing | Refreshing | Warm | Refreshing | Refreshing | Cool | Bracing |
| Sea temperature (°C) | Comfort | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 14 | Bracing |
| Feb | 13 | Bracing |
| Mar | 13 | Bracing |
| Apr | 14 | Bracing |
| May | 17 | Cool |
| Jun | 21 | Refreshing |
| Jul | 24 | Refreshing |
| Aug | 25 | Warm |
| Sep | 24 | Refreshing |
| Oct | 21 | Refreshing |
| Nov | 17 | Cool |
| Dec | 15 | Bracing |
UV index in Sant Antoni in February
Clear-sky midday UV in February peaks around 3 — enough to warrant sun protection. The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Sant Antoni peaks around July 14 at about 9 (very high) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near December 19 at about 1 (low).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — in 9 months of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 2 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 6 | 8 | 9 | 8 | 6 | 4 | 2 | 1 |
| Level | Low | Moderate | Moderate | High | High | Very high | Very high | Very high | High | Moderate | Moderate | Low |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 2 | Low |
| Feb | 3 | Moderate |
| Mar | 5 | Moderate |
| Apr | 7 | High |
| May | 6 | High |
| Jun | 8 | Very high |
| Jul | 9 | Very high |
| Aug | 8 | Very high |
| Sep | 6 | High |
| Oct | 4 | Moderate |
| Nov | 2 | Moderate |
| Dec | 1 | Low |
Where is Sant Antoni?
Sant Antoni sits at 41.4°N, 2.2°E, 35 m above sea level, in Spain. The nearest listed city is Poble Sec, 1.0 km away.
Topography around Sant Antoni
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Sant Antoni.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Sant Antoni has only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 184 m around an average of 38 m above sea level; within 16 km, significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 512 m; within 80 km, very significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 1,677 m.
The land around Sant Antoni is covered by artificial surfaces (76%) within 3 km, water (41%), artificial surfaces (25%) and trees (22%) within 16 km, and trees (41%) and water (35%) within 80 km.
Spain travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 2
- Exercise Increased Caution
- Power plugs
- Type C / F
- 230 V · 50 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 65% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $38,627
- 2025
- Happiness
- 6.5 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 99%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 0.7
- per 100k, 2023
- Road deaths
- 3.9
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- High
- World Bank
- English
- Moderate
- EF EPI 540
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Sant Antoni (41.3786°, 2.1594°, elevation 35 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. Sea temperatures are the NOAA OISST v2.1 1991–2020 monthly climatology (public domain), sampled at the nearest ocean point. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).