Soria weather in June
In June, Soria sees average daytime highs of 25°C and overnight lows near 11°C, with 37 mm of rain across 7.6 wet days and about 15 hours of daylight. It is the 3rd-warmest and 8th-wettest month of the year here.
Highs climb over the month, from about 22°C in the first days to 27°C by the end. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 44% of the time in June, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 14 h 48 min at the start of June to 15 hours by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, June is Soria's 4th-clearest and 9th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Soria's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 25°
- 3rd warmest
- Overnight low
- 11°
- 10th coldest
- Rainfall
- 37 mm
- 7.6 wet days
- Daylight
- 15 hours
- 5:40 AM – 8:41 PM
- Cloud cover
- 45%
- 4th clearest
- Wind
- 11 km/h
- 9th windiest
- Solar energy
- 7.11 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 7.3
- out of 10
Soria is human settlement in Soria, Soria Province, Castile and León, Spain.
- Air quality
- Excellent
- PM10 11.5 µg/m³ · 2019
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in June
Highs climb over the month, from about 22°C in the first days to 27°C by the end.
A typical June day in Soria reaches about 25°C in the afternoon and slips back to 11°C overnight — a 14°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 18°C and 31°C. Set against its neighbours, June runs about 6°C warmer than May and about 4°C cooler than July.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 |
| Avg low (°C) | 9 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 22 | 9 |
| 2 | 22 | 10 |
| 3 | 22 | 10 |
| 4 | 22 | 10 |
| 5 | 23 | 10 |
| 6 | 23 | 10 |
| 7 | 23 | 10 |
| 8 | 23 | 10 |
| 9 | 23 | 10 |
| 10 | 23 | 10 |
| 11 | 24 | 11 |
| 12 | 24 | 11 |
| 13 | 24 | 11 |
| 14 | 24 | 11 |
| 15 | 25 | 11 |
| 16 | 25 | 11 |
| 17 | 25 | 11 |
| 18 | 25 | 12 |
| 19 | 26 | 12 |
| 20 | 26 | 12 |
| 21 | 26 | 12 |
| 22 | 26 | 12 |
| 23 | 26 | 12 |
| 24 | 27 | 12 |
| 25 | 27 | 12 |
| 26 | 27 | 13 |
| 27 | 27 | 13 |
| 28 | 27 | 13 |
| 29 | 27 | 13 |
| 30 | 27 | 13 |
How June really feels in Soria
Once humidity and wind are folded in, June averages 0 days that feel above 32°C and 0 that feel at or below 0°C — the comfort signal a plain temperature reading hides.
June sits comfortably in between — no days that feel dangerously hot or drop to a hard freeze once humidity and wind are folded in.
Soria weather by month
How June compares with the rest of the year at a glance. June is the 3rd-warmest and 8th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Snow days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 7° / -0° | 41 | 8.1 | 3.8 | 9.3 | 1.1 |
| Feb | 9° / -0° | 35 | 7.3 | 3.2 | 10.3 | 1.9 |
| Mar | 13° / 2° | 40 | 8.5 | 2.1 | 11.7 | 3.6 |
| Apr | 15° / 4° | 57 | 10.6 | 1 | 13.1 | 4.4 |
| May | 19° / 7° | 52 | 10.8 | 0.2 | 14.3 | 6.0 |
| Jun | 25° / 11° | 37 | 7.6 | 0 | 15 | 7.3 |
| Jul | 29° / 14° | 22 | 4.6 | 0 | 14.7 | 6.9 |
| Aug | 28° / 13° | 21 | 4.7 | 0 | 13.7 | 7.0 |
| Sep | 23° / 10° | 29 | 5.9 | 0 | 12.3 | 7.6 |
| Oct | 17° / 7° | 49 | 8.2 | 0.1 | 10.9 | 5.7 |
| Nov | 11° / 3° | 49 | 9.1 | 1 | 9.6 | 2.7 |
| Dec | 8° / 0° | 38 | 7.4 | 1.7 | 9 | 1.3 |
Cloud cover in June
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 44% of the time in June.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 20% of June, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 37%. Skies tend to open up as the month goes on.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 52 | 52 | 52 | 52 | 51 | 53 | 53 | 53 | 54 | 55 | 56 | 57 | 59 | 60 | 62 | 63 | 65 | 67 | 68 | 70 | 71 | 73 | 73 | 74 | 75 | 76 | 76 | 77 | 77 | 77 |
| Cloudier (%) | 48 | 48 | 48 | 48 | 49 | 47 | 47 | 47 | 46 | 45 | 44 | 43 | 41 | 40 | 38 | 37 | 35 | 33 | 32 | 30 | 29 | 27 | 27 | 26 | 25 | 24 | 24 | 23 | 23 | 23 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 52 | 48 |
| 2 | 52 | 48 |
| 3 | 52 | 48 |
| 4 | 52 | 48 |
| 5 | 51 | 49 |
| 6 | 53 | 47 |
| 7 | 53 | 47 |
| 8 | 53 | 47 |
| 9 | 54 | 46 |
| 10 | 55 | 45 |
| 11 | 56 | 44 |
| 12 | 57 | 43 |
| 13 | 59 | 41 |
| 14 | 60 | 40 |
| 15 | 62 | 38 |
| 16 | 63 | 37 |
| 17 | 65 | 35 |
| 18 | 67 | 33 |
| 19 | 68 | 32 |
| 20 | 70 | 30 |
| 21 | 71 | 29 |
| 22 | 73 | 27 |
| 23 | 73 | 27 |
| 24 | 74 | 26 |
| 25 | 75 | 25 |
| 26 | 76 | 24 |
| 27 | 76 | 24 |
| 28 | 77 | 23 |
| 29 | 77 | 23 |
| 30 | 77 | 23 |
Chance of precipitation in June
Soria gets around 37 mm of rain over 7.6 wet days in June. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable rain averages around 25% and peaks near 31% on the wettest days. The odds ease toward the end of the month.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 30 | 30 | 29 | 29 | 28 | 27 | 27 | 26 | 25 | 24 | 24 | 23 | 23 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 |
| Rain chance (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 31 |
| 2 | 31 |
| 3 | 31 |
| 4 | 31 |
| 5 | 30 |
| 6 | 30 |
| 7 | 29 |
| 8 | 29 |
| 9 | 28 |
| 10 | 27 |
| 11 | 27 |
| 12 | 26 |
| 13 | 25 |
| 14 | 24 |
| 15 | 24 |
| 16 | 23 |
| 17 | 23 |
| 18 | 22 |
| 19 | 22 |
| 20 | 22 |
| 21 | 22 |
| 22 | 22 |
| 23 | 22 |
| 24 | 22 |
| 25 | 22 |
| 26 | 22 |
| 27 | 21 |
| 28 | 21 |
| 29 | 21 |
| 30 | 21 |
Humidity in June
Most of June feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, June lands in the dry band about 98% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 100 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 95 | 95 | 95 | 95 | 95 | 95 |
| Comfortable (%) | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
| Dry (%) | Comfortable (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 100 | 0 |
| 2 | 99 | 1 |
| 3 | 99 | 1 |
| 4 | 99 | 1 |
| 5 | 99 | 1 |
| 6 | 99 | 1 |
| 7 | 99 | 1 |
| 8 | 99 | 1 |
| 9 | 99 | 1 |
| 10 | 99 | 1 |
| 11 | 99 | 1 |
| 12 | 99 | 1 |
| 13 | 98 | 2 |
| 14 | 98 | 2 |
| 15 | 98 | 2 |
| 16 | 98 | 2 |
| 17 | 98 | 2 |
| 18 | 97 | 3 |
| 19 | 97 | 3 |
| 20 | 97 | 3 |
| 21 | 97 | 3 |
| 22 | 96 | 4 |
| 23 | 96 | 4 |
| 24 | 96 | 4 |
| 25 | 95 | 5 |
| 26 | 95 | 5 |
| 27 | 95 | 5 |
| 28 | 95 | 5 |
| 29 | 95 | 5 |
| 30 | 95 | 5 |
Wind in June
Winds average 11 km/h in June.
Across June, daily wind ranges from about 11 km/h on the calmest days to 11 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 11 | calm |
| 2 | 11 | calm |
| 3 | 11 | calm |
| 4 | 11 | calm |
| 5 | 11 | calm |
| 6 | 11 | calm |
| 7 | 11 | calm |
| 8 | 11 | calm |
| 9 | 11 | calm |
| 10 | 11 | calm |
| 11 | 11 | calm |
| 12 | 11 | calm |
| 13 | 11 | calm |
| 14 | 11 | calm |
| 15 | 11 | calm |
| 16 | 11 | calm |
| 17 | 11 | calm |
| 18 | 11 | calm |
| 19 | 11 | calm |
| 20 | 11 | calm |
| 21 | 11 | calm |
| 22 | 11 | calm |
| 23 | 11 | calm |
| 24 | 11 | calm |
| 25 | 11 | calm |
| 26 | 11 | calm |
| 27 | 11 | calm |
| 28 | 11 | calm |
| 29 | 11 | calm |
| 30 | 11 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in June
Daylight runs from about 14 h 48 min at the start of June to 15 hours by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days grow by about 12 minutes over June. Sunrise moves from 5:43 AM to 5:43 AM, and sunset from 8:31 PM to 8:43 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 14.8 | 14.8 | 14.8 | 14.9 | 14.9 | 14.9 | 14.9 | 14.9 | 14.9 | 15.0 | 15.0 | 15.0 | 15.0 | 15.0 | 15.0 | 15.0 | 15.0 | 15.0 | 15.0 | 15.0 | 15.0 | 15.0 | 15.0 | 15.0 | 15.0 | 15.0 | 15.0 | 15.0 | 15.0 | 15.0 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 5:43 | 5:43 | 5:43 | 5:42 | 5:42 | 5:41 | 5:41 | 5:41 | 5:40 | 5:40 | 5:40 | 5:40 | 5:40 | 5:40 | 5:40 | 5:40 | 5:40 | 5:40 | 5:40 | 5:40 | 5:40 | 5:40 | 5:40 | 5:41 | 5:41 | 5:41 | 5:42 | 5:42 | 5:42 | 5:43 |
| Sunset (PM) | 8:31 | 8:32 | 8:33 | 8:34 | 8:34 | 8:35 | 8:36 | 8:36 | 8:37 | 8:38 | 8:38 | 8:39 | 8:39 | 8:40 | 8:40 | 8:41 | 8:41 | 8:41 | 8:42 | 8:42 | 8:42 | 8:42 | 8:43 | 8:43 | 8:43 | 8:43 | 8:43 | 8:43 | 8:43 | 8:43 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 14.8 | 5:43 | 8:31 |
| 2 | 14.8 | 5:43 | 8:32 |
| 3 | 14.8 | 5:43 | 8:33 |
| 4 | 14.9 | 5:42 | 8:34 |
| 5 | 14.9 | 5:42 | 8:34 |
| 6 | 14.9 | 5:41 | 8:35 |
| 7 | 14.9 | 5:41 | 8:36 |
| 8 | 14.9 | 5:41 | 8:36 |
| 9 | 14.9 | 5:40 | 8:37 |
| 10 | 15.0 | 5:40 | 8:38 |
| 11 | 15.0 | 5:40 | 8:38 |
| 12 | 15.0 | 5:40 | 8:39 |
| 13 | 15.0 | 5:40 | 8:39 |
| 14 | 15.0 | 5:40 | 8:40 |
| 15 | 15.0 | 5:40 | 8:40 |
| 16 | 15.0 | 5:40 | 8:41 |
| 17 | 15.0 | 5:40 | 8:41 |
| 18 | 15.0 | 5:40 | 8:41 |
| 19 | 15.0 | 5:40 | 8:42 |
| 20 | 15.0 | 5:40 | 8:42 |
| 21 | 15.0 | 5:40 | 8:42 |
| 22 | 15.0 | 5:40 | 8:42 |
| 23 | 15.0 | 5:40 | 8:43 |
| 24 | 15.0 | 5:41 | 8:43 |
| 25 | 15.0 | 5:41 | 8:43 |
| 26 | 15.0 | 5:41 | 8:43 |
| 27 | 15.0 | 5:42 | 8:43 |
| 28 | 15.0 | 5:42 | 8:43 |
| 29 | 15.0 | 5:42 | 8:43 |
| 30 | 15.0 | 5:43 | 8:43 |
Solar energy in June
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in June, about 7.11 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 1.69 kWh/m² to a high of 7.38 kWh/m² in July across the year — June's 7.11 kWh/m² sits near the top of that range.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 6.8 | 6.8 | 6.8 | 6.8 | 6.8 | 6.8 | 6.8 | 6.9 | 6.9 | 6.9 | 7.0 | 7.0 | 7.0 | 7.0 | 7.1 | 7.1 | 7.2 | 7.2 | 7.2 | 7.3 | 7.3 | 7.3 | 7.3 | 7.3 | 7.3 | 7.3 | 7.4 | 7.4 | 7.4 | 7.4 |
| Level | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 6.8 | Intense |
| 2 | 6.8 | Intense |
| 3 | 6.8 | Intense |
| 4 | 6.8 | Intense |
| 5 | 6.8 | Intense |
| 6 | 6.8 | Intense |
| 7 | 6.8 | Intense |
| 8 | 6.9 | Intense |
| 9 | 6.9 | Intense |
| 10 | 6.9 | Intense |
| 11 | 7.0 | Intense |
| 12 | 7.0 | Intense |
| 13 | 7.0 | Intense |
| 14 | 7.0 | Intense |
| 15 | 7.1 | Intense |
| 16 | 7.1 | Intense |
| 17 | 7.2 | Intense |
| 18 | 7.2 | Intense |
| 19 | 7.2 | Intense |
| 20 | 7.3 | Intense |
| 21 | 7.3 | Intense |
| 22 | 7.3 | Intense |
| 23 | 7.3 | Intense |
| 24 | 7.3 | Intense |
| 25 | 7.3 | Intense |
| 26 | 7.3 | Intense |
| 27 | 7.4 | Intense |
| 28 | 7.4 | Intense |
| 29 | 7.4 | Intense |
| 30 | 7.4 | Intense |
Is June a good time to visit Soria?
Our two travel scores rate June for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
June is one of the better times to visit Soria for general sightseeing. The water and warmth also suit a beach or pool day.
What to pack for Soria in June
From June's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In June, Soria sees daytime highs around 25°C and nights near 11°C. Pack sun protection. Worth having: light clothes. About 8 days see rain.
UV index in Soria in June
Clear-sky midday UV in June peaks around 9 (very high — sun protection essential). The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Soria peaks around July 14 at about 10 (very high) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near December 21 at about 2 (low).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — in 8 months of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 2 | 3 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 9 | 10 | 9 | 6 | 4 | 2 | 2 |
| Level | Low | Moderate | High | High | High | Very high | Very high | Very high | High | Moderate | Moderate | Low |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 2 | Low |
| Feb | 3 | Moderate |
| Mar | 6 | High |
| Apr | 7 | High |
| May | 7 | High |
| Jun | 9 | Very high |
| Jul | 10 | Very high |
| Aug | 9 | Very high |
| Sep | 6 | High |
| Oct | 4 | Moderate |
| Nov | 2 | Moderate |
| Dec | 2 | Low |
Where is Soria?
Soria sits at 41.8°N, 2.5°W, 1,064 m above sea level, in Spain. The nearest listed city is Calahorra, 73 km away.
Topography around Soria
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Soria.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Soria has significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 263 m around an average of 1,075 m above sea level; within 16 km, significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 482 m; within 80 km, very significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 2,036 m.
The land around Soria is covered by trees (33%) and grassland (33%) within 3 km, cropland (39%), trees (27%) and grassland (26%) within 16 km, and trees (35%), grassland (30%) and cropland (29%) within 80 km.
Spain travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 2
- Exercise Increased Caution
- Power plugs
- Type C / F
- 230 V · 50 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 65% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $38,627
- 2025
- Happiness
- 6.5 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 99%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 0.7
- per 100k, 2023
- Road deaths
- 3.9
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- High
- World Bank
- English
- Moderate
- EF EPI 540
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Soria (41.764°, -2.4688°, elevation 1,064 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).