Úbeda weather in September
In September, Úbeda sees average daytime highs of 28°C and overnight lows near 16°C, with 32 mm of rain across 5.1 wet days and about 12.3 hours of daylight. It is the 4th-warmest and 9th-wettest month of the year here.
Highs ease over the month, from about 31°C in the first days to 25°C by the end. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 58% of the time in September, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 12 h 54 min at the start of September to 11 h 42 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, September is Úbeda's 4th-clearest and 9th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Úbeda's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 28°
- 4th warmest
- Overnight low
- 16°
- 9th coldest
- Rainfall
- 32 mm
- 5.1 wet days
- Daylight
- 12 h 12 min
- 7:01 AM – 7:15 PM
- Cloud cover
- 37%
- 4th clearest
- Wind
- 6 km/h
- 9th windiest
- Solar energy
- 5.4 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 6.9
- out of 10
Úbeda is capital of Úbeda Municipality, Spain.
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in September
Highs ease over the month, from about 31°C in the first days to 25°C by the end.
A typical September day in Úbeda reaches about 28°C in the afternoon and slips back to 16°C overnight — a 13°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 23°C and 32°C. Set against its neighbours, September runs about 5°C cooler than August and about 6°C warmer than October.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 25 | 25 | 25 |
| Avg low (°C) | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 13 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 31 | 18 |
| 2 | 31 | 18 |
| 3 | 31 | 18 |
| 4 | 31 | 18 |
| 5 | 30 | 17 |
| 6 | 30 | 17 |
| 7 | 30 | 17 |
| 8 | 30 | 17 |
| 9 | 30 | 17 |
| 10 | 29 | 17 |
| 11 | 29 | 16 |
| 12 | 29 | 16 |
| 13 | 29 | 16 |
| 14 | 28 | 16 |
| 15 | 28 | 16 |
| 16 | 28 | 16 |
| 17 | 28 | 15 |
| 18 | 27 | 15 |
| 19 | 27 | 15 |
| 20 | 27 | 15 |
| 21 | 27 | 15 |
| 22 | 27 | 15 |
| 23 | 26 | 14 |
| 24 | 26 | 14 |
| 25 | 26 | 14 |
| 26 | 26 | 14 |
| 27 | 26 | 14 |
| 28 | 25 | 14 |
| 29 | 25 | 14 |
| 30 | 25 | 13 |
How September really feels in Úbeda
Once humidity and wind are folded in, September averages 0 days that feel above 32°C and 0 that feel at or below 0°C — the comfort signal a plain temperature reading hides.
September sits comfortably in between — no days that feel dangerously hot or drop to a hard freeze once humidity and wind are folded in.
Úbeda weather by month
How September compares with the rest of the year at a glance. September is the 4th-warmest and 9th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Snow days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 12° / 2° | 68 | 9.3 | 0.8 | 9.7 | 3.3 |
| Feb | 14° / 3° | 60 | 8.3 | 0.9 | 10.5 | 4.1 |
| Mar | 17° / 6° | 63 | 9.1 | 0.4 | 11.7 | 5.7 |
| Apr | 19° / 8° | 61 | 9.5 | 0.1 | 13 | 6.3 |
| May | 24° / 12° | 43 | 7.7 | 0 | 14 | 7.4 |
| Jun | 29° / 16° | 17 | 3.4 | 0 | 14.6 | 6.6 |
| Jul | 34° / 20° | 4 | 1.2 | 0 | 14.4 | 4.3 |
| Aug | 33° / 19° | 9 | 2.6 | 0 | 13.5 | 4.3 |
| Sep | 28° / 16° | 32 | 5.1 | 0 | 12.3 | 6.9 |
| Oct | 22° / 11° | 54 | 7.6 | 0 | 11 | 7.2 |
| Nov | 16° / 6° | 72 | 9.4 | 0.1 | 9.9 | 5.1 |
| Dec | 13° / 4° | 78 | 9.1 | 0.4 | 9.4 | 3.7 |
Cloud cover in September
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 58% of the time in September.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 16% of September, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 26%. Skies tend to cloud over as the month goes on.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 86 | 85 | 84 | 84 | 82 | 82 | 80 | 80 | 78 | 78 | 77 | 76 | 75 | 73 | 73 | 72 | 71 | 70 | 69 | 69 | 68 | 67 | 68 | 68 | 67 | 67 | 68 | 68 | 67 | 67 |
| Cloudier (%) | 14 | 15 | 16 | 16 | 18 | 18 | 20 | 20 | 22 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 27 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 32 | 32 | 33 | 33 | 32 | 32 | 33 | 33 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 86 | 14 |
| 2 | 85 | 15 |
| 3 | 84 | 16 |
| 4 | 84 | 16 |
| 5 | 82 | 18 |
| 6 | 82 | 18 |
| 7 | 80 | 20 |
| 8 | 80 | 20 |
| 9 | 78 | 22 |
| 10 | 78 | 22 |
| 11 | 77 | 23 |
| 12 | 76 | 24 |
| 13 | 75 | 25 |
| 14 | 73 | 27 |
| 15 | 73 | 27 |
| 16 | 72 | 28 |
| 17 | 71 | 29 |
| 18 | 70 | 30 |
| 19 | 69 | 31 |
| 20 | 69 | 31 |
| 21 | 68 | 32 |
| 22 | 67 | 33 |
| 23 | 68 | 32 |
| 24 | 68 | 32 |
| 25 | 67 | 33 |
| 26 | 67 | 33 |
| 27 | 68 | 32 |
| 28 | 68 | 32 |
| 29 | 67 | 33 |
| 30 | 67 | 33 |
Chance of precipitation in September
Úbeda gets around 32 mm of rain over 5.1 wet days in September. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable rain averages around 16% and peaks near 21% on the wettest days. The odds climb toward the end of the month.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 10 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 12 | 12 | 13 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 15 | 16 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 20 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 20 | 20 | 20 |
| Rain chance (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 10 |
| 2 | 10 |
| 3 | 11 |
| 4 | 11 |
| 5 | 11 |
| 6 | 11 |
| 7 | 12 |
| 8 | 12 |
| 9 | 13 |
| 10 | 13 |
| 11 | 14 |
| 12 | 15 |
| 13 | 15 |
| 14 | 16 |
| 15 | 16 |
| 16 | 17 |
| 17 | 18 |
| 18 | 18 |
| 19 | 19 |
| 20 | 20 |
| 21 | 20 |
| 22 | 21 |
| 23 | 21 |
| 24 | 21 |
| 25 | 21 |
| 26 | 21 |
| 27 | 21 |
| 28 | 20 |
| 29 | 20 |
| 30 | 20 |
Humidity in September
Most of September feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, September lands in the dry band about 75% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 73 | 73 | 74 | 74 | 74 | 74 | 74 | 75 | 75 | 75 | 74 | 74 | 73 | 73 | 73 | 73 | 73 | 73 | 73 | 74 | 74 | 74 | 75 | 75 | 76 | 77 | 78 | 80 | 81 | 82 |
| Comfortable (%) | 23 | 23 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 23 | 23 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 23 | 23 | 22 | 21 | 20 | 19 | 18 | 17 |
| Humid (%) | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Dry (%) | Comfortable (%) | Humid (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 73 | 23 | 4 |
| 2 | 73 | 23 | 4 |
| 3 | 74 | 22 | 4 |
| 4 | 74 | 22 | 4 |
| 5 | 74 | 22 | 4 |
| 6 | 74 | 22 | 4 |
| 7 | 74 | 22 | 4 |
| 8 | 75 | 22 | 3 |
| 9 | 75 | 22 | 3 |
| 10 | 75 | 22 | 3 |
| 11 | 74 | 23 | 3 |
| 12 | 74 | 23 | 3 |
| 13 | 73 | 24 | 3 |
| 14 | 73 | 24 | 3 |
| 15 | 73 | 24 | 3 |
| 16 | 73 | 25 | 2 |
| 17 | 73 | 25 | 2 |
| 18 | 73 | 25 | 2 |
| 19 | 73 | 25 | 2 |
| 20 | 74 | 24 | 2 |
| 21 | 74 | 24 | 2 |
| 22 | 74 | 24 | 2 |
| 23 | 75 | 23 | 2 |
| 24 | 75 | 23 | 2 |
| 25 | 76 | 22 | 2 |
| 26 | 77 | 21 | 2 |
| 27 | 78 | 20 | 2 |
| 28 | 80 | 19 | 1 |
| 29 | 81 | 18 | 1 |
| 30 | 82 | 17 | 1 |
Wind in September
Winds average 6 km/h in September.
Across September, daily wind ranges from about 6 km/h on the calmest days to 6 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 6 | calm |
| 2 | 6 | calm |
| 3 | 6 | calm |
| 4 | 6 | calm |
| 5 | 6 | calm |
| 6 | 6 | calm |
| 7 | 6 | calm |
| 8 | 6 | calm |
| 9 | 6 | calm |
| 10 | 6 | calm |
| 11 | 6 | calm |
| 12 | 6 | calm |
| 13 | 6 | calm |
| 14 | 6 | calm |
| 15 | 6 | calm |
| 16 | 6 | calm |
| 17 | 6 | calm |
| 18 | 6 | calm |
| 19 | 6 | calm |
| 20 | 6 | calm |
| 21 | 6 | calm |
| 22 | 6 | calm |
| 23 | 6 | calm |
| 24 | 6 | calm |
| 25 | 6 | calm |
| 26 | 6 | calm |
| 27 | 6 | calm |
| 28 | 6 | calm |
| 29 | 6 | calm |
| 30 | 6 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in September
Daylight runs from about 12 h 54 min at the start of September to 11 h 42 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days shrink by about 72 minutes over September. Sunrise moves from 6:47 AM to 7:13 AM, and sunset from 7:39 PM to 6:52 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 12.9 | 12.8 | 12.8 | 12.7 | 12.7 | 12.7 | 12.6 | 12.6 | 12.5 | 12.5 | 12.5 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.7 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 6:47 | 6:48 | 6:49 | 6:50 | 6:51 | 6:52 | 6:53 | 6:54 | 6:54 | 6:55 | 6:56 | 6:57 | 6:58 | 6:59 | 7:00 | 7:01 | 7:01 | 7:02 | 7:03 | 7:04 | 7:05 | 7:06 | 7:07 | 7:08 | 7:09 | 7:10 | 7:10 | 7:11 | 7:12 | 7:13 |
| Sunset (PM) | 7:39 | 7:37 | 7:36 | 7:34 | 7:33 | 7:31 | 7:30 | 7:28 | 7:26 | 7:25 | 7:23 | 7:22 | 7:20 | 7:18 | 7:17 | 7:15 | 7:13 | 7:12 | 7:10 | 7:09 | 7:07 | 7:05 | 7:04 | 7:02 | 7:00 | 6:59 | 6:57 | 6:56 | 6:54 | 6:52 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 12.9 | 6:47 | 7:39 |
| 2 | 12.8 | 6:48 | 7:37 |
| 3 | 12.8 | 6:49 | 7:36 |
| 4 | 12.7 | 6:50 | 7:34 |
| 5 | 12.7 | 6:51 | 7:33 |
| 6 | 12.7 | 6:52 | 7:31 |
| 7 | 12.6 | 6:53 | 7:30 |
| 8 | 12.6 | 6:54 | 7:28 |
| 9 | 12.5 | 6:54 | 7:26 |
| 10 | 12.5 | 6:55 | 7:25 |
| 11 | 12.5 | 6:56 | 7:23 |
| 12 | 12.4 | 6:57 | 7:22 |
| 13 | 12.4 | 6:58 | 7:20 |
| 14 | 12.3 | 6:59 | 7:18 |
| 15 | 12.3 | 7:00 | 7:17 |
| 16 | 12.2 | 7:01 | 7:15 |
| 17 | 12.2 | 7:01 | 7:13 |
| 18 | 12.2 | 7:02 | 7:12 |
| 19 | 12.1 | 7:03 | 7:10 |
| 20 | 12.1 | 7:04 | 7:09 |
| 21 | 12.0 | 7:05 | 7:07 |
| 22 | 12.0 | 7:06 | 7:05 |
| 23 | 11.9 | 7:07 | 7:04 |
| 24 | 11.9 | 7:08 | 7:02 |
| 25 | 11.9 | 7:09 | 7:00 |
| 26 | 11.8 | 7:10 | 6:59 |
| 27 | 11.8 | 7:10 | 6:57 |
| 28 | 11.7 | 7:11 | 6:56 |
| 29 | 11.7 | 7:12 | 6:54 |
| 30 | 11.7 | 7:13 | 6:52 |
Solar energy in September
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in September, about 5.4 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 2.15 kWh/m² to a high of 7.94 kWh/m² in July across the year — September's 5.4 kWh/m² falls in the middle.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.2 | 6.1 | 6.1 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 5.9 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.7 | 5.6 | 5.6 | 5.5 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.3 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 4.9 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.6 |
| Level | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 6.3 | Intense |
| 2 | 6.3 | Intense |
| 3 | 6.2 | Intense |
| 4 | 6.1 | Intense |
| 5 | 6.1 | Intense |
| 6 | 6.0 | Intense |
| 7 | 6.0 | Bright |
| 8 | 5.9 | Bright |
| 9 | 5.8 | Bright |
| 10 | 5.8 | Bright |
| 11 | 5.7 | Bright |
| 12 | 5.6 | Bright |
| 13 | 5.6 | Bright |
| 14 | 5.5 | Bright |
| 15 | 5.4 | Bright |
| 16 | 5.4 | Bright |
| 17 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 18 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 19 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 20 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 21 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 22 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 23 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 24 | 4.9 | Bright |
| 25 | 4.8 | Bright |
| 26 | 4.8 | Bright |
| 27 | 4.8 | Bright |
| 28 | 4.7 | Bright |
| 29 | 4.7 | Bright |
| 30 | 4.6 | Bright |
Is September a good time to visit Úbeda?
Our two travel scores rate September for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
September is a reasonable time to visit Úbeda for sightseeing. The water and warmth also suit a beach or pool day.
What to pack for Úbeda in September
From September's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In September, Úbeda sees daytime highs around 28°C and nights near 16°C. Pack light clothes. Worth having: sun protection. About 5 days see rain.
UV index in Úbeda in September
Clear-sky midday UV in September peaks around 7 — enough to warrant sun protection. The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Úbeda peaks around July 17 at about 10 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near December 19 at about 2 (low).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — in 8 months of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 2 | 3 | 7 | 8 | 7 | 9 | 10 | 9 | 7 | 5 | 3 | 2 |
| Level | Moderate | Moderate | High | Very high | Very high | Very high | Extreme | Very high | Very high | Moderate | Moderate | Low |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 2 | Moderate |
| Feb | 3 | Moderate |
| Mar | 7 | High |
| Apr | 8 | Very high |
| May | 7 | Very high |
| Jun | 9 | Very high |
| Jul | 10 | Extreme |
| Aug | 9 | Very high |
| Sep | 7 | Very high |
| Oct | 5 | Moderate |
| Nov | 3 | Moderate |
| Dec | 2 | Low |
Where is Úbeda?
Úbeda sits at 38.0°N, 3.4°W, 766 m above sea level, in Spain. The nearest listed city is Baeza, 9.0 km away.
Topography around Úbeda
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Úbeda.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Úbeda has significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 345 m around an average of 691 m above sea level; within 16 km, significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 563 m; within 80 km, very significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 2,202 m.
The land around Úbeda is covered by trees (70%) within 3 km, trees (75%) within 16 km, and trees (56%) and grassland (25%) within 80 km.
Spain travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 2
- Exercise Increased Caution
- Power plugs
- Type C / F
- 230 V · 50 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 65% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $38,627
- 2025
- Happiness
- 6.5 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 99%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 0.7
- per 100k, 2023
- Road deaths
- 3.9
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- High
- World Bank
- English
- Moderate
- EF EPI 540
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Úbeda (38.0133°, -3.3705°, elevation 766 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).