Igugunu weather in September
In September, Igugunu sees average daytime highs of 28°C and overnight lows near 15°C, with 1 mm of rain across 0.2 wet days and about 12 hours of daylight. It is the 3rd-warmest and 9th-wettest month of the year here.
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 28°C through the month. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 48% of the time in September, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 11 h 54 min at the start of September to 12 hours by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, September is Igugunu's 1st-clearest and 1st-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Igugunu's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 28°
- 3rd warmest
- Overnight low
- 15°
- 4th coldest
- Rainfall
- 1 mm
- 0.2 wet days
- Daylight
- 12 hours
- 6:37 AM – 6:35 PM
- Cloud cover
- 42%
- 1st clearest
- Wind
- 18 km/h
- 1st windiest
- Solar energy
- 7.12 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 7.9
- out of 10
Igugunu is ward in Mkalama, Singida, Tanzania.
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in September
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 28°C through the month.
A typical September day in Igugunu reaches about 28°C in the afternoon and slips back to 15°C overnight — a 13°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 26°C and 29°C. Set against its neighbours, September runs about 1°C warmer than August and about 1°C cooler than October.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 |
| Avg low (°C) | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 27 | 15 |
| 2 | 27 | 15 |
| 3 | 27 | 15 |
| 4 | 27 | 15 |
| 5 | 27 | 15 |
| 6 | 27 | 15 |
| 7 | 27 | 15 |
| 8 | 27 | 15 |
| 9 | 27 | 15 |
| 10 | 27 | 15 |
| 11 | 28 | 15 |
| 12 | 28 | 15 |
| 13 | 28 | 15 |
| 14 | 28 | 15 |
| 15 | 28 | 15 |
| 16 | 28 | 15 |
| 17 | 28 | 15 |
| 18 | 28 | 15 |
| 19 | 28 | 15 |
| 20 | 28 | 15 |
| 21 | 28 | 15 |
| 22 | 28 | 15 |
| 23 | 28 | 15 |
| 24 | 28 | 15 |
| 25 | 28 | 15 |
| 26 | 28 | 15 |
| 27 | 28 | 16 |
| 28 | 28 | 16 |
| 29 | 28 | 16 |
| 30 | 28 | 16 |
Igugunu weather by month
How September compares with the rest of the year at a glance. September is the 3rd-warmest and 9th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 26° / 17° | 147 | 17.1 | 12.2 | 5.5 |
| Feb | 27° / 17° | 109 | 13.7 | 12.1 | 5.7 |
| Mar | 27° / 17° | 127 | 14.5 | 12 | 5.9 |
| Apr | 26° / 17° | 78 | 9.4 | 11.9 | 6.6 |
| May | 26° / 16° | 13 | 2.4 | 11.8 | 7.9 |
| Jun | 26° / 15° | 1 | 0.2 | 11.7 | 8.3 |
| Jul | 25° / 14° | 1 | 0.1 | 11.8 | 8.6 |
| Aug | 26° / 14° | 0 | 0.1 | 11.9 | 8.4 |
| Sep | 28° / 15° | 1 | 0.2 | 12 | 7.9 |
| Oct | 29° / 16° | 7 | 1.1 | 12.1 | 6.8 |
| Nov | 29° / 17° | 61 | 6.7 | 12.2 | 6.1 |
| Dec | 27° / 17° | 136 | 15 | 12.3 | 5.7 |
Cloud cover in September
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 48% of the time in September, the clearest month of the year.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 26% of September, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 26%.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 76 | 76 | 76 | 76 | 76 | 76 | 75 | 75 | 75 | 75 | 75 | 75 | 75 | 75 | 74 | 74 | 75 | 74 | 74 | 74 | 73 | 73 | 73 | 73 | 72 | 72 | 71 | 71 | 71 | 70 |
| Cloudier (%) | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 26 | 26 | 25 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 28 | 28 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 30 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 76 | 24 |
| 2 | 76 | 24 |
| 3 | 76 | 24 |
| 4 | 76 | 24 |
| 5 | 76 | 24 |
| 6 | 76 | 24 |
| 7 | 75 | 25 |
| 8 | 75 | 25 |
| 9 | 75 | 25 |
| 10 | 75 | 25 |
| 11 | 75 | 25 |
| 12 | 75 | 25 |
| 13 | 75 | 25 |
| 14 | 75 | 25 |
| 15 | 74 | 26 |
| 16 | 74 | 26 |
| 17 | 75 | 25 |
| 18 | 74 | 26 |
| 19 | 74 | 26 |
| 20 | 74 | 26 |
| 21 | 73 | 27 |
| 22 | 73 | 27 |
| 23 | 73 | 27 |
| 24 | 73 | 27 |
| 25 | 72 | 28 |
| 26 | 72 | 28 |
| 27 | 71 | 29 |
| 28 | 71 | 29 |
| 29 | 71 | 29 |
| 30 | 70 | 30 |
Chance of precipitation in September
Igugunu gets around 1 mm of rain over 0.2 wet days in September. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable rain averages around 1% and peaks near 1% on the wettest days.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Rain chance (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 1 |
| 2 | 1 |
| 3 | 1 |
| 4 | 1 |
| 5 | 1 |
| 6 | 1 |
| 7 | 1 |
| 8 | 1 |
| 9 | 1 |
| 10 | 1 |
| 11 | 1 |
| 12 | 1 |
| 13 | 1 |
| 14 | 1 |
| 15 | 1 |
| 16 | 0 |
| 17 | 0 |
| 18 | 0 |
| 19 | 0 |
| 20 | 0 |
| 21 | 0 |
| 22 | 0 |
| 23 | 0 |
| 24 | 0 |
| 25 | 1 |
| 26 | 1 |
| 27 | 1 |
| 28 | 1 |
| 29 | 1 |
| 30 | 1 |
Humidity in September
Most of September feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, September lands in the dry band about 99% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 97 |
| Comfortable (%) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 |
| Dry (%) | Comfortable (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 99 | 1 |
| 2 | 99 | 1 |
| 3 | 99 | 1 |
| 4 | 99 | 1 |
| 5 | 99 | 1 |
| 6 | 99 | 1 |
| 7 | 99 | 1 |
| 8 | 99 | 1 |
| 9 | 99 | 1 |
| 10 | 99 | 1 |
| 11 | 99 | 1 |
| 12 | 99 | 1 |
| 13 | 99 | 1 |
| 14 | 99 | 1 |
| 15 | 99 | 1 |
| 16 | 99 | 1 |
| 17 | 99 | 1 |
| 18 | 99 | 1 |
| 19 | 99 | 1 |
| 20 | 99 | 1 |
| 21 | 99 | 1 |
| 22 | 99 | 1 |
| 23 | 99 | 1 |
| 24 | 99 | 1 |
| 25 | 99 | 1 |
| 26 | 99 | 1 |
| 27 | 98 | 2 |
| 28 | 98 | 2 |
| 29 | 98 | 2 |
| 30 | 97 | 3 |
Wind in September
Winds average 18 km/h in September, the windiest month of the year.
Across September, daily wind ranges from about 18 km/h on the calmest days to 18 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 |
| Feels | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 18 | light breeze |
| 2 | 18 | light breeze |
| 3 | 18 | light breeze |
| 4 | 18 | light breeze |
| 5 | 18 | light breeze |
| 6 | 18 | light breeze |
| 7 | 18 | light breeze |
| 8 | 18 | light breeze |
| 9 | 18 | light breeze |
| 10 | 18 | light breeze |
| 11 | 18 | light breeze |
| 12 | 18 | light breeze |
| 13 | 18 | light breeze |
| 14 | 18 | light breeze |
| 15 | 18 | light breeze |
| 16 | 18 | light breeze |
| 17 | 18 | light breeze |
| 18 | 18 | light breeze |
| 19 | 18 | light breeze |
| 20 | 18 | light breeze |
| 21 | 18 | light breeze |
| 22 | 18 | light breeze |
| 23 | 18 | light breeze |
| 24 | 18 | light breeze |
| 25 | 18 | light breeze |
| 26 | 18 | light breeze |
| 27 | 18 | light breeze |
| 28 | 18 | light breeze |
| 29 | 18 | light breeze |
| 30 | 18 | light breeze |
Sunrise & sunset in September
Daylight runs from about 11 h 54 min at the start of September to 12 hours by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days grow by about 6 minutes over September. Sunrise moves from 6:44 AM to 6:30 AM, and sunset from 6:39 PM to 6:32 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 6:44 | 6:43 | 6:43 | 6:42 | 6:42 | 6:41 | 6:41 | 6:41 | 6:40 | 6:40 | 6:39 | 6:39 | 6:38 | 6:38 | 6:37 | 6:37 | 6:36 | 6:36 | 6:35 | 6:35 | 6:34 | 6:34 | 6:33 | 6:33 | 6:32 | 6:32 | 6:31 | 6:31 | 6:30 | 6:30 |
| Sunset (PM) | 6:39 | 6:38 | 6:38 | 6:38 | 6:38 | 6:37 | 6:37 | 6:37 | 6:37 | 6:37 | 6:36 | 6:36 | 6:36 | 6:36 | 6:35 | 6:35 | 6:35 | 6:35 | 6:34 | 6:34 | 6:34 | 6:34 | 6:33 | 6:33 | 6:33 | 6:33 | 6:32 | 6:32 | 6:32 | 6:32 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 11.9 | 6:44 | 6:39 |
| 2 | 11.9 | 6:43 | 6:38 |
| 3 | 11.9 | 6:43 | 6:38 |
| 4 | 11.9 | 6:42 | 6:38 |
| 5 | 11.9 | 6:42 | 6:38 |
| 6 | 11.9 | 6:41 | 6:37 |
| 7 | 11.9 | 6:41 | 6:37 |
| 8 | 11.9 | 6:41 | 6:37 |
| 9 | 11.9 | 6:40 | 6:37 |
| 10 | 11.9 | 6:40 | 6:37 |
| 11 | 12.0 | 6:39 | 6:36 |
| 12 | 12.0 | 6:39 | 6:36 |
| 13 | 12.0 | 6:38 | 6:36 |
| 14 | 12.0 | 6:38 | 6:36 |
| 15 | 12.0 | 6:37 | 6:35 |
| 16 | 12.0 | 6:37 | 6:35 |
| 17 | 12.0 | 6:36 | 6:35 |
| 18 | 12.0 | 6:36 | 6:35 |
| 19 | 12.0 | 6:35 | 6:34 |
| 20 | 12.0 | 6:35 | 6:34 |
| 21 | 12.0 | 6:34 | 6:34 |
| 22 | 12.0 | 6:34 | 6:34 |
| 23 | 12.0 | 6:33 | 6:33 |
| 24 | 12.0 | 6:33 | 6:33 |
| 25 | 12.0 | 6:32 | 6:33 |
| 26 | 12.0 | 6:32 | 6:33 |
| 27 | 12.0 | 6:31 | 6:32 |
| 28 | 12.0 | 6:31 | 6:32 |
| 29 | 12.0 | 6:30 | 6:32 |
| 30 | 12.0 | 6:30 | 6:32 |
Solar energy in September
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in September, about 7.12 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 5.69 kWh/m² to a high of 7.15 kWh/m² in October across the year — September's 7.12 kWh/m² sits near the top of that range.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 6.8 | 6.8 | 6.9 | 6.9 | 6.9 | 6.9 | 6.9 | 7.0 | 7.0 | 7.0 | 7.0 | 7.0 | 7.1 | 7.1 | 7.1 | 7.1 | 7.2 | 7.2 | 7.2 | 7.2 | 7.2 | 7.3 | 7.3 | 7.3 | 7.3 | 7.3 | 7.3 | 7.3 | 7.3 | 7.3 |
| Level | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 6.8 | Intense |
| 2 | 6.8 | Intense |
| 3 | 6.9 | Intense |
| 4 | 6.9 | Intense |
| 5 | 6.9 | Intense |
| 6 | 6.9 | Intense |
| 7 | 6.9 | Intense |
| 8 | 7.0 | Intense |
| 9 | 7.0 | Intense |
| 10 | 7.0 | Intense |
| 11 | 7.0 | Intense |
| 12 | 7.0 | Intense |
| 13 | 7.1 | Intense |
| 14 | 7.1 | Intense |
| 15 | 7.1 | Intense |
| 16 | 7.1 | Intense |
| 17 | 7.2 | Intense |
| 18 | 7.2 | Intense |
| 19 | 7.2 | Intense |
| 20 | 7.2 | Intense |
| 21 | 7.2 | Intense |
| 22 | 7.3 | Intense |
| 23 | 7.3 | Intense |
| 24 | 7.3 | Intense |
| 25 | 7.3 | Intense |
| 26 | 7.3 | Intense |
| 27 | 7.3 | Intense |
| 28 | 7.3 | Intense |
| 29 | 7.3 | Intense |
| 30 | 7.3 | Intense |
Hazard calendar for Igugunu
None of Igugunu's seasonal hazards are active in September. The full-year calendar below shows when the rainy season, cyclone risk and dust haze do peak.
Igugunu's rainy season runs December–April, when most of the year's rain falls.
Is September a good time to visit Igugunu?
Our two travel scores rate September for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
September is one of the better times to visit Igugunu for general sightseeing. The water and warmth also suit a beach or pool day.
What to pack for Igugunu in September
From September's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In September, Igugunu sees daytime highs around 28°C and nights near 15°C. Pack light clothes and sun protection.
UV index in Igugunu in September
Clear-sky midday UV in September peaks around 14 (very high — sun protection essential). The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Igugunu peaks around March 14 at about 16 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near June 17 at about 10 (extreme).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — every month of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 14 | 16 | 16 | 15 | 12 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 14 | 15 | 14 | 13 |
| Level | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 14 | Extreme |
| Feb | 16 | Extreme |
| Mar | 16 | Extreme |
| Apr | 15 | Extreme |
| May | 12 | Extreme |
| Jun | 10 | Extreme |
| Jul | 11 | Extreme |
| Aug | 12 | Extreme |
| Sep | 14 | Extreme |
| Oct | 15 | Extreme |
| Nov | 14 | Extreme |
| Dec | 13 | Extreme |
Where is Igugunu?
Igugunu sits at 4.6°S, 34.6°E, 1,376 m above sea level, in Tanzania. The nearest listed city is Sepuka, 23 km away.
Topography around Igugunu
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Igugunu.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Igugunu has only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 79 m around an average of 1,373 m above sea level; within 16 km, significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 297 m; within 80 km, large variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 957 m.
The land around Igugunu is covered by cropland (80%) within 3 km, cropland (63%) within 16 km, and cropland (45%), shrubs (22%) and grassland (22%) within 80 km.
Tanzania travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 3
- Reconsider Travel
- Power plugs
- Type D / G
- 230 V · 50 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 29% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $1,319
- 2025
- Happiness
- 3.9 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 31%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 3.7
- per 100k, 2020
- Road deaths
- 31.1
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- Lower middle
- World Bank
- English
- Low
- EF EPI 479
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Igugunu (-4.5667°, 34.6333°, elevation 1,376 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).